(*

transcendence-20241221.ml
D. J. Bernstein

This file is hereby placed into the public domain.

SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-PD-hp OR CC0-1.0 OR 0BSD OR MIT-0 OR MIT

=====

To re-verify under Debian (about an hour depending on CPU):
  sudo apt install opam xdot -y
  time opam init github git+https://github.com/ocaml/opam-repository.git --disable-sandboxing -a
  time opam switch create 5.2.0
  time opam install 'hol_light=3.0.0' -y
  eval `opam env`
  time LINE_EDITOR=env hol.sh \
  < transcendence-20241221.ml \
  > transcendence-20241221.out &

=====

Highlighted theorems:

e_is_irrational (1744 Euler):
  ~(cexp (Cx (&1)) IN QinC)

e_is_transcendental (1873 Hermite):
  ~algebraic_number (cexp (Cx (&1)))

pi_is_transcendental (1882 Lindemann):
  ~algebraic_number (Cx pi)

transcendental_if_exp_nonzero_algebraic (1882 Lindemann):
  algebraic_number a
  /\ algebraic_number (cexp a)
  ==> a = Cx (&0)

zero_sum_algebraic_exp_algebraic (1882 Lindemann):
  forall S B.
    FINITE S /\
    S SUBSET algebraic_number /\
    (forall s. s IN S ==> algebraic_number (B s)) /\
    ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. B s * cexp s) = Cx (&0)
    ==> (forall s. s IN S ==> B s = Cx (&0))

Traditional Greek presentation of the last theorem:
if sum_α β_α exp α = 0,
where each α is algebraic and each β_α is algebraic,
then each β_α = 0.
This easily implies the other highlighted theorems.

Some of the proofs below act as sanity checks on the definitions
(e.g., algebraic_number_QinC; algebraic_number_ii).
Another sanity check would be to prove that,
for reals, the definition of algebraic numbers here
is equivalent to the definition in 100/liouville.ml,
which internally uses real polys defined via Library/poly.html
with polys constrained to have integer coefficients.

=====

Historical notes:

Various sources attribute the last theorem to 1885 Weierstrass
as the "Lindemann--Weierstrass theorem",
or sometimes the "Hermite--Lindemann--Weierstrass theorem".
My reading of the Lindemann and Weierstrass papers is that
Lindemann had this theorem and Weierstrass was, with Lindemann's agreement,
just giving a more detailed exposition of the result,
not assuming so much reader familiarity with 1873 Hermite.

Baker's book refers to the second result as "Lindemann's theorem",
saying that Lindemann sketched the proof
and that Weierstrass gave a rigorous proof.
I don't know what's supposedly missing from the sketch.

Some sources instead claim that this theorem is a simplification due to Baker
of the original "Lindemann--Weierstrass theorem",
namely the statement that if α_1,... are algebraic numbers
linearly independent over \Q
then exp(α_1),... are algebraically independent over \Q.
No evident signs of anyone asking the obvious questions:
"Um, are we sure that people didn't find this theorem first,
with the algebraic-independence version as a corollary later?
Maybe we should check what Lindemann actually wrote?"

=====

Proof notes:

The high-level structure of the proofs here
follows Lindemann and most of the literature
in symmetrizing β to reduce to the case that β_α is rational,
and symmetrizing α to reduce further to the core case that
β_α is rational and invariant under conjugation of α.

The first major proof stage is the core proof,
producing transcendence_all_0_QinC here:
if sum_α β_α exp α = 0,
where each α is algebraic, each β_α is rational,
and β_α is invariant under conjugation of α,
then each β_α = 0.

The core proof here follows 1990 Beukers--Bezivin--Robba.
Most of the literature instead follows 1893 Hilbert.

The core proof here uses polynomial reversals.
Laurent series would avoid this but would need more infrastructure.

For eventually optimizing an explicit form of the transcendence proof
(proving a lower bound on weighted sum of exp of algebraic numbers),
one wants an explicit lower bound on factorials,
such as factorial_lower_bound here (which says (n/e)^n <= n!).
More work (as in, e.g., 100/stirling.ml)
produces only marginally better bounds.

For the current target of just saying sum of exp of algebraic is nonzero,
it suffices to say that factorials eventually beat any exponential.
This doesn't need the explicit bound, but isn't much simpler,
so the proof here uses the explicit bound.

The proofs of transcendence of e and pi here
are immediately after the first stage.
This is common in the literature:
it is a warmup for parts of the second stage,
and it gives proofs of those facts that are shorter overall
than deriving the facts after the second stage (or the third).

The pi proof here uses explicit resolvent identities,
proven via expformal and Newton's identities,
whereas all of the literature that I've found
instead uses the fundamental theorem of symmetric functions.

(Some sources credit Newton's identities to Girard.
I don't see the rationale for this credit.
1629 Girard had _formulas_ for first few coeffs in terms of power sums.
1707 Newton had a bilinear identity relating coeffs to power sums,
which can be used as a _recurrence_ for all coeffs given power sums.
One way to prove Girard's formulas is to iterate Newton's identities;
this doesn't mean that Girard published Newton's identities.)

The second major proof stage uses α symmetrization
to obtain zero_sum_QinC_exp_algebraic here:
if sum_α β_α exp α = 0,
where each α is algebraic and each β_α is rational,
then each β_α = 0.

Consider the product prod_q (sum_α β_α exp(q(α)))
where q runs through all permutations
of a finite Galois-stable set containing all α.
This product is 0: consider the identity permutation.
Expanding the product produces
a sum that fits the core case.
As in the literature, the proof here
uses the fundamental theorem of symmetric functions
(which is also proven here).
Applying the core theorem then shows that
sum_D ((prod β_α^(D_α)) #{f: sum_q q(f(q)) = z}) = 0
for each z, where f runs through functions with distribution D.
There is then a denouement concluding that β_α = 0 for each α.

The typical denouement in the literature
identifies the maximum z with nonzero prod β_α^(D_α),
where maximum refers to lex order on \C.
A different denouement appears in
1952 Steinberg--Redheffer "Analytic proof of the Lindemann theorem".
The denouement here follows 1952 Steinberg--Redheffer
but works with expformal to skip a detour through convergence.
The point is that, working backwards, one has
prod_q (sum_α β_α E(q(α))) = 0
and thus sum_α β_α E(q(α)) = 0 for some q,
for any function E mapping addition to multiplication in some field.
The 1952 proof considers E(α) = z^α for various complex z;
the proof here takes E = expformal.

The third major proof stage symmetrizes β,
producing zero_sum_algebraic_exp_algebraic here:
if sum_α β_α exp α = 0,
where each α is algebraic and each β_α is algebraic,
then each β_α = 0.

For β symmetrization, analogously to α symmetrization,
the proof here follows the literature
in using the fundamental theorem of symmetric functions,
but again uses a simplified version of the 1952 denouement.

As in, e.g., 2017 Bernard, the β symmetrization here
works with one polynomial having all β as roots,
rather than separately symmetrizing each β.
The shortest-for-papers symmetrization approach
(used in, e.g., 1990 Beukers--Bezivin--Robba)
picks a finite-degree Galois extension of \Q containing all α and all β
and then applies all automorphisms of the extension
to symmetrize all α and β simultaneously,
but this relies on more background.

The proof here of transcendental_if_exp_nonzero_algebraic
is immediately after the second stage.
This is common in the literature.
Waiting until after the third stage
would replace the minpoly over \Q in this proof
with a linear poly over \Qbar,
giving a slightly shorter last step of the proof
but again longer proofs overall.
Computationally, the β symmetrization,
if optimized, would give back the same minpoly over \Q.

=====

Prerequisite notes:

The big import of Multivariate/cauchy.ml
is for the fundamental theorem of algebra (FTA).
This also brings in various complex-number basics,
the complex exponential function (cexp),
and a bound on the tail of the exp series (TAYLOR_CEXP).

Most proofs of Lindemann's theorem have bigger analytic parts,
for example to put bounds on integrals.
The proof here focuses more on identities of formal power series.

*)

(* ===== imports *)

needs "Library/products.ml";;
needs "Library/ringtheory.ml";;
needs "Multivariate/cauchy.ml";;

prioritize_real();; (* to ensure portability *)

(* ===== tactics *)

let rw = REWRITE_TAC;;
let once_rw = ONCE_REWRITE_TAC;;
let qed = ASM_MESON_TAC;;
let simp = ASM_SIMP_TAC;;
let simporqed = (simp[] THEN qed[]) ORELSE (simp[]);;
let pass = ALL_TAC;;
let case = ASM_CASES_TAC;;
let conjunction = CONJ_TAC;;
let splitiff = EQ_TAC;;
let know = ASSUME;;

let sufficesby_bare x = MATCH_MP_TAC x;;
let sufficesby x = sufficesby_bare(REWRITE_RULE[GSYM IMP_CONJ] x);;
let intro = REPEAT STRIP_TAC;;
let intro_genonly = REPEAT GEN_TAC;;
let intro_gendisch = REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN REPEAT DISCH_TAC;;
let subgoal t = SUBGOAL_THEN t ASSUME_TAC;;
let witness = EXISTS_TAC;;

let proven_if t why = case t THENL
[qed why;
  pass];;

let labelhavetac L t tac = SUBGOAL_THEN t MP_TAC THENL
[tac;
  pass] THEN
DISCH_THEN(fun th -> LABEL_TAC L th);;

let havetac = labelhavetac "";;

let labelhave L t why = labelhavetac L t(qed why);;

let have t why = havetac t(qed why);;
let have_rw t why = have t why THEN once_rw[know t];;

let labelspecialize L v th = LABEL_TAC L (UNDISCH_ALL (REWRITE_RULE [IMP_CONJ] (ISPECL v th)));;
let specialize = labelspecialize "";;
let specialize_assuming v th = ASSUME_TAC(REWRITE_RULE [IMP_CONJ] (ISPECL v th));;
let specialize_assuming_nosplit v th = ASSUME_TAC(UNDISCH_ALL(ISPECL v th));;

let specialize_forward v th = ASSUME_TAC(UNDISCH_ALL (fst (EQ_IMP_RULE (UNDISCH_ALL (REWRITE_RULE [IMP_CONJ] (ISPECL v th))))));;

let specialize_reverse v th = ASSUME_TAC(UNDISCH_ALL (snd (EQ_IMP_RULE (UNDISCH_ALL (REWRITE_RULE [IMP_CONJ] (ISPECL v th))))));;

let recall = specialize[];;
let complex_field_fact t = recall(COMPLEX_FIELD t);;
let real_field_fact t = recall(REAL_FIELD t);;
let real_linear_fact t = recall(REAL_ARITH t);;
let int_linear_fact t = recall(INT_ARITH t);;
let num_linear_fact t = recall(ARITH_RULE t);;
let set_fact_using t why = havetac t(SET_TAC why);;
let set_fact t = recall(SET_RULE t);;
let set_fact_assuming t = specialize_assuming[](SET_RULE t);;

let def n d = X_CHOOSE_TAC n(MESON [] (mk_exists (n, mk_eq (n, d))));;

let removelabeled L = REMOVE_THEN L (fun th -> ALL_TAC);;

let choose n p why =
  labelhave "choosetmp" (mk_exists (n, p)) why THEN
  X_CHOOSE_TAC n(UNDISCH (TAUT (mk_imp (mk_exists (n, p), mk_exists (n, p))))) THEN
  removelabeled "choosetmp";;

let choose2 n1 n2 p why =
  choose n1 (mk_exists (n2, p)) why THEN
  choose n2 p []
;;

(* ===== sets *)

let subset_y = prove(`
  !S U:X->bool.
  S SUBSET U <=>
  (!y. y IN S ==> y IN U)
`,
  qed[SUBSET]
);;

let extension_z = prove(`
  !S:X->bool T.
  S = T <=>
  (!z. z IN S <=> z IN T)
`,
  qed[EXTENSION]
);;

let insert_delete_nonmember = prove(`
  !(x:X) S.
  ~(x IN S) ==>
  (x INSERT S) DELETE x = S
`,
  SET_TAC[]
);;

let surjective_finite = prove(`
  !f p:T->bool.
  (!t:T. ?s:S. f(s) = t) ==>
  FINITE {s | p(f(s))} ==>
  FINITE {t | p(t)}
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`f:S->T`;`{s:S | p(f(s):T)}`]FINITE_IMAGE_EXPAND THEN
  subgoal `{t:T | p t} SUBSET {t | ?s:S. s IN {x | p(f(x))} /\ t = f s}` THENL [
    rw[SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[FINITE_SUBSET]
  ]
);;

let is_inters = prove(`
  !(x:X->bool) u.
  x IN u /\
  (!s. s IN u ==> x SUBSET s) ==>
  x = INTERS u
`,
  SET_TAC[]
);;

let card_empty = prove(`
  CARD ({}:X->bool) = 0
`,
  qed[CARD_CLAUSES]
);;

(* just to avoid SUC from CARD_CLAUSES *)
let card_insert = prove(`
  !x:X S.
  FINITE S ==>
  CARD(x INSERT S)
  = (if x IN S then CARD S else CARD S + 1)
`,
  simp[CARD_CLAUSES] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let subset_full_card = prove(`
  !S:X->bool U.
  FINITE S ==>
  ( (U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = CARD S)
    <=> U = S
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  qed[SUBSET_REFL;CARD_SUBSET_EQ]
);;

let finite_subsets_card = prove(`
  !S:X->bool n.
  FINITE S ==>
  FINITE {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n}
`,
  intro THEN
  set_fact `{U:X->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} SUBSET {U:X->bool | U SUBSET S}` THEN
  qed[FINITE_POWERSET;FINITE_SUBSET]
);;

let subsets_full_card = prove(`
  !S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = CARD S}
  = {S}
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  rw[IN_SING] THEN
  qed[subset_full_card]
);;

let subsets_card_0 = prove(`
  !S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = 0}
  = {{}}
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  rw[IN_SING] THEN
  intro THEN
  qed[CARD_EQ_0;FINITE_SUBSET;EMPTY_SUBSET;card_empty]
);;

let subsets_full_card_empty = prove(`
  {U:X->bool | U SUBSET {} /\ CARD U = 0}
  = {{}}
`,
  have `FINITE({}:X->bool)` [FINITE_EMPTY] THEN
  specialize[`{}:X->bool`]subsets_card_0 THEN
  qed[]
);;

let subsets_card_toobig = prove(`
  !S:X->bool n.
  FINITE S ==>
  ~(n <= CARD S) ==>
  {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} = {}
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM;EMPTY] THEN
  intro THEN
  qed[CARD_SUBSET]
);;

let powerset_insert_disjoint = prove(`
  !S:X->bool t.
  ~(t IN S) ==>
  DISJOINT
    {A | A SUBSET S}
    (IMAGE (\A. t INSERT A) {A | A SUBSET S})
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[DISJOINT] THEN
  once_rw[EXTENSION] THEN
  rw[INTER;IMAGE;IN_ELIM_THM;EMPTY] THEN
  intro THEN
  qed[IN_INSERT;SUBSET]
);;

let image_card_powerset = prove(`
  !S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  IMAGE CARD {A | A SUBSET S} = (0..CARD S)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM;IN_IMAGE;IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    qed[CARD_SUBSET]
  ;
    intro THEN
    have `{} SUBSET S:X->bool` [EMPTY_SUBSET] THEN
    have `FINITE({}:X->bool)` [FINITE_EMPTY] THEN
    have `CARD({}:X->bool) <= x` [card_empty;ARITH_RULE `0 <= n`] THEN
    have `FINITE S ==> x <= CARD(S:X->bool)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `x:num`;
      `{}:X->bool`;
      `S:X->bool`
    ]CHOOSE_SUBSET_BETWEEN THEN
    choose `t:X->bool` `{}:X->bool SUBSET t /\ t SUBSET S /\ t HAS_SIZE x` [] THEN
    witness `t:X->bool` THEN
    qed[HAS_SIZE]
  ]
);;

let le_lt_numseg = prove(`
  !a b.
  {i:num | a <= i /\ i < b}
  = if a < b then (a..b-1) else {}
`,
  rw[numseg;EXTENSION;EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM;COND_RAND] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let finite_le_lt = prove(`
  !a b.
  FINITE {i:num | a <= i /\ i < b}
`,
  rw[le_lt_numseg;COND_RAND] THEN
  rw[FINITE_EMPTY;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* warning: this is normal notation only if a<=b *)
let card_le_lt = prove(`
  !a b.
  CARD {i:num | a <= i /\ i < b} = b-a
`,
  rw[le_lt_numseg;COND_RAND] THEN
  rw[CARD_CLAUSES;CARD_NUMSEG] THEN
  rw[GSYM COND_RAND] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let insert_empty = prove(`
  !x:X.
  x INSERT {} = {x}
`,
  SET_TAC[]
);;

let max_finite = prove(`
  !S:num->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  (
    S = {} \/
    (?m. m IN S /\ (!n. m < n ==> ~(n IN S)))
  )
`,
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[]
  ;
    DISJ2_TAC THEN
    witness `x:num` THEN
    simp[insert_empty;IN_SING] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ;
    DISJ2_TAC THEN
    rw[IN_INSERT] THEN
    case `x <= m:num` THENL [
      witness `m:num` THEN
      intro THENL [
        qed[]
      ;
        ASM_ARITH_TAC
      ;
        qed[]
      ]
    ;
      witness `x:num` THEN
      intro THENL [
        qed[]
      ;
        ASM_ARITH_TAC
      ; 
        num_linear_fact `~(x <= m:num) ==> x < n ==> m < n` THEN
        qed[]
      ]
    ]
  ]
);;

let image_surj = prove(`
  !f:X->Y A B.
  SURJ f A B ==>
  IMAGE f A = B
`,
  rw[SURJ;IMAGE;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let elim_image_subset_u = prove(`
  !A B f:X->Y.
  IMAGE f A SUBSET B <=>
  (!u. u IN A ==> f u IN B)
`,
  SET_TAC[]
);;

let elim_image_subset_v = prove(`
  !A B f:X->Y.
  IMAGE f A SUBSET B <=>
  (!v. v IN A ==> f v IN B)
`,
  SET_TAC[]
);;

let select_foreach = prove(`
  !S P.
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ?t:Y. P s t) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> P s ((\s. @t. P s t) s))
`,
  qed[]
);;

(* XXX: there must be a better way to do renaming *)
let o_def_s = prove(`
  !f:Y->Z g:X->Y.
  f o g = (\s. f (g s))
`,
  qed[o_DEF]
);;

let in_image_cd = prove(`
  !d s f:X->Y.
  d IN IMAGE f s <=>
  (?c. d = f c /\ c IN s)
`,
  qed[IN_IMAGE]
);;

let in_image_vw = prove(`
  !w s f:X->Y.
  w IN IMAGE f s <=>
  (?v. w = f v /\ v IN s)
`,
  qed[IN_IMAGE]
);;

(* ===== pairs *)

let lambda_pair_ab = prove(`
  !f:A#B->C.
  (\ab. f ab) = (\(a,b). f (a,b))
`,
  qed[LAMBDA_PAIR_THM]
);;

let injective_pair_rewrite = prove(`
  !f:A#B->L.
  (!(a,b) (c,d). f (a,b) = f (c,d) ==> (a,b) = (c,d)) ==>
  !x y. f x = f y ==> x = y
`,
  rw[FORALL_PAIRED_THM] THEN
  qed[PAIR_SURJECTIVE]
);;

let image_pair = prove(`
  !P f:A->B->C.
  IMAGE (\(a,b). f a b) {a,b | P a b}
  = {f a b | P a b}
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM;IN_IMAGE] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    STRIP_TAC THEN
    witness `a:A` THEN
    witness `b:B` THEN
    have `(x:C) = (\((a:A),(b:B)). f a b) (a,b)` [] THEN
    simp[]
  ;
    STRIP_TAC THEN
    witness `a:A,b:B` THEN
    conjunction THENL [
      simp[]
    ;
      witness `a:A` THEN
      witness `b:B` THEN
      simp[]
    ]
  ]
);;

(* ===== functions *)

let functions = new_definition `
  functions (A:X->bool) (B:Y->bool)
  = {f | IMAGE f A SUBSET B /\ (!z. ~(z IN A) ==> f z = ARB)}
`;;

let in_functions = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool f.
  f IN functions A B <=>
  IMAGE f A SUBSET B /\ (!z. ~(z IN A) ==> f z = ARB)
`,
  SET_TAC[functions]
);;

let fun_eq_thm_e = prove(`
  !f g:X->Y.
  f = g <=> (!e. f e = g e)
`,
  qed[FUN_EQ_THM]
);;

let fun_eq_thm_v = prove(`
  !f g:X->Y.
  f = g <=> (!v. f v = g v)
`,
  qed[FUN_EQ_THM]
);;

let image_functions_subset = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool f.
  f IN functions A B ==>
  IMAGE f A SUBSET B
`,
  SET_TAC[functions]
);;

(* XXX: factor most image_functions_subset applications via this *)
let functions_to = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool f x.
  f IN functions A B ==>
  x IN A ==>
  f x IN B
`,
  SET_TAC[image_functions_subset]
);;

let finite_functions = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool.
  FINITE A ==>
  FINITE B ==>
  FINITE (functions A B)
`,
  rw[functions] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `{f | IMAGE f A SUBSET B /\ (!x:X. ~(x IN A) ==> f x = ARB:Y)} = {f | IMAGE f A SUBSET B /\ {x | ~(f x = ARB)} SUBSET A}` THENL [
    SET_TAC[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  specialize[
    `A:X->bool`;
    `B:Y->bool`;
    `\a:X. ARB:Y`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICTED_FUNSPACE THEN
  qed[]
);;

let functions_empty = prove(`
  !B:Y->bool.
  functions {} B = {\x:X. ARB}
`,
  rw[functions] THEN
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_SING;IN_ELIM_THM;IMAGE_CLAUSES;EMPTY_SUBSET;SUBSET;EMPTY] THEN
  qed[FUN_EQ_THM]
);;

let functions_insert = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool i:X.
  ~(i IN A) ==>
  functions (i INSERT A) B
  = IMAGE
      (\((b:Y),(f:X->Y)) (a:X). if a = i then b else f a)
      (B CROSS (functions A B))
`,
  rw[functions;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM;in_image_vw] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    witness `(x(i:X):Y),(\a:X. if a = i then ARB:Y else x a)` THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;IN_CROSS] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[FUN_EQ_THM]
    ;
      ASM SET_TAC[]
    ;
      rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      ASM SET_TAC[]
    ]
  ;
    rw[IMAGE_CLAUSES;INSERT_SUBSET;EXISTS_PAIR_THM;IN_CROSS;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[]
  ]
);;

let functions_insert_injective = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool i:X v w.
  ~(i IN A) ==>
  v IN B CROSS functions A B ==>
  w IN B CROSS functions A B ==>
  (\((b:Y),(f:X->Y)) (a:X). if a = i then b else f a) v
  = (\((b:Y),(f:X->Y)) (a:X). if a = i then b else f a) w ==>
  v = w
`,
  rw[FORALL_PAIR_THM;IN_CROSS;PAIR_EQ;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  rw[functions;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== permutations *)

let perm = new_definition `
  perm (S:X->bool) (f:X->X)
  <=> f permutes S
`;;

let perm_in_permutes = prove(`
  !S:X->bool f.
  perm S f <=> f IN {p | p permutes S}
`,
  rw[IN_ELIM_THM;perm]
);;

let perm_set_permutes = prove(`
  !S:X->bool.
  perm S = {p | p permutes S}
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;IN;perm_in_permutes]
);;

let card_perm = prove(`
  !S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  CARD(perm S) = FACT(CARD S)
`,
  rw[perm_set_permutes;CARD_PERMUTATIONS]
);;

let finite_perm = prove(`
  !S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  FINITE(perm S)
`,
  rw[perm_set_permutes;FINITE_PERMUTATIONS]
);;

let permutes_o_inverse_refl_o = prove(`
  !A:X->bool f:X->X g:Y->X.
  f permutes A ==>
  f o inverse f o g = g
`,
  intro THEN
  have `f:X->X o inverse f = I` [PERMUTES_INVERSES_o] THEN
  rw[o_ASSOC] THEN
  qed[I_O_ID]
);;

let inverse_permutes_o_refl_o = prove(`
  !A:X->bool f:X->X g:Y->X.
  f permutes A ==>
  inverse f o f o g = g
`,
  intro THEN
  have `inverse f o f:X->X = I` [PERMUTES_INVERSES_o] THEN
  rw[o_ASSOC] THEN
  qed[I_O_ID]
);;

let image_permutes_o_perm = prove(`
  !A:X->bool f:X->X.
  f permutes A ==>
  IMAGE (\i. f o i) (perm A) = perm A
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM;perm_set_permutes] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    qed[PERMUTES_COMPOSE]
  ;
    intro THEN
    witness `inverse f:X->X o x:X->X` THEN
    qed[permutes_o_inverse_refl_o;PERMUTES_INVERSE;PERMUTES_COMPOSE]
  ]
);;

let image_permutes_o_functions_perm = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool f:X->X.
  f permutes A ==>
  IMAGE
    (\g i. g(f o i))
    (functions (perm A) B)
  = functions (perm A) B
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;functions;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  rw[elim_image_subset_u] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `inverse f:X->X permutes A` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
  have `!a:X->X. inverse f o f:X->X o a = a` [inverse_permutes_o_refl_o] THEN
  have `!a:X->X. f o inverse f:X->X o a = a` [permutes_o_inverse_refl_o] THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THENL [
      have `u:X->X permutes A` [IN;perm] THEN
      have `f:X->X o u:X->X permutes A` [PERMUTES_COMPOSE] THEN
      qed[IN;perm]
    ;
      case `f:X->X o z:X->X permutes A` THENL [
        have `z:X->X permutes A` [PERMUTES_COMPOSE] THEN
        qed[IN;perm]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[IN;perm]
    ]
  ;
    intro THEN
    def `y:(X->X)->Y` `\i:X->X. x (inverse f:X->X o i):Y` THEN
    witness `y:(X->X)->Y` THEN
    intro THENL [
      simp[fun_eq_thm_e]
    ;
      qed[IN;perm;PERMUTES_COMPOSE]
    ;
      case `inverse f:X->X o z:X->X permutes A` THENL [
        have `z:X->X permutes A` [PERMUTES_COMPOSE] THEN
        qed[IN;perm]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[IN;perm]
    ]
  ]
);;

let injective_permutes_arbo_functions = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool p:Y->Y f g.
  p permutes B ==>
  f IN functions A B ==>
  g IN functions A B ==>
  (\a. if a IN A then p (f a) else ARB) =
  (\a. if a IN A then p (g a) else ARB) ==>
  f = g
`,
  rw[in_functions;elim_image_subset_u] THEN
  rw[fun_eq_thm_e] THEN
  qed[permutes]
);;

let image_permutes_arbo_functions = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool p:Y->Y.
  p permutes B ==>
  IMAGE (\ab a. if a IN A then p(ab a) else ARB)
    (functions A B)
  = functions A B
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_IMAGE;in_functions;elim_image_subset_u] THEN
  rw[fun_eq_thm_e] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `inverse (p:Y->Y) permutes B` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THENL [
      simp[] THEN
      qed[PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE]
    ;
      qed[permutes]
    ]
  ;
    intro THEN
    witness `\a:X. if a IN A then (inverse p)(x a:Y) else ARB:Y` THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THENL [
      simp[] THEN
      qed[PERMUTES_INVERSES;permutes]
    ;
      qed[PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE]
    ;
      qed[]
    ]
  ]
);;

let injective_permutes_arbo_functions_functions = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool C:Z->bool p:Y->Y f g.
  p permutes B ==>
  f IN functions (functions A B) C ==>
  g IN functions (functions A B) C ==>
  (\ab. if ab IN functions A B
        then f (\a. if a IN A then p (ab a) else ARB)
        else ARB) =
  (\ab. if ab IN functions A B
        then g (\a. if a IN A then p (ab a) else ARB)
        else ARB) ==>
  f = g
`,
  rw[fun_eq_thm_e] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `e:X->Y IN functions A B` THENL [
    have `inverse (p:Y->Y) permutes B` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
    subgoal `(\a:X. if a IN A then (inverse p)(e a:Y):Y else ARB) IN functions A B` THENL [
      rw[functions;IN_ELIM_THM;SUBSET;in_image_vw] THEN
      qed[functions_to;PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `(\a:X. if a IN A then p(if a IN A then (inverse p)(e a:Y):Y else ARB) else ARB) = e` THENL [
      rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
      qed[in_functions;PERMUTES_INVERSES]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `\a:X. if a IN A then (inverse p)(e a:Y):Y else ARB`
    ](know `!e:X->Y. (if e IN functions A B then f (\a. if a IN A then p (e a) else ARB:Y) else ARB) = (if e IN functions A B then g (\a. if a IN A then p (e a:Y) else ARB) else ARB):Z`) THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[in_functions]
);;

let image_permutes_arbo_functions_functions = prove(`
  !A:X->bool B:Y->bool C:Z->bool p:Y->Y.
  p permutes B ==>
  IMAGE
    (\bc ab. if ab IN functions A B
             then bc(\a. if a IN A
                         then p(ab(a))
                         else ARB)
             else ARB)
    (functions (functions A B) C)
  = functions (functions A B) C
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;functions;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  once_rw[elim_image_subset_u] THEN
  once_rw[elim_image_subset_v] THEN
  rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THENL [
      simp[] THEN
      sufficesby(know `!u. (!v:X. v IN A ==> u v:Y IN B) /\ (!z. ~(z IN A) ==> u z = ARB) ==> v u:Z IN C`) THEN
      simp[BETA_THM;o_DEF] THEN
      qed[PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE]
    ;
      simp[]
    ]
  ;
    intro THENL [
      witness `\ab:X->Y. if ab IN functions A B then x(\a. if a IN A then (inverse p:Y->Y)(ab(a)) else ARB) else ARB:Z` THEN
      rw[functions;elim_image_subset_v;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      intro THENL [
        rw[fun_eq_thm_e] THEN
        intro THEN
        case `(!u:X. u IN A ==> e u:Y IN B) /\ (!z. ~(z IN A) ==> e z = ARB)` THENL [
          case `!v:X. v IN A ==> p (e v:Y):Y IN B` THENL [
            subgoal `e:X->Y = (\a. if a IN A then inverse p ((p:Y->Y) (e a)) else ARB)` THENL [
              rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
              qed[PERMUTES_INVERSES]
            ; pass
            ] THEN
            simp[] THEN
            qed[]
          ; pass
          ] THEN
          simp[] THEN
          sufficesby(know `!z. ~((!u:X. u IN A ==> z u:Y IN B) /\ (!a. ~(a IN A) ==> z a = ARB)) ==> x z = ARB:Z`) THEN
          qed[permutes]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        simp[]
      ;
        simp[] THEN
        sufficesby(know `!u. (!v:X. v IN A ==> u v:Y IN B) /\ (!z. ~(z IN A) ==> u z = ARB) ==> x u:Z IN C`) THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        simp[] THEN
        qed[PERMUTES_INVERSE;PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE]
      ;
        qed[]
      ]
    ]
  ]
);;

(* ===== naturals *)

let min_le = prove(`
  !a b.
  MIN a b <= a
  /\ MIN a b <= b
`,
  rw[MIN] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let le_min = prove(`
  !a b c.
  a <= MIN b c <=> 
  a <= b /\ a <= c
`,
  rw[MIN] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let max_le = prove(`
  !a b c.
  MAX a b <= c <=>
  a <= c /\ b <= c
`,
  rw[MAX] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let fact_1 = prove(`
  FACT 1 = 1
`,
  rw[ARITH_RULE `1 = SUC 0`;FACT] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let binom_stair_sum = prove(`
  !e n.
  binom(n+e,e)
  = if e = 0 then 1 else nsum (0..n) (\a. binom(a+e-1,e-1))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[ARITH_RULE `0+e=e`;BINOM_REFL] THEN
    rw[NSUM_SING_NUMSEG] THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `0+e-1 = e-1`;BINOM_REFL] THEN
    rw[COND_ID]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[NSUM_CLAUSES_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `0 <= SUC n`] THEN
  proven_if `e = 0` [binom] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(e = 0) ==> e = SUC(e-1)` THEN
  have `binom(SUC(n + e),SUC(e-1)) = binom(n+e,e) + binom(n+e,e-1)` [binom] THEN
  have `binom(SUC(n + e),e) = binom(n+e,e) + binom(n+e,e-1)` [] THEN
  have `binom(SUC n + e,e) = binom(n+e,e) + binom(n+e,e-1)` [ARITH_RULE `SUC n+e = SUC(n+e)`] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(e = 0) ==> SUC n + e - 1 = n+e` THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* simpler special case of NSUM_REFLECT *)
let nsum_reflect_0 = prove(`
  !f n.
  nsum(0..n) f = nsum(0..n) (\i. f(n-i))
`,
  intro THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(n < 0)` THEN
  specialize[`f:num->num`;`0`;`n:num`]NSUM_REFLECT THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `n-0 = n`]
);;

(* GEN `b` NSUM_DELTA modulo order of variables *)
let nsum_delta = prove(`
  !s a:X b.
  nsum s (\x. if x = a then b else 0)
  = (if a IN s then b else 0)
`,
  qed[NSUM_DELTA]
);;

let term_le_nsum = prove(`
  !f S t:X.
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  f t <= nsum S f
`,
  qed[NSUM_DELETE;ARITH_RULE `a <= a + b:num`]
);;

let binom_reverse_stair_sum = prove(`
  !e n.
  binom(n+e,e)
  = if e = 0 then 1 else
    nsum (0..n) (\a. binom(n-a+e-1,e-1))
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`e:num`;`n:num`]binom_stair_sum THEN
  specialize[`\a. binom(a+e-1,e-1)`;`n:num`]nsum_reflect_0 THEN
  qed[]
);;

let fact_binom_lemma_37 = prove(`
  !n i.
  i < n ==>
  FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i) =
  (FACT(n-1-i) * binom(n-1,i)) +
  ((n-1) * FACT(n-1-i) * binom(n-1,i))
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `FACT(n-i) = (n-i)*FACT(n-1-i)` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `i < n ==> n-i = SUC(n-1-i)` THEN
    qed[FACT]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `(n - i) * binom (n,i) = binom (n - 1,i) + (n - 1) * binom (n - 1,i)` THENL [
    case `i = 0` THENL [
      simp[binom] THEN
      ASM_ARITH_TAC
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[`n-1`;`i:num`]BINOM_TOP_STEP THEN
    num_linear_fact `i < n ==> n-1+1 = n` THEN
    have `(n-i)*binom(n,i) = n*binom(n-1,i)` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `i < n ==> n = 1 + (n-1)` THEN
    have `1 * binom(n-1,i) + (n-1) * binom(n-1,i) = n * binom(n-1,i)` [RIGHT_ADD_DISTRIB] THEN
    have `binom(n-1,i) + (n-1) * binom(n-1,i) = n * binom(n-1,i)` [MULT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `((n - i) * binom (n,i)) * FACT(n-1-i) = (binom (n - 1,i)) * FACT(n-1-i) + ((n - 1) * binom (n - 1,i)) * FACT(n-1-i)` [RIGHT_ADD_DISTRIB] THEN
  ASM_ARITH_TAC
);;

let properly_le = prove(`
  properly (<=) = (<):num->num->bool
`,
  rw[properly;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let o_permutes_subset = prove(`
  !A S f:X->X.
  f permutes S ==>
  A SUBSET S ==>
  A o f SUBSET S
`,
  rw[SUBSET;IN;o_THM;permutes] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let image_permutes_subset = prove(`
  !A S f:X->X.
  f permutes S ==>
  A SUBSET S ==>
  IMAGE f A SUBSET S
`,
  rw[SUBSET;IN_IMAGE;permutes] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let image_inverse_permutes = prove(`
  !A S f:X->X.
  f permutes S ==>
  A SUBSET S ==>
  IMAGE (inverse f) A = A o f
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_IMAGE;SUBSET;IN;o_THM] THEN
  rw[permutes;inverse] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let image_o_permutes = prove(`
  !A S f:X->X.
  f permutes S ==>
  A SUBSET S ==>
  IMAGE f (A o f) = A
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM;IN;IMAGE;o_THM;permutes] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let o_image_permutes = prove(`
  !A S f:X->X.
  f permutes S ==>
  A SUBSET S ==>
  (IMAGE f A) o f = A
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;SUBSET;IMAGE;IN;IN_ELIM_THM;o_THM;permutes] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let card_image_permutes = prove(`
  !A S f:X->X.
  f permutes S ==>
  A SUBSET S ==>
  FINITE A ==>
  CARD(IMAGE f A) = CARD A
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby CARD_IMAGE_INJ THEN
  qed[permutes]
);;

let card_o_permutes = prove(`
  !A S f:X->X.
  f permutes S ==>
  A SUBSET S ==>
  FINITE A ==>
  CARD(A o f) = CARD A
`,
  intro THEN
  have `A o (f:X->X) = IMAGE (inverse f) A` [image_inverse_permutes] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby CARD_IMAGE_INJ THEN
  have `inverse (f:X->X) permutes S` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
  qed[permutes]
);;

let o_permutes_cancel = prove(`
  !S f:X->X g h:X->Y.
  f permutes S ==>
  g o f = h o f ==>
  g = h
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `g:X->Y = (g o (f:X->X)) o inverse f` THENL [
    rw[GSYM o_ASSOC] THEN
    qed[PERMUTES_INVERSES_o;I_O_ID]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `h:X->Y = (h o (f:X->X)) o inverse f` THENL [
    rw[GSYM o_ASSOC] THEN
    qed[PERMUTES_INVERSES_o;I_O_ID]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== sets of naturals *)

let range = new_definition `
  range = (>):num->num->bool
`;;

let range_lt = prove(`
  !n i.
  i IN range n <=> i < n
`,
  rw[range;IN;GT]
);;

let range_set_lt = prove(`
  !n.
  range n = {i | i < n}
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;range_lt;IN_ELIM_THM]
);;

let range_0 = prove(`
  range 0 = {}
`,
  rw[EXTENSION;range_lt;EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let range_add_1_delete_refl = prove(`
  !n.
  range(n+1) DELETE n = range n
`,
  rw[DELETE;range_lt;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let finite_range = prove(`
  !n.
  FINITE(range n)
`,
  rw[range_set_lt] THEN
  qed[FINITE_NUMSEG_LT]
);;

let card_range = prove(`
  !n.
  CARD(range n) = n
`,
  rw[range_set_lt] THEN
  qed[CARD_NUMSEG_LT]
);;

let swap_permutes_range = prove(`
  !n i j.
  i < n ==> 
  j < n ==> 
  swap(i,j) permutes range n
`,
  rw[swap;permutes;range_lt] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* maybe use ITSET? *)
let finite_ordering = prove(`
  !S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  ?f. IMAGE f (range(CARD S)) = S
`,
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[CARD_CLAUSES;range_0;IMAGE_CLAUSES]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    witness `\i:num. if i = CARD(S:X->bool) then x else f i:X` THEN
    simp[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_INSERT;CARD_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = 1+n`] THEN
    intro THEN
    splitiff THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `v < 1+CARD(S:X->bool)` [range_lt] THEN
      proven_if `v = CARD(S:X->bool)` [] THEN
      num_linear_fact `v < 1+CARD(S:X->bool) ==> ~(v = CARD S) ==> v < CARD S` THEN
      have `v IN range(CARD(S:X->bool))` [range_lt] THEN
      qed[IN_IMAGE]
    ;
      intro THENL [
        witness `CARD(S:X->bool)` THEN
        rw[range_lt] THEN
        simp[ARITH_RULE `n < 1+n`]
      ;
        choose `v:num` `v IN range(CARD(S:X->bool)) /\ f v = x':X` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
        witness `v:num` THEN
        have `v < CARD(S:X->bool)` [range_lt] THEN
        num_linear_fact `v < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> ~(v = CARD S)` THEN
        num_linear_fact `v < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> v < 1 + CARD S` THEN
        qed[range_lt]
      ]
    ]
  ]
);;

(* XXX: relies on CARD S always being finite *)
let injective_finite_ordering = prove(`
  !S:X->bool f.
  IMAGE f (range(CARD S)) = S ==>
  (!x y. x < CARD S ==> y < CARD S ==> f x = f y ==> x = y)
`,
  rw[GSYM range_lt] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(range(CARD(S:X->bool)))` [finite_range] THEN
  have `CARD(range(CARD(S:X->bool))) = CARD S` [card_range] THEN
  qed[CARD_IMAGE_EQ_INJ]
);;

(* XXX: relies on CARD S always being finite *)
let bij_finite_ordering = prove(`
  !S:X->bool f.
  IMAGE f (range(CARD S)) = S ==>
  BIJ f (range(CARD S)) S
`,
  rw[BIJ;INJ;SURJ] THEN
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN
  have `!x y. x < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> y < CARD S ==> f x = f y:X ==> x = y` [injective_finite_ordering] THEN
  ASM SET_TAC[range_lt]
);;

let image_numseg_antidiagonal = prove(`
  !d:num.
  IMAGE (\a:num. a,d-a) (0..d)
  = {a,b | a + b = d}
`,
  rw[GSYM NUMSEG_LE;IMAGE;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    witness `x':num` THEN
    witness `d - x':num` THEN
    qed[SUB_ADD;ADD_SYM]
  ;
    intro THEN
    witness `a:num` THEN
    qed[LE_EXISTS;ADD_SUB2]
  ]
);;

let numseg_le_lt_reflect = prove(`
  !m n:num.
  m <= n ==>
  IMAGE (\a. n - a) {i | i < n - m} = {i | m < i /\ i <= n}
`,
  rw[IMAGE;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ;
    intro THEN
    witness `n - x:num` THEN
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ]
);;

let numseg_le_reflect_0 = prove(`
  !n:num.
  IMAGE (\a. n - a) (0..n) = (0..n)
`,
  rw[GSYM NUMSEG_LE;IMAGE;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    qed[ARITH_RULE `n - a <= n:num`]
  ;
    intro THEN
    witness `n - x:num` THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `n - a <= n:num`;ARITH_RULE `x <= n ==> x = n - (n - x):num`]
  ]
);;

(* ===== reals *)

let real_of_num_plus_minus_minus = prove(`
  !a b.
  &(a+b) - &a - &b = &0:real
`,
  intro THEN
  num_linear_fact `a <= (a+b):num` THEN
  num_linear_fact `b <= (a+b)-a:num` THEN
  num_linear_fact `(a+b)-a-b = 0` THEN
  simp[REAL_OF_NUM_SUB]
);;

let fact_binom_lemma_37_real = prove(`
  !n i.
  i < n ==>
  &(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))
  -
  &(FACT(n-1-i) * binom(n-1,i))
  -
  &((n-1) * FACT(n-1-i) * binom(n-1,i))
  = &0:real
`,
  qed[real_of_num_plus_minus_minus;fact_binom_lemma_37]
);;

(* ===== integer sums *)

let isum_integer_sum = prove(`
  !(f:X->int) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  isum S f =
  ring_sum integer_ring S f
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[ISUM_CLAUSES;RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[INTEGER_RING]
  ;
    simp[ISUM_CLAUSES;RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[INTEGER_RING;IN_UNIV]
  ]
);;

let sum_real_of_int = prove(`
  !(f:X->int) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  sum S (\s. real_of_int (f s))
  = real_of_int (isum S f)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[SUM_CLAUSES;ISUM_CLAUSES;REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[SUM_CLAUSES;ISUM_CLAUSES;REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES]
  ]
);;

let int_of_num_sum = prove(`
  !(f:X->num) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  &(nsum S f):int = isum S (\x. &(f x))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[int_eq] THEN
  simp[INT_OF_REAL_THM REAL_OF_NUM_SUM;sum_real_of_int]
);;

(* ===== rings *)

let ring_div_refl = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_div r c c =
  if ring_unit r c then ring_1 r else ring_0 r
`,
  rw[ring_div;ring_inv] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `ring_unit(r:R ring) c` THENL [
    choose `d:R` `d IN ring_carrier(r:R ring) /\ ring_mul r c d = ring_1 r` [ring_unit] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[RING_MUL_RZERO]
  ]
);;

let ring_add_sub_cancel = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_add r a (ring_sub r b a) = b
`,
  RING_TAC
);;

let ring_sum_image_injective = prove(`
  !r (f:K->L) (g:L->A) s.
  (!x y. f x = f y ==> x = y)
  ==> ring_sum r (IMAGE f s) g = ring_sum r s (g o f)
`,
  qed[RING_SUM_IMAGE]
);;

let ring_sum_image_injective_pair = prove(`
  !r (f:A#B->L) (g:L->X) s.
  (!(a,b) (c,d). f (a,b) = f (c,d) ==> (a,b) = (c,d))
  ==> ring_sum r (IMAGE f s) g = ring_sum r s (g o f)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!x y. (f:A#B->L) x = f y ==> x = y` [injective_pair_rewrite] THEN
  qed[ring_sum_image_injective]
);;

let ring_sum_delete2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (f:X->R) s.
  FINITE S ==>
  s IN S ==>
  f s IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_sum r S f
  = ring_add r (f s) (ring_sum r (S DELETE s) f)
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_DELETE] THEN
  have `ring_sum (r:R ring) S (f:X->R) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_SUM] THEN
  qed[ring_add_sub_cancel]
);;

let ring_sum_shift1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f n.
  f 0 = ring_0 r ==>
  ring_sum r (0..n+1) f
  = ring_sum r (0..n) (\a. f (a+1))
`,
  rw[GSYM NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  intro THEN
  set_fact_using `0 IN {a | a <= n+1}` [ARITH_RULE `0 <= n+1`] THEN
  have `f 0 IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_0] THEN
  specialize[`n+1`]FINITE_NUMSEG_LE THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`{a | a <= n+1}`;`f:num->R`;`0`]ring_sum_delete2 THEN
  simp[RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_SUM] THEN
  rw[NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  rw[GSYM RING_SUM_OFFSET] THEN
  have `0 INSERT ((0+1)..(n+1)) = 0..(n+1)` [NUMSEG_LREC;ARITH_RULE `0 <= n+1`] THEN
  have `~(0 IN ((0+1)..(n+1)))` [IN_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `~(0+1 <= 0)`] THEN
  have `(0..(n+1)) DELETE 0 = ((0+1)..(n+1))` [insert_delete_nonmember] THEN
  simp[]
);;

let ring_sum_insert_top = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f n.
  f (n+1) = ring_0 r ==>
  ring_sum r (0..n+1) f
  = ring_sum r (0..n) f
`,
  rw[GSYM NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  intro THEN
  set_fact_using `n+1 IN {a | a <= n+1}` [ARITH_RULE `n+1 <= n+1`] THEN
  have `f (n+1) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_0] THEN
  specialize[`n+1`]FINITE_NUMSEG_LE THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`{a | a <= n+1}`;`f:num->R`;`n+1`]ring_sum_delete2 THEN
  simp[RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_SUM] THEN
  have `(n+1) INSERT (0..((n+1)-1)) = 0..(n+1)` [NUMSEG_RREC;ARITH_RULE `0 <= n+1`] THEN
  have `(n+1)-1 = n` [ADD_SUB] THEN
  have `(n+1) INSERT (0..n) = 0..(n+1)` [NUMSEG_RREC;ARITH_RULE `0 <= n+1`] THEN
  have `~((n+1) IN (0..n))` [IN_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `~(n+1 <= n)`] THEN
  have `(0..(n+1)) DELETE (n+1) = 0..n` [insert_delete_nonmember] THEN
  rw[NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  simp[]
);;

let ring_mul_sum_mul_delete = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->R g:X->R x.
  ~(x IN S) ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  g x IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> g s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_mul r
    (g x)
    (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_mul r (f s) (ring_product r (S DELETE s) g)))
  =  ring_sum r S (\s. ring_mul r (f s) (ring_product r ((x INSERT S) DELETE s) g))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_product r (S DELETE s) g IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_mul r (f s) (ring_product r (S DELETE s) g) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_MUL] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_product r ((x INSERT S) DELETE s) g IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\s:X. ring_mul(r:R ring) (f s) (ring_product r (S DELETE s) g)`;`g(x:X):R`;`S:X->bool`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(x IN S) ==> (x INSERT S) DELETE s = x INSERT (S DELETE s)` THEN
  have `(x:X INSERT S) DELETE a = x INSERT (S DELETE a)` [] THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE a:X)` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(x IN S) ==> ~(x IN S DELETE s)` THEN
  have `~(x:X IN S DELETE a)` [] THEN
  simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
  have `g(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `f(a:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `ring_product r (S DELETE a:X) g IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`f(a:X):R`;`g(x:X):R`;`ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE a:X) g`]RING_MUL_ASSOC THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`g(x:X):R`;`f(a:X):R`;`ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE a:X) g`]RING_MUL_ASSOC THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`f(a:X):R`;`g(x:X):R`]RING_MUL_SYM THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* simpler special case of RING_SUM_REFLECT *)
let ring_sum_numseg_le_reflect = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n f:num->R.
  ring_sum r (0..n) f
  = ring_sum r (0..n) (\b. f(n - b))
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!x:num y:num. x IN (0..n) /\ y IN (0..n) /\ n-x = n-y ==> x = y` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM;GSYM NUMSEG_LE] THEN
    qed[IN_ELIM_THM;ARITH_RULE `x <= n /\ y <= n /\ n-x = n-y ==> x = y:num`]
  ;
    pass
  ] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`r:R ring`;`\a:num. n - a`;`f:num->R`;`0..n`]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
  have `ring_sum (r:R ring) (IMAGE (\a:num. n - a) (0..n)) f = ring_sum r (0..n) (f o (\a. n - a))` [] THEN
  have `IMAGE (\a:num. n - a) (0..n) = (0..n)` [numseg_le_reflect_0] THEN
  have `ring_sum (r:R ring) (0..n) f = ring_sum r (0..n) (f o (\a. n - a))` [] THEN
  simp[o_THM] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  qed[o_THM]
);;

let ring_sum_numseg_le_offset = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m n f:num->R.
  ring_sum r (0..m) f
  = ring_sum r (0..m+n) (\b. if n <= b then f(b - n) else ring_0 r)
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`n:num`;`r:R ring`;`\i:num. f(i - n):R`;`0:num`;`m:num`]RING_SUM_OFFSET THEN
  have `(0+n..m+n) SUBSET (0..m+n)` [SUBSET_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 0+n`;ARITH_RULE `m+n <= m+n:num`] THEN
  subgoal `!x. x IN 0..m+n ==> ~(x IN 0+n..m+n) ==> (if n <= x then f(x-n) else ring_0(r:R ring)) = ring_0 r` THENL [
    rw[numseg;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `x:num <= m+n /\ ~(0+n <= x /\ x <= m+n) ==> ~(n <= x)`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\b:num. if n <= b then f(b-n) else ring_0(r:R ring)`;`0+n..m+n`;`0..m+n`]RING_SUM_SUPERSET THEN
  subgoal `!a. a IN 0+n..m+n ==> (if n <= a then f(a-n) else ring_0 r) = f(a-n):R` THENL [
    rw[numseg;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `0+n = n`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\i:num. if n <= i then f(i-n) else ring_0(r:R ring)`;`\i:num. f(i-n):R`;`0+n..m+n`]RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `(b+n)-n = b:num`]
);;

let ring_sum_numseg_le_expand = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m n f:num->R.
  m <= n ==>
  ring_sum r (0..m) f
  = ring_sum r (0..n) (\a. if a <= m then f(a) else ring_0 r)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (0..m) f = ring_sum r (0..m) (\a. if a <= m then f(a) else ring_0 r)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[GSYM NUMSEG_LE;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby(GSYM RING_SUM_SUPERSET) THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[SUBSET_NUMSEG] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `0 <= 0`]
  ;
    have `~(x <= m:num)` [
      NUMSEG_LE;IN_ELIM_THM
    ] THEN
    simp[]
  ]
);;

let num_in_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) s.
  s subring_of r ==>
  !n. ring_of_num r n IN s
`,
  rw[subring_of] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THEN
  qed[ring_of_num]
);;

let int_in_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) s.
  s subring_of r ==>
  !i. ring_of_int r i IN s
`,
  rw[FORALL_INT_CASES] THEN
  rw[RING_OF_INT_NEG;RING_OF_INT_OF_NUM] THEN
  qed[num_in_subring;subring_of]
);;

let ring_sum_subring_generated = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S A (f:X->R).
  S subring_of r /\
  (!x. x IN A ==> f x IN S) ==>
  ring_sum (subring_generated r S) A f
  = ring_sum r A f
`,
  simp[] THEN
  intro THEN
  set_fact `(!x:X. x IN A ==> (f x):R IN S) ==> {x | x IN A /\ f x IN S} = A` THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let ring_sum_subring_generated_v2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S A (f:X->R).
  (!x. x IN A ==> f x IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r S)) ==>
  ring_sum (subring_generated r S) A f
  = ring_sum r A f
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) S) subring_of r` [SUBRING_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  have `subring_generated(r:R ring) (ring_carrier(subring_generated r S)) = subring_generated r S` [SUBRING_GENERATED_BY_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  qed[ring_sum_subring_generated]
);;

let ring_sum_in_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S (f:X->R).
  (!s. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_sum r S f IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  qed[ring_sum_subring_generated_v2;RING_SUM]
);;

let ring_product_subring_generated = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S A (f:X->R).
  S subring_of r /\
  (!x. x IN A ==> f x IN S) ==>
  ring_product (subring_generated r S) A f
  = ring_product r A f
`,
  simp[] THEN
  intro THEN
  set_fact `(!x:X. x IN A ==> (f x):R IN S) ==> {x | x IN A /\ f x IN S} = A` THEN
  simp[RING_PRODUCT_SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let ring_product_subring_generated_v2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S A (f:X->R).
  (!x. x IN A ==> f x IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r S)) ==>
  ring_product (subring_generated r S) A f
  = ring_product r A f
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) S) subring_of r` [SUBRING_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  have `subring_generated(r:R ring) (ring_carrier(subring_generated r S)) = subring_generated r S` [SUBRING_GENERATED_BY_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  qed[ring_product_subring_generated]
);;

let ring_product_in_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S (f:X->R).
  (!s. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_product r S f IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  qed[ring_product_subring_generated_v2;RING_PRODUCT]
);;

let ring_pow_in_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G f n.
  f IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G) ==>
  ring_pow r f n IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  qed[RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_POW]
);;

let ring_sum_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_1 r)
  = ring_of_num r (CARD S)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[card_empty;RING_SUM_CLAUSES;RING_OF_NUM_0]
  ;
    simp[card_insert;RING_SUM_CLAUSES;RING_1;ARITH_RULE `CARD S + 1 = SUC(CARD(S:X->bool))`;ring_of_num] THEN
    qed[RING_ADD_SYM;RING_1;RING_OF_NUM]
  ]
);;

let ring_sum_num = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (f:X->num) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_sum r S (\s. ring_of_num r (f s))
  = ring_of_num r (nsum S f)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN 
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;NSUM_CLAUSES;ring_of_num]
  ;
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[RING_OF_NUM;RING_OF_NUM_ADD]
  ]
);;

let ring_pow_sub1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c d.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(d = 0) ==>
  ring_mul r c (ring_pow r c (d-1)) = ring_pow r c d
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_pow(r:R ring) c (1 + (d-1)) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r c 1) (ring_pow r c (d-1))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
  have `ring_pow(r:R ring) c 1 = c` [RING_POW_1] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(d = 0) ==> 1 + (d-1) = d:num` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_pow_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:X->R) n S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> p s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_pow r (ring_product r S p) n
  = ring_product r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (p s) n)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[RING_POW_ONE]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_POW] THEN
    have `p(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    simp[RING_MUL_POW;RING_PRODUCT]
  ]
);;

let ring_sum_numseg_0_diff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m n f.
  m <= n ==>
  ring_sum r {i | m < i /\ i <= n} f
  = ring_sub r
      (ring_sum r (0..n) f)
      (ring_sum r (0..m) f)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `{i | m < i /\ i <= n} = (0..n) DIFF (0..m)` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;IN_DIFF;IN_ELIM_THM;IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE (0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `(0..m) SUBSET (0..n)` [SUBSET_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 0`] THEN
  qed[RING_SUM_DIFF]
);;

let ring_sum_numseg_0_diff_reflect = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m n f.
  m <= n ==>
  ring_sum r {i | i < n-m} (\i. f(n-i))
  = ring_sub r
      (ring_sum r (0..n) f)
      (ring_sum r (0..m) f)
`,
  simp[GSYM ring_sum_numseg_0_diff] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!x y. x IN {i:num | i < n - m} ==> y IN {i | i < n - m} ==> n - x = n - y ==> x = y` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\i:num. n-i`;`f:num->R`;`{i | i < n - m:num}`]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
  have `IMAGE (\i:num. n - i) {i | i < n - m} = {i | m < i /\ i <= n}` [numseg_le_lt_reflect] THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) {i:num | m < i /\ i <= n} f = ring_sum r {i | i < n - m} (f o (\i. n - i))` [] THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) {i:num | i < n - m} (f o (\i. n - i)) = ring_sum r {i | i < n - m} (\i. f (n - i))` [RING_SUM_EQ;o_THM] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_pow_is_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a n.
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_pow r a n
  = ring_product r (1..n) (\i. a)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[NUMSEG_CLAUSES;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`] THEN
    rw[ring_pow;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES]
  ;
    rw[NUMSEG_CLAUSES;ARITH_RULE `1 <= SUC n`] THEN
    have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    have `~(SUC n IN 1..n)` [IN_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `~(SUC n <= n)`] THEN
    simp[ring_pow;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES]
  ]
);;

let ring_sum_sub = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f g S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> g s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_sum r S (\s. ring_sub r (f s) (g s))
  = ring_sub r (ring_sum r S f) (ring_sum r S g)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ring_sub] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`r:R ring`;`f:X->R`;`(\s:X. ring_neg(r:R ring) (g s))`;`S:X->bool`]RING_SUM_ADD THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) S (\s:X. ring_add r (f s) (ring_neg r (g s))) = ring_add r (ring_sum r S f) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_neg r (g s)))` [RING_NEG] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  qed[RING_SUM_NEG]
);;

(* XXX: merge this into ring_ord_unique *)
let unique_prime_valuation_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p d e f g.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  f IN ring_carrier r ==>
  g IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_divides r p g) ==>
  ring_mul r (ring_pow r p d) f
  = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) g ==>
  d <= e
`,
  intro THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `~(p = ring_0(r:R ring))` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `~(ring_pow r p e = ring_0(r:R ring))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0] THEN
  case `~(d <= e:num)` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `~(d <= e) ==> e < d:num` THEN
    num_linear_fact `e < d:num ==> d = e + (d-e)` THEN
    have `ring_pow(r:R ring) p d = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) (ring_pow r p (d-e))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
    have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) (ring_pow r p (d-e))) f = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) g` [] THEN
    have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_pow r p e) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (d-e)) f) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) g` [RING_MUL_ASSOC;RING_POW] THEN
    have `(ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_pow r p (d-e)) f) = g` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_MUL_LCANCEL;RING_POW;RING_MUL] THEN
    num_linear_fact `e < d:num ==> d-e = 1 + (d-e-1)` THEN
    have `ring_pow(r:R ring) p (d-e) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p 1) (ring_pow r p (d-e-1))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
    have `ring_pow(r:R ring) p (d-e) = ring_mul r p (ring_pow r p (d-e-1))` [RING_POW_1] THEN
    have `(ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r p (ring_pow r p (d-e-1))) f) = g` [] THEN
    have `ring_mul(r:R ring) p (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (d-e-1)) f) = g` [RING_MUL_ASSOC;RING_POW] THEN
    qed[ring_divides;RING_POW;RING_MUL]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* XXX: merge this into ring_ord_unique *)
let unique_prime_valuation = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p d e f g.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  f IN ring_carrier r ==>
  g IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_divides r p f) ==>
  ~(ring_divides r p g) ==>
  ring_mul r (ring_pow r p d) f
  = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) g ==>
  (d = e /\ f = g)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `d <= e:num` [unique_prime_valuation_lemma] THEN
  have `e <= d:num` [unique_prime_valuation_lemma] THEN
  num_linear_fact `d <= e:num ==> e <= d ==> d = e` THENL [
    qed[]
  ; 
    have `p IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `~(p = ring_0(r:R ring))` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `~(ring_pow r p e = ring_0(r:R ring))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0] THEN
    qed[INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_MUL_LCANCEL;RING_POW]
  ]
);;

let ring_sum_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c S.
  FINITE S ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_sum r S (\s:X. c)
  = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S)) c
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;CARD_CLAUSES;RING_OF_NUM_0] THEN
    qed[RING_MUL_LZERO]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;CARD_CLAUSES;ring_of_num] THEN
    RING_TAC
  ]
);;

let ring_product_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c S.
  FINITE S ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_product r S (\s:X. c) = ring_pow r c (CARD S)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;CARD_CLAUSES;RING_POW_0]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;CARD_CLAUSES;ring_pow]
  ]
);;

let ring_of_num_injective_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m n.
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_of_num r m = ring_of_num r n ==>
  n <= m
`,
  intro THEN
  case `m < n:num` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `m < n:num ==> n = (n-m)+m` THEN
    have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) n = ring_add r (ring_of_num r (n-m)) (ring_of_num r m)` [RING_OF_NUM_ADD] THEN
    have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) m = ring_add r (ring_of_num r (n-m)) (ring_of_num r m)` [] THEN
    have `ring_of_num r (n-m) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [RING_ADD_EQ_RIGHT;RING_OF_NUM] THEN
    have `n-m = 0` [RING_CHAR_EQ_0] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `m < n ==> ~(n-m = 0)`]
  ;
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ]
);;

(* compare RING_CHAR_EQ_0, RING_OF_NUM_EQ *)
let ring_of_num_injective = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m n.
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_of_num r m = ring_of_num r n ==>
  m = n
`,
  intro THEN
  have `n <= m:num` [ring_of_num_injective_lemma] THEN
  have `m <= n:num` [ring_of_num_injective_lemma] THEN
  ASM_ARITH_TAC
);;

let ring_of_num_nonzero = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_of_num r n = ring_0 r ==>
  n = 0
`,
  qed[ring_of_num_injective;RING_OF_NUM_0]
);;

let neg_ring_of_num_nonzero = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n) = ring_0 r ==>
  n = 0
`,
  qed[ring_of_num_nonzero;RING_NEG_EQ_0;RING_OF_NUM]
);;

let ring_pow_neg_1_mul_refl = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  ring_mul r (
    ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n
  ) (
    ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n
  ) = ring_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  havetac `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) = ring_1 r` RING_TAC THEN
  simp[GSYM RING_MUL_POW;RING_1;RING_NEG] THEN
  qed[RING_POW_ONE]
);;

let ring_pow_neg_1_plus1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) (n + 1)
  = ring_neg r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n)
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[RING_POW_ADD;RING_1;RING_NEG] THEN
  RING_TAC
);;

let ring_sum_cross_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) P Q (f:X->R) (g:Y->R).
  FINITE P ==>
  FINITE Q ==>
  (!x:X. x IN P ==> f x IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!y:Y. y IN Q ==> g y IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_sum r (P CROSS Q) (\(x,y). ring_mul r (f x) (g y))
  = ring_mul r (ring_sum r P f) (ring_sum r Q g)
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[GSYM RING_SUM_RMUL;RING_SUM] THEN
  simp[GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL;RING_SUM] THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_SUM_PRODUCT;RING_SUM;RING_MUL] THEN
  rw[CROSS]
);;

let ring_product_1_plus_expand = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_product r S (\s:X. ring_add r (ring_1 r) (c s))
  = ring_sum r {A | A SUBSET S} (\A. ring_product r A c)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POWERSET_CLAUSES;RING_SUM_SING;RING_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_ADD_RDISTRIB;RING_SUM;RING_MUL_LID;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_ADD;RING_1;POWERSET_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `DISJOINT {A | A SUBSET S} (IMAGE (\A. (x:X) INSERT A) {A | A SUBSET S})` [powerset_insert_disjoint] THEN
    have `FINITE {A:X->bool | A SUBSET S}` [FINITE_POWERSET] THEN
    have `FINITE(IMAGE (\A. x INSERT A) {A:X->bool | A SUBSET S})` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `\A. ring_product r A (c:X->R)`;
      `{A:X->bool | A SUBSET S}`;
      `IMAGE (\A. x INSERT A) {A:X->bool | A SUBSET S}`
    ]RING_SUM_UNION THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `!a b. a IN {A | A SUBSET S} ==> b IN {A | A SUBSET S} ==> (x:X) INSERT a = x INSERT b ==> a = b` THENL [
      rw[IN_ELIM_THM;SUBSET;INSERT;EXTENSION] THEN
      intro THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `\A. (x:X) INSERT A`;
      `\A. ring_product r A (c:X->R)`;
      `{A:X->bool | A SUBSET S}`
    ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum r {A | A SUBSET S} ((\A. ring_product r A c) o (\A. x INSERT A)) = ring_sum r {A | A SUBSET S} (\A. ring_mul r (c(x:X):R) (ring_product r A c))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[IN_ELIM_THM;BETA_THM;o_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `FINITE(a:X->bool)` [FINITE_SUBSET] THEN
      have `~((x:X) IN a)` [SUBSET] THEN
      simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum r {A | A SUBSET S} (\A. ring_mul r (c x) (ring_product r A (c:X->R))) = ring_mul r (c x) (ring_sum r {A | A SUBSET S} (\A. ring_product r A c))` THENL [
      specialize_assuming[
        `r:R ring`;
        `\A. ring_product r A (c:X->R)`;
        `(c:X->R) x`;
        `{A:X->bool | A SUBSET S}`
      ]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
      qed[RING_PRODUCT]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let ring_product_sum_expand = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f Q P.
  FINITE P ==>
  FINITE Q ==>
  (!p q. p IN P ==> q IN Q ==> f p q IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_product r P (\p:X. ring_sum r Q (\q:Y. f p q))
  = ring_sum r
      (functions P Q)
      (\g. ring_product r P (\p. f p (g p)))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;functions_empty] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_SING;RING_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT P` THEN
    set_fact `!p:X. p IN P ==> p IN x INSERT P` THEN
    simp[functions_insert] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_SUM] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (IMAGE (\(b,f) a:X. if a = x then b else f a:Y) (Q CROSS functions P Q)) (\a. if ~(f x (a x) IN ring_carrier r) then ring_product r P (\p. f p (a p)) else ring_mul r (f x (a x)) (ring_product r P (\p. f p (a p)))) = ring_sum r (IMAGE (\(b,f) a. if a = x then b else f a) (Q CROSS functions P Q)) (\a.  ring_mul r (f x (a x)) (ring_product r P (\p. f p (a p))))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;in_image_vw;EXISTS_PAIR_THM;IN_CROSS;functions;IN_ELIM_THM;SUBSET] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `a(x:X):Y IN Q` [] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (IMAGE (\(b,f) a:X. if a = x then b else f a:Y) (Q CROSS functions P Q)) (\a. ring_mul r (f x (a x)) (ring_product r P (\p. f p (a p)))) = ring_sum r (Q CROSS functions P Q) ((\a. ring_mul r (f x (a x)) (ring_product r P (\p. f p (a p)))) o (\(b,f) a. if a = x then b else f a))` THENL [
      specialize_assuming[
        `r:R ring`;
        `(\(b,f) a:X. if a = x then b else f a:Y)`;
        `\a:X->Y. ring_mul(r:R ring) (f x (a x)) (ring_product r P (\p. f p (a p)))`;
        `Q CROSS functions (P:X->bool) (Q:Y->bool)`
      ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
      specialize[
        `P:X->bool`;
        `Q:Y->bool`;
        `x:X`
      ]functions_insert_injective THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[o_def_s;lambda_pair_ab] THEN
    simp[GSYM ring_sum_cross_mul;RING_PRODUCT;finite_functions] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[FORALL_PAIR_THM;IN_CROSS] THEN
    intro THEN
    subgoal `ring_product(r:R ring) P (\p:X. f p (p2 p:Y)) = ring_product r P (\p. f p (if p = x then p1 else p2 p))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let sub_in_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G a b.
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  b IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G) ==>
  ( ring_sub r a b IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G) <=>
    a IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `b:R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED_SUBSET;SUBSET] THEN
    specialize[](RING_RULE `a = ring_add(r:R ring) (ring_sub r a b) b`) THEN
    have `ring_add(subring_generated r G) (ring_sub r a b) b IN ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) G)` [RING_ADD] THEN
    qed[SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ;
    intro THEN
    qed[RING_SUB_SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_SUB]
  ]
);;

let ring_sum_eq_name_d = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f g S:X->bool.
  (!d. d IN S ==> f d = g d) ==>
  ring_sum r S f = ring_sum r S g
`,
  qed[RING_SUM_EQ]
);;

let ring_product_delete = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S t f:X->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  f t IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_product r S f = ring_mul r (f t) (ring_product r (S DELETE t) f)
`,
  intro THEN
  set_fact `(t:X) IN S ==> t INSERT (S DELETE t) = S` THEN
  have `FINITE (S DELETE (t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `~(t IN (S DELETE (t:X)))` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  qed[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES]
);;

let ring_divides_pow_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a e f.
  e <= f ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_pow r a e) (ring_pow r a f)
`,
  intro THEN
  num_linear_fact `e <= f ==> f = e+(f-e):num` THEN
  have `ring_pow r a f:R = ring_mul r (ring_pow r a e) (ring_pow r a (f-e))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
  rw[ring_divides] THEN
  qed[RING_POW]
);;

let ring_product_collect = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S f:X->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_product r S f =
  ring_product r (IMAGE f S)
    (\y. ring_pow r y (CARD {s | s IN S /\ f s = y}))
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `f:X->R`;
    `f:X->R`;
    `S:X->bool`
  ]RING_PRODUCT_IMAGE_GEN THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_product r {x | x IN S /\ f x = a} f = ring_product r {x | x IN S /\ f x = a} (\x:X. a:R)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `a:R IN ring_carrier r` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
  set_fact `{x:X | x IN S /\ f x = a:R} SUBSET S` THEN
  have `FINITE {x:X | x IN S /\ f x = a:R}` [FINITE_SUBSET] THEN
  simp[ring_product_const]
);;

let ring_coprime_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a.
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (ring_coprime r (ring_1 r,a)
   /\ ring_coprime r (a,ring_1 r)
  )
`,
  rw[ring_coprime] THEN
  qed[RING_1;RING_UNIT_DIVIDES]
);;

let ring_coprime_product_waterfall = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f:X->R a.
  (UFD r \/ integral_domain r /\ bezout_ring r) ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_coprime r (a,f s)) ==>
  ring_coprime r (a,ring_product r S f)
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[ring_coprime_1]
  ;
    have `x:X IN x INSERT S` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `f(x:X):R IN ring_carrier r` [SUBSET;ring_coprime] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `ring_coprime r (a,ring_product r S (f:X->R))` [] THEN
    qed[RING_COPRIME_RMUL;RING_PRODUCT;ring_coprime]
  ]
);;

let ring_coprime_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f:X->R a S.
  (UFD r \/ integral_domain r /\ bezout_ring r) ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_coprime r (a,f s)) ==>
  ring_coprime r (a,ring_product r S f)
`,
  simp[ring_coprime_product_waterfall]
);;

let ring_product_divides_if_coprime_waterfall = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f:X->R a.
  (UFD r \/ integral_domain r /\ bezout_ring r) ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s t. s IN S ==> t IN S ==> ~(s = t) ==> ring_coprime r (f s,f t)) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (f s) a) ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_product r S f) a
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_1]
  ;
    have `x:X IN x INSERT S` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `f(x:X):R IN ring_carrier r` [SUBSET;ring_divides] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (ring_product r S (f:X->R)) a` [] THEN
    subgoal `ring_coprime r (f x,ring_product r S (f:X->R))` THENL [
      specialize_assuming[
        `r:R ring`;
        `f:X->R`;
        `f(x:X):R`;
        `S:X->bool`
      ]ring_coprime_product THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_MUL]
  ]
);;

(* compare product_coprime_primes_divides below *)
let ring_product_divides_if_coprime = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f:X->R a S.
  (UFD r \/ integral_domain r /\ bezout_ring r) ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (f s) a) ==>
  (!s t. s IN S ==> t IN S ==> ~(s = t) ==> ring_coprime r (f s,f t)) ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_product r S f) a
`,
  simp[ring_product_divides_if_coprime_waterfall]
);;

let ring_coprime_lpow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b n.
  (UFD r \/ integral_domain r /\ bezout_ring r) ==>
  ring_coprime r (a,b) ==>
  ring_coprime r ((ring_pow r a n),b)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    qed[RING_POW_0;ring_coprime_1;ring_coprime]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n+1`] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `a:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_coprime] THEN
    simp[RING_POW_ADD;RING_POW_1] THEN
    have `b:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_coprime] THEN
    qed[RING_COPRIME_LMUL;RING_POW]
  ]
);;

let ring_coprime_rpow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b n.
  (UFD r \/ integral_domain r /\ bezout_ring r) ==>
  ring_coprime r (a,b) ==>
  ring_coprime r (a,(ring_pow r b n))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    qed[RING_POW_0;ring_coprime_1;ring_coprime]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n+1`] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `b:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_coprime] THEN
    simp[RING_POW_ADD;RING_POW_1] THEN
    have `a:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_coprime] THEN
    qed[RING_COPRIME_RMUL;RING_POW]
  ]
);;

let ring_coprime_lrpow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b m n.
  (UFD r \/ integral_domain r /\ bezout_ring r) ==>
  ring_coprime r (a,b) ==>
  ring_coprime r ((ring_pow r a m),(ring_pow r b n))
`,
  qed[ring_coprime_lpow;ring_coprime_rpow]
);;

let ring_coprime_associates_prime = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ring_prime r q ==>
  (
    ring_coprime r (p,q)
    <=> ~ring_associates r p q
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_associates r p (p:R)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_REFL;ring_prime] THEN
    have `ring_coprime r (p,p:R)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_COPRIME] THEN
    have `ring_unit r (p:R)` [RING_COPRIME_REFL] THEN
    qed[ring_prime]
  ;
    intro THEN
    proven_if `ring_coprime r (p,q:R)` [] THEN
    have `q:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (p:R) q` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRIME_DIVIDES_OR_COPRIME] THEN
    have `p:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (q:R) p` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRIME_DIVIDES_OR_COPRIME;RING_COPRIME_SYM] THEN
    qed[ring_associates]
  ]
);;

let ring_divides_associates_prime = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ring_prime r q ==>
  (
    ring_divides r p q
    <=> ring_associates r p q
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `~ring_unit r (p:R)` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `ring_irreducible r (q:R)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRIME_IMP_IRREDUCIBLE] THEN
    qed[RING_NONUNIT_DIVIDES_IRREDUCIBLE]
  ;
    qed[ring_associates]
  ]
);;

let ring_divides_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S t:X f.
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  f t IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_divides r (f t) (ring_product r S f)
`,
  simp[ring_product_delete] THEN
  rw[ring_divides] THEN
  qed[RING_PRODUCT;RING_MUL]
);;

let ring_sum_restrict_subset = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool U p.
  S SUBSET U ==>
  ring_sum r U (\s. if s IN S then p s else ring_0 r)
  = ring_sum r S p
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `S:X->bool`;
    `r:R ring`;
    `U:X->bool`;
    `p:X->R`
  ]RING_SUM_RESTRICT_SET THEN
  set_fact `S SUBSET U:X->bool ==> {x | x IN U /\ S x} = S` THEN
  rw[IN] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_sum_range_add_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n c:num->R.
  c n IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_sum r (range(n+1)) c
  = ring_add r (c n) (ring_sum r (range n) c)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(range(n+1))` [finite_range] THEN
  have `n IN range(n+1)` [range_lt;ARITH_RULE `n < n+1`] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `range(n+1)`;
    `c:num->R`;
    `n:num`
  ]ring_sum_delete2 THEN
  qed[range_add_1_delete_refl]
);;

let ring_sum_range_add_1_sub = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n c:num->R.
  c n IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_sum r (range n) c
  = ring_sub r (ring_sum r (range(n+1)) c) (c n)
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[ring_sum_range_add_1] THEN
  have `ring_sum r (range n) c:R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_SUM] THEN
  RING_TAC
);;

let ring_exp_sum = prove(`
  !(a:A ring) (b:B ring) E:A->B f:X->A S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!x:A. x IN ring_carrier a ==>
         E x IN ring_carrier b) ==>
  E(ring_0 a) = ring_1 b ==>
  (!x y. E(ring_add a x y)
         = ring_mul b (E x) (E y)) ==>
  (!x. x IN S ==> f x IN ring_carrier a) ==>
  E(ring_sum a S f)
  = ring_product b S (E o f)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    have `x:X IN x INSERT S` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `f(x:X):A IN ring_carrier a` [SUBSET;ring_divides] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[o_THM] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[RING_SUM]
  ]
);;

(* ===== ring_hasQ: contains copy of Q *)

let ring_hasQ = new_definition `
  ring_hasQ (r:R ring)
  <=> (
    ring_char r = 0 /\
    (!n. ~(n = 0) ==> ring_unit r (ring_of_num r n))
  )
`;;

let ring_hasQ_neg = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  ring_hasQ r ==>
  ~(n = 0) ==>
  ring_unit r (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n))
`,
  qed[RING_UNIT_NEG;ring_hasQ]
);;

(* ===== numpreimages *)
(* XXX: inherits weirdness of CARD in infinite case *)

let numpreimages = new_definition `
  numpreimages (f:X->Y) (S:X->bool) y
  = CARD {x | x IN S /\ f x = y}
`;;

let image_numpreimages = prove(`
  !S:X->bool f:X->Y.
  FINITE S ==>
  IMAGE f S
  = {y | ~(numpreimages f S y = 0)}
`,
  rw[extension_z;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM;numpreimages] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[`S:X->bool`;`\x:X. f x = z:Y`]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  simp[CARD_EQ_0] THEN
  rw[EXTENSION;EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* warmup for numpreimages_permutes_o_perm *)
let numpreimages_o_permutes = prove(`
  !S:X->bool f:X->Y g:X->X.
  FINITE S ==>
  g permutes S ==>
  numpreimages (f o g) S = numpreimages f S
`,
  rw[numpreimages;o_THM;fun_eq_thm_v] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!s t:X. s IN {x | x IN S /\ f (g x:X) = v:Y} ==> t IN {x | x IN S /\ f (g x) = v} ==> g s = g t:X ==> s = t` [PERMUTES_INJECTIVE] THEN
  specialize[
    `S:X->bool`;
    `\x:X. f (g x:X) = v:Y`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  specialize[
    `g:X->X`;
    `{x:X | x IN S /\ f (g x:X) = v:Y}`
  ]CARD_IMAGE_INJ THEN
  subgoal `IMAGE g {x:X | x IN S /\ f(g x:X) = v:Y} = {x | x IN S /\ f x = v}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[permutes]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let numpreimages_permutes_o_perm = prove(`
  !A:X->bool f:X->X g:(X->X)->Y.
  FINITE A ==>
  f permutes A ==>
  numpreimages (\i:X->X. g(f o i)) (perm A)
  = numpreimages g (perm A)
`,
  rw[numpreimages;o_THM;fun_eq_thm_v] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(A:X->bool))` [finite_perm] THEN
  subgoal `IMAGE (\i. f o i) {i:X->X | i IN perm A /\ g (f o i) = v:Y} = {i | i IN perm A /\ g i = v}` THENL [
    once_rw[in_image_vw] THEN
    rw[EXTENSION;IN_IMAGE;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    splitiff THENL [
      intro THENL [
        qed[IN;perm;PERMUTES_COMPOSE]
      ;
        simp[]
      ]
    ;
      intro THEN
      witness `inverse f:X->X o x:X->X` THEN
      have `inverse f:X->X permutes A` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
      have `f o inverse f:X->X = I` [PERMUTES_INVERSES_o] THEN
      subgoal `x:X->X = (f:X->X) o inverse f o x` THENL [
        rw[o_ASSOC] THEN
        qed[I_O_ID]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[PERMUTES_COMPOSE;IN;perm]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!x y:X->X. x IN {i | i IN perm A /\ g (f o i) = v:Y} ==> y IN {i | i IN perm A /\ g (f o i) = v} ==> f o x = (f:X->X) o y ==> x = y` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    have `inverse f o f:X->X = I` [PERMUTES_INVERSES_o] THEN
    subgoal `!x:X->X. x = inverse f o (f:X->X) o x` THENL [
      rw[o_ASSOC] THEN
      qed[I_O_ID]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `perm(A:X->bool)`;
    `\i:X->X. g(f:X->X o i) = v:Y`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  specialize[
    `\i:X->X. f:X->X o i`;
    `{i | i IN perm A /\ g(f:X->X o i) = v:Y}`
  ]CARD_IMAGE_INJ THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_sum_fiber_o = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->Y g:Y->R y.
  FINITE {x | x IN S /\ f x = y} ==>
  g y IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_sum r {x | x IN S /\ f x = y} (g o f)
  = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (numpreimages f S y)) (g y)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum r {x:X | x IN S /\ f x = y:Y} (g o f) = ring_sum r {x | x IN S /\ f x = y} (\x. g y):R` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[o_THM;BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[ring_sum_const] THEN
  rw[numpreimages]
);;

let ring_product_fiber_o = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->Y g:Y->R y.
  FINITE {x | x IN S /\ f x = y} ==>
  g y IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_product r {x | x IN S /\ f x = y} (g o f)
  = ring_pow r (g y) (numpreimages f S y)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_product r {x:X | x IN S /\ f x = y:Y} (g o f) = ring_product r {x | x IN S /\ f x = y} (\x. g y):R` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
    rw[o_THM;BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[ring_product_const] THEN
  rw[numpreimages]
);;

let ring_sum_o = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->Y g:Y->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!y. y IN IMAGE f S ==> g y IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_sum r S (g o f)
  = ring_sum r
      (IMAGE f S)
      (\y. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (numpreimages f S y)) (g y))
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `f:X->Y`;
    `g:Y->R o f:X->Y`;
    `S:X->bool`
  ]RING_SUM_IMAGE_GEN THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[`S:X->bool`;`\x:X. f x = a:Y`]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  qed[ring_sum_fiber_o]
);;

let ring_sum_o_v2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->Y g:Y->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!y. y IN IMAGE f S ==> g y IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_sum r S (g o f)
  = ring_sum r
      {y | ~(numpreimages f S y = 0)}
      (\y. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (numpreimages f S y)) (g y))
`,
  simp[GSYM image_numpreimages] THEN
  simp[ring_sum_o]
);;

let ring_sum_o_v3 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->Y U:Y->bool g:Y->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!y. y IN U ==> g y IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  IMAGE f S SUBSET U ==>
  ring_sum r S (g o f)
  = ring_sum r U
      (\y. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (numpreimages f S y)) (g y))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!y:Y. y IN IMAGE (f:X->Y) S ==> g y:R IN ring_carrier r` [SUBSET] THEN
  simp[ring_sum_o_v2] THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[GSYM image_numpreimages] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `IMAGE (f:X->Y) S`;
    `U:Y->bool`;
    `\y. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (numpreimages (f:X->Y) S y)) (g y):R`
  ](GSYM ring_sum_restrict_subset) THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `numpreimages (f:X->Y) S a = 0` THENL [
    subgoal `~(a IN IMAGE (f:X->Y) S)` THENL [
      simp[image_numpreimages;IN_ELIM_THM]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[RING_OF_NUM_0;RING_MUL_LZERO]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `a IN IMAGE (f:X->Y) S` THENL [
    simp[image_numpreimages;IN_ELIM_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_product_o = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->Y g:Y->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!y. y IN IMAGE f S ==> g y IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_product r S (g o f)
  = ring_product r
      (IMAGE f S)
      (\y. ring_pow r (g y) (numpreimages f S y))
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `f:X->Y`;
    `g:Y->R o f:X->Y`;
    `S:X->bool`
  ]RING_PRODUCT_IMAGE_GEN THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[`S:X->bool`;`\x:X. f x = a:Y`]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  qed[ring_product_fiber_o]
);;

let ring_product_o_v2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->Y g:Y->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!y. y IN IMAGE f S ==> g y IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_product r S (g o f)
  = ring_product r
      {y | ~(numpreimages f S y = 0)}
      (\y. ring_pow r (g y) (numpreimages f S y))
`,
  simp[GSYM image_numpreimages] THEN
  simp[ring_product_o]
);;

(* ===== squarefree elements of rings *)

(* XXX: maybe should include a IN ring_carrier r *)
(* XXX: maybe should exclude 0, or exclude non-injective *)
let ring_squarefree = new_definition `
  ring_squarefree(r:R ring) a
  <=>
  (!b. b IN ring_carrier r ==>
   ring_divides r a (ring_mul r b b) ==>
   ring_divides r a b
  )
`;;

let not_squarefree_if_divisible_by_square = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_unit r b) ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_mul r b b) a ==>
  ~(ring_squarefree r a)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `a IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `b IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_unit] THEN
  choose `q:R` `q IN ring_carrier(r:R ring) /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_mul r b b) q` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `q IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `a = ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r b b) q` [] THEN
  recall(RING_RULE `a = ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r b b) q ==> ring_mul r (ring_mul r b q) (ring_mul r b q) = ring_mul r a q`) THEN
  have `ring_divides(r:R ring) a (ring_mul r (ring_mul r b q) (ring_mul r b q))` [ring_divides;RING_MUL] THEN
  have `ring_divides(r:R ring) a (ring_mul r b q)` [ring_squarefree;RING_MUL] THEN
  choose `u:R` `u IN ring_carrier(r:R ring) /\ ring_mul r b q = ring_mul r a u` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `u IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `ring_mul(r:R ring) b q = ring_mul r a u` [] THEN
  recall(RING_RULE `a = ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r b b) q /\ ring_mul r b q = ring_mul r a u ==> ring_mul r a (ring_1 r) = ring_mul r a (ring_mul r b u)`) THEN
  have `ring_1(r:R ring) = ring_mul r b u` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_MUL_LCANCEL;RING_1;RING_MUL] THEN
  qed[ring_unit]
);;

let product_coprime_primes_divides_waterfall = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  !P.
  FINITE P ==>
  P SUBSET ring_carrier r ==>
  !b.
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> ring_prime r p) ==>
  (!p q. p IN P ==> q IN P ==> ring_divides r p q ==> p = q) ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> ring_divides r p b) ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_product r P I) b
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_1]
  ;
    have `(x:R) IN x INSERT P` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `(x:R) IN ring_carrier r` [SUBSET] THEN
    have `I (x:R) = x` [I_THM] THEN
    have `I (x:R) IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
    have `ring_product(r:R ring) (x INSERT P) I = ring_mul r x (ring_product r P I)` [RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (x:R) b` [] THEN
    choose `c:R` `c IN ring_carrier r /\ (b:R) = ring_mul r x c` [ring_divides] THEN
    subgoal `!q:R. q IN P ==> ring_divides r q c` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `q:R IN x INSERT P` [IN_INSERT] THEN
      have `q:R IN ring_carrier r` [SUBSET] THEN
      have `ring_divides r (q:R) b` [] THEN
      have `ring_divides r (q:R) (ring_mul r x c)` [] THEN
      have `~(ring_divides r (q:R) x)` [] THEN
      qed[ring_prime]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `!q:R. q IN P ==> ring_prime r q` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `!p q:R. p IN P ==> q IN P ==> ring_divides r p q ==> p = q` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `P SUBSET (P:R->bool)` [SUBSET_REFL] THEN
    have `P SUBSET ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [SUBSET_INSERT;SUBSET_TRANS] THEN
    have `c:R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
    specialize[`c:R`](UNDISCH(know `P SUBSET ring_carrier(r:R ring) ==> (!b. b IN ring_carrier r ==> (!p. p IN P ==> ring_prime r p) ==> (!p q. p IN P ==> q IN P ==> ring_divides r p q ==> p = q) ==> (!p. p IN P ==> ring_divides r p b) ==> ring_divides r (ring_product r P I) b)`)) THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_REFL;RING_DIVIDES_MUL2]
  ]
);;

let product_coprime_primes_divides = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) P b.
  P SUBSET ring_carrier r ==>
  FINITE P ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> ring_prime r p) ==>
  (!p q. p IN P ==> q IN P ==> ring_divides r p q ==> p = q) ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> ring_divides r p b) ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_product r P I) b
`,
  intro THEN
  ASSUME_TAC(ISPECL[`b:R`](UNDISCH_ALL(ISPECL[`r:R ring`;`P:R->bool`]product_coprime_primes_divides_waterfall))) THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_squarefree_if_product_coprime_primes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) P.
  P SUBSET ring_carrier r ==>
  FINITE P ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> ring_prime r p) ==>
  (!p q. p IN P ==> q IN P ==> ring_divides r p q ==> p = q) ==>
  ring_squarefree r (ring_product r P I)
`,
  rw[ring_squarefree] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!p:R. p IN P ==> ring_divides r p (ring_product r P I)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `(p:R) IN ring_carrier r` [SUBSET] THEN
    have `I (p:R) = p` [I_THM] THEN
    have `I (p:R) IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
    have `ring_product(r:R ring) {p} I = p` [RING_PRODUCT_SING] THEN
    have `FINITE {p:R}` [FINITE_SING] THEN
    have `{p:R} SUBSET P` [SUBSET;IN_SING] THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_PRODUCT_SUBSET]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!p:R. p IN P ==> ring_divides r p (ring_mul r b b)` [RING_DIVIDES_TRANS;RING_MUL] THEN
  have `!p:R. p IN P ==> ring_divides r p b` [ring_prime] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`P:R->bool`;`b:R`]product_coprime_primes_divides THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_squarefree_if_product_coprime_primes_indexed = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (f:X->R).
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_prime r (f s)) ==>
  (!s t. s IN S ==> t IN S ==> ring_divides r (f s) (f t) ==> s = t) ==>
  ring_squarefree r (ring_product r S f)
`,
  intro THEN
  def `P:R->bool` `IMAGE (f:X->R) S` THEN
  have `FINITE (P:R->bool)` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  havetac `(P:R->bool) SUBSET ring_carrier r`
    (rw[SUBSET;EXTENSION] THEN qed[IN_IMAGE]) THEN
  havetac `!p:R. p IN P ==> ring_prime r p`
    (rw[SUBSET;EXTENSION] THEN qed[IN_IMAGE]) THEN
  havetac `!p q:R. p IN P ==> q IN P ==> ring_divides r p q ==> p = q`
    (rw[SUBSET;EXTENSION] THEN qed[IN_IMAGE]) THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`P:R->bool`]ring_squarefree_if_product_coprime_primes THEN
  have `!s t:X. s IN S ==> t IN S ==> f s = f t:R ==> s = t` [RING_DIVIDES_REFL] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`f:X->R`;`I:R->R`;`S:X->bool`]RING_PRODUCT_IMAGE THEN
  qed[I_O_ID]
);;

let ring_squarefree_if_unit = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_unit r p ==> ring_squarefree r p
`,
  rw[ring_squarefree] THEN
  qed[RING_UNIT_DIVIDES_ANY]
);;

let ring_squarefree_if_prime = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_prime r p ==> ring_squarefree r p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `p:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `{p:R} SUBSET ring_carrier r` [SUBSET;IN_SING] THEN
  have `FINITE {p:R}` [FINITE_SING] THEN
  have `!q:R. q IN {p} ==> ring_prime r q` [IN_SING] THEN
  have `!q x:R. q IN {p} ==> x IN {p} ==> ring_divides r q x ==> q = x` [IN_SING] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`{p:R}`]ring_squarefree_if_product_coprime_primes THEN
  qed[RING_PRODUCT_SING;I_THM]
);;

let ring_coprime_if_unit = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  ring_unit r a ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (ring_coprime r (a,b) /\ ring_coprime r (b,a))
`,
  rw[ring_coprime] THEN
  qed[ring_unit;RING_UNIT_DIVISOR]
);;

let ring_product_divides_factor_by_factor = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (f:X->R) (g:X->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (f s) (g s)) ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_product r S f) (ring_product r S g)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN 
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_1;RING_1]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> g s IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `f(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `g(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_divides (r:R ring) (f(x:X)) (g(x:X))` [] THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_MUL2]
  ]
);;

let ring_sum_delta_delta = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S t u a b.
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  u IN S ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_sum r S (\s:X. if s = t then a else if s = u then b else ring_0 r) =
  if t = u then a else ring_add r a b
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE (t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  def `f:X->R` `\s:X. if s = t then a else if s = u then b else ring_0 (r:R ring)` THEN
  have `f(t:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  set_fact `~((t:X) IN (S DELETE t))` THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`t:X`;`f:X->R`;`S DELETE (t:X)`](CONJUNCT2 RING_SUM_CLAUSES) THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) ((t:X) INSERT (S DELETE t)) f = ring_add r a (ring_sum r (S DELETE t) f)` [] THEN
  set_fact `t IN S ==> (t:X) INSERT (S DELETE t) = S` THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) S (f:X->R) = ring_add r a (ring_sum r (S DELETE t) f)` [] THEN
  case `t = u:X` THENL [
    set_fact `t = u ==> !s:X. (s:X) IN S DELETE t ==> ~(s = t) /\ ~(s = u)` THEN
    have `!s:X. (s:X) IN S DELETE t ==> f(s) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`f:X->R`;`\s:X. ring_0(r:R ring)`;`S DELETE (t:X)`]RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    have `ring_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_sum r (S DELETE t) (\i. ring_0 r)` [] THEN
    have `ring_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_0 r` [RING_SUM_0] THEN
    have `ring_sum(r:R ring) S (f:X->R) = ring_add r a (ring_0 r)` [] THEN
    qed[RING_ADD_RZERO]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE (t:X) DELETE u)` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `f(u:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  set_fact `~((u:X) IN (S DELETE t DELETE u))` THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`u:X`;`f:X->R`;`S DELETE (t:X) DELETE (u:X)`](CONJUNCT2 RING_SUM_CLAUSES) THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) ((u:X) INSERT (S DELETE t DELETE u)) f = ring_add r (f u) (ring_sum r (S DELETE t DELETE u) f)` [] THEN
  have `f(u:X) = b:R` [] THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) ((u:X) INSERT (S DELETE t DELETE u)) f = ring_add r (if t = u then ring_0 r else b) (ring_sum r (S DELETE t DELETE u) f)` [] THEN
  set_fact `u IN S ==> ~(t = u) ==> (u:X) INSERT (S DELETE t DELETE u) = S DELETE t` THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_add r (if t = u then ring_0 r else b) (ring_sum r (S DELETE t DELETE u) f)` [] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. (s:X) IN S DELETE t DELETE u ==> ~(s = t) /\ ~(s = u)` THEN
  have `!s:X. ~(s = t) /\ ~(s = u) ==> f(s) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `!s:X. (s:X) IN S DELETE t DELETE u ==> f(s) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`f:X->R`;`\s:X. ring_0(r:R ring)`;`S DELETE t DELETE (u:X)`]RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X) DELETE u) f = ring_sum r (S DELETE t DELETE u) (\i. ring_0 r)` [] THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X) DELETE u) f = ring_0 r` [RING_SUM_0] THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_add r b (ring_0 r)` [] THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = b` [RING_ADD_RZERO] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_product_delta_delta = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S t u a b.
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  u IN S ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_product r S (\s:X. if s = t then a else if s = u then b else ring_1 r) =
  if t = u then a else ring_mul r a b
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE (t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  def `f:X->R` `\s:X. if s = t then a else if s = u then b else ring_1 (r:R ring)` THEN
  have `f(t:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  set_fact `~((t:X) IN (S DELETE t))` THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`t:X`;`f:X->R`;`S DELETE (t:X)`](CONJUNCT2 RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES) THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) ((t:X) INSERT (S DELETE t)) f = ring_mul r a (ring_product r (S DELETE t) f)` [] THEN
  set_fact `t IN S ==> (t:X) INSERT (S DELETE t) = S` THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) S (f:X->R) = ring_mul r a (ring_product r (S DELETE t) f)` [] THEN
  case `t = u:X` THENL [
    set_fact `t = u ==> !s:X. (s:X) IN S DELETE t ==> ~(s = t) /\ ~(s = u)` THEN
    have `!s:X. (s:X) IN S DELETE t ==> f(s) = ring_1(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`f:X->R`;`\s:X. ring_1(r:R ring)`;`S DELETE (t:X)`]RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
    have `ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_product r (S DELETE t) (\i. ring_1 r)` [] THEN
    have `ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_1 r` [RING_PRODUCT_1] THEN
    have `ring_product(r:R ring) S (f:X->R) = ring_mul r a (ring_1 r)` [] THEN
    qed[RING_MUL_RID]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE (t:X) DELETE u)` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `f(u:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  set_fact `~((u:X) IN (S DELETE t DELETE u))` THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`u:X`;`f:X->R`;`S DELETE (t:X) DELETE (u:X)`](CONJUNCT2 RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES) THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) ((u:X) INSERT (S DELETE t DELETE u)) f = ring_mul r (f u) (ring_product r (S DELETE t DELETE u) f)` [] THEN
  have `f(u:X) = b:R` [] THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) ((u:X) INSERT (S DELETE t DELETE u)) f = ring_mul r (if t = u then ring_1 r else b) (ring_product r (S DELETE t DELETE u) f)` [] THEN
  set_fact `u IN S ==> ~(t = u) ==> (u:X) INSERT (S DELETE t DELETE u) = S DELETE t` THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_mul r (if t = u then ring_1 r else b) (ring_product r (S DELETE t DELETE u) f)` [] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. (s:X) IN S DELETE t DELETE u ==> ~(s = t) /\ ~(s = u)` THEN
  have `!s:X. ~(s = t) /\ ~(s = u) ==> f(s) = ring_1(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `!s:X. (s:X) IN S DELETE t DELETE u ==> f(s) = ring_1(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`f:X->R`;`\s:X. ring_1(r:R ring)`;`S DELETE t DELETE (u:X)`]RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X) DELETE u) f = ring_product r (S DELETE t DELETE u) (\i. ring_1 r)` [] THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X) DELETE u) f = ring_1 r` [RING_PRODUCT_1] THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_mul r b (ring_1 r)` [] THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = b` [RING_MUL_RID] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let square_divides_product_if_factor_divides_factor = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (f:X->R) t u.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ~(t = u) ==>
  t IN S ==>
  u IN S ==>
  ring_divides r (f t) (f u) ==>
  ring_divides r
    (ring_mul r (f t) (f t))
    (ring_product r S f)
`,
  intro THEN
  def `q:X->R` `\s:X. if s = t then f t else if s = u then f t else ring_1(r:R ring)` THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides(r:R ring) (q s) (f s)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `f(s:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    case `s = t:X` THENL [
      have `ring_divides (r:R ring) (f(t:X)) (f(t:X))` [RING_DIVIDES_REFL] THEN
      qed[]
    ;
      case `s = u:X` THENL [
        qed[]
      ;
        qed[RING_DIVIDES_1]
      ]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`q:X->R`;`f:X->R`;`S:X->bool`]ring_product_divides_factor_by_factor THEN
  have `f(t:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`S:X->bool`;`t:X`;`u:X`;`f(t:X):R`;`f(t:X):R`]ring_product_delta_delta THEN
  qed[]
);;

let prime_divides_prime_and = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q a.
  UFD r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ring_prime r q ==>
  ring_divides r p q ==>
  ring_divides r p a ==>
  ring_divides r q a
`,
  intro THEN
  have `~(ring_unit(r:R ring) p)` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible(r:R ring) q` [UFD_IRREDUCIBLE_EQ_PRIME] THEN
  have `ring_associates(r:R ring) p q` [RING_NONUNIT_DIVIDES_IRREDUCIBLE] THEN
  have `ring_divides(r:R ring) q p` [ring_associates] THEN
  qed[RING_DIVIDES_TRANS]
);;

let ring_squarefree_associates = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f g.
  ring_associates r f g ==>
  ring_squarefree r f ==>
  ring_squarefree r g
`,
  rw[ring_squarefree] THEN
  qed[RING_ASSOCIATES_DIVIDES;RING_ASSOCIATES_REFL;RING_MUL]
);;

(* ===== power series and polynomials *)

let poly_neg_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (p:(V->num)->R).
  poly_neg (subring_generated r S) p
  = poly_neg r p
`,
  rw[poly_neg;SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_add_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (p:(V->num)->R) q.
  poly_add (subring_generated r S) p q
  = poly_add r p q
`,
  rw[poly_add;SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_mul_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (p:(V->num)->R) q.
  ring_powerseries (subring_generated r S) p ==>
  ring_powerseries (subring_generated r S) q ==>
  poly_mul (subring_generated r S) p q
  = poly_mul r p q
`,
  rw[poly_mul;SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!(m1:V->num) (m2:V->num). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r (S:R->bool))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `(p:(V->num)->R) m1 IN ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) S)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
    have `(q:(V->num)->R) m2 IN ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) S)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
    specialize[`subring_generated(r:R ring) S`;`(p:(V->num)->R) m1`;`(q:(V->num)->R) m2`]RING_MUL THEN
    qed[SUBRING_GENERATED;CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED_SUBRING]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  sufficesby ring_sum_subring_generated_v2 THEN
  simp[IN_ELIM_THM;LAMBDA_PAIR]
);;

let poly_sub_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (p:(V->num)->R) q.
  poly_sub (subring_generated r S) p q
  = poly_sub r p q
`,
  rw[poly_sub;RING_SUB_SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_deg_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G (p:(V->num)->R).
  poly_deg (subring_generated r G) p
  = poly_deg r p
`,
  rw[poly_deg;SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_evaluate_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (p:(V->num)->R) z.
  S subring_of r ==>
  ring_powerseries (subring_generated r S) p ==>
  (!v:V. z v IN S) ==>
  poly_evaluate r p z
  = poly_evaluate (subring_generated r S) p z
`,
  rw[poly_evaluate;poly_extend] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!m:V->num. m IN {m | ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring))} ==> ring_mul (subring_generated r S) (I (p m)) (ring_product (subring_generated r S) (monomial_vars m) (\i. ring_pow (subring_generated r S) (z i) (m i))) IN S` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_product (subring_generated r S) (monomial_vars m) (\i:V. ring_pow (subring_generated r S) (z i) (m i)) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) S)` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
    have `(p:(V->num)->R) m IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r S)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
    have `I ((p:(V->num)->R) m) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r S)` [I_DEF] THEN
    have `ring_mul (subring_generated r S) (I ((p:(V->num)->R) m)) (ring_product (subring_generated r S) (monomial_vars m) (\i:V. ring_pow (subring_generated r S) (z i) (m i))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r S)` [RING_MUL] THEN
    qed[CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED_SUBRING]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[prove(`ring_0(subring_generated(r:R ring) S) = ring_0 r`,qed[SUBRING_GENERATED])] THEN
  simp[ring_sum_subring_generated] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  sufficesby (prove(`a:R = b ==> ring_mul r c a = ring_mul r c b`,qed[])) THEN
  simp[RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  sufficesby(GSYM ring_product_subring_generated) THEN
  simp[] THEN
  intro THEN
  qed[RING_POW;RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED;CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED_SUBRING]
);;

let poly_eval_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S p z.
  S subring_of r ==>
  ring_powerseries (subring_generated r S) p ==>
  z IN S ==>
  poly_eval r p z
  = poly_eval (subring_generated r S) p z
`,
  rw[poly_eval] THEN
  qed[poly_evaluate_subring]
);;

let ring_powerseries_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G (p:(V->num)->R).
  ring_powerseries(subring_generated r G) p ==>
  ring_powerseries r p
`,
  rw[ring_powerseries] THEN
  qed[RING_CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED_SUBSET;SUBRING_GENERATED;SUBSET]
);;

let ring_polynomial_if_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R).
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) p ==>
  ring_polynomial r p
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[ring_powerseries_subring]
  ;
    set_fact_assuming `ring_0 (subring_generated r G) = ring_0(r:R ring) ==> {m:V->num | ~(p m = ring_0 r)} = {m | ~(p m = ring_0 (subring_generated r G))}` THEN
    qed[SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ]
);;

let deg_zero_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R).
  ring_1 r = ring_0 r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_deg r p = 0
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!m:V->num. p m IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
  have `trivial_ring(r:R ring)` [TRIVIAL_RING_10] THEN
  have `!m:V->num. p m IN {ring_0(r:R ring)}` [trivial_ring] THEN
  set_fact `!m:V->num. p m IN {ring_0(r:R ring)} ==> p m = ring_0 r` THEN
  have `!m:V->num. p m = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) = poly_0 r` [POLY_0;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  qed[POLY_DEG_0]
);;

let poly_const_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S c.
  poly_const (subring_generated r S) c
  = poly_const r c:(V->num)->R
`,
  rw[poly_const;SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_0_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S.
  poly_0 (subring_generated r S)
  = poly_0 r:(V->num)->R
`,
  rw[poly_0;poly_const;SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_1_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S.
  poly_1 (subring_generated r S)
  = poly_1 r:(V->num)->R
`,
  rw[poly_1;poly_const;SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let POWSER_MUL_0 = prove
 (`(!r (p:(V->num)->A).
        ring_powerseries r p ==> poly_mul r p (poly_0 r) = poly_0 r) /\
   (!r (q:(V->num)->A).
        ring_powerseries r q ==> poly_mul r (poly_0 r) q = poly_0 r)`,
  REWRITE_TAC[ring_powerseries;
              poly_mul; poly_0; poly_const; COND_ID] THEN
  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN GEN_REWRITE_TAC I [FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[] THEN REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC RING_SUM_EQ_0 THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[FORALL_PAIR_THM; RING_MUL_LZERO; RING_MUL_RZERO]);;

let powser_ring_carrier = prove(`
  !r:R ring. !s:V->bool.
  ring_carrier(powser_ring r s) = {p | ring_powerseries r p /\ poly_vars r p SUBSET s}
`,
  qed[POWSER_RING]
);;

let poly_ring_carrier = prove(`
  !r:R ring. !s:V->bool.
  ring_carrier(poly_ring r s) = {p | ring_polynomial r p /\ poly_vars r p SUBSET s}
`,
  qed[POLY_RING]
);;

let poly_in_full_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R.
  ring_polynomial r p
  <=> p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:V))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[POLY_RING;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  set_fact `poly_vars(r:R ring) p SUBSET (:V)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let series_in_full_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R.
  ring_powerseries r p
  <=> p IN ring_carrier(powser_ring r (:V))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[POWSER_RING;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  set_fact `poly_vars(r:R ring) p SUBSET (:V)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_sub_ldistrib_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p1 p2 p3.
  p1 IN ring_carrier r ==>
  p2 IN ring_carrier r ==>
  p3 IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_mul r p1 (ring_add r p2 (ring_neg r p3)) =
  ring_add r (ring_mul r p1 p2) (ring_neg r (ring_mul r p1 p3))
`,
  RING_TAC
);;

let poly_sub_ldistrib = prove
 (`!r p1 p2 (p3:(V->num)->R).
      ring_powerseries r p1 ==>
      ring_powerseries r p2 ==>
      ring_powerseries r p3
      ==> poly_mul r p1 (poly_sub r p2 p3) =
          poly_sub r (poly_mul r p1 p2) (poly_mul r p1 p3)`,
  intro THEN
  rw[POLY_SUB] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_neg(r:R ring) = ring_neg(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_add(r:R ring) = ring_add(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_mul(r:R ring) = ring_mul(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  have `p1 IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  have `p2 IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  have `p3 IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  qed[poly_sub_ldistrib_lemma]
);;

let poly_sub_rdistrib_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p1 p2 p3.
  p1 IN ring_carrier r ==>
  p2 IN ring_carrier r ==>
  p3 IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_mul r (ring_add r p2 (ring_neg r p3)) p1 =
  ring_add r (ring_mul r p2 p1) (ring_neg r (ring_mul r p3 p1))
`,
  RING_TAC
);;

let poly_sub_rdistrib = prove
 (`!r p1 p2 (p3:(V->num)->R).
      ring_powerseries r p1 ==>
      ring_powerseries r p2 ==>
      ring_powerseries r p3
      ==> poly_mul r (poly_sub r p2 p3) p1 =
          poly_sub r (poly_mul r p2 p1) (poly_mul r p3 p1)`,
  intro THEN
  rw[POLY_SUB] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_neg(r:R ring) = ring_neg(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_add(r:R ring) = ring_add(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_mul(r:R ring) = ring_mul(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  have `p1 IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  have `p2 IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  have `p3 IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  qed[poly_sub_rdistrib_lemma]
);;

let poly_sub_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_sub r p (poly_0 r) = p
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[POLY_SUB] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_neg(r:R ring) = ring_neg(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_add(r:R ring) = ring_add(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_0(r:R ring) = ring_0(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  set_fact `ring_powerseries r (p:(V->num)->R) ==> p IN {q | ring_powerseries r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET (:V)}` THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`(:V)`](CONJUNCT1 POWSER_RING) THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [] THEN
  qed[RING_RULE `ring_add (r:R ring) p (ring_neg r (ring_0 r)) = p`]
);;

let poly_0_sub = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_sub r (poly_0 r) p = poly_neg r p
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[POLY_SUB] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_neg(r:R ring) = ring_neg(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_add(r:R ring) = ring_add(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  rw[prove(`poly_0(r:R ring) = ring_0(powser_ring r (:V))`,qed[POWSER_RING])] THEN
  set_fact `ring_powerseries r (p:(V->num)->R) ==> p IN {q | ring_powerseries r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET (:V)}` THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`(:V)`](CONJUNCT1 POWSER_RING) THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [] THEN
  qed[RING_RULE `ring_add (r:R ring) (ring_0 r) (ring_neg r p) = ring_neg r p`]
);;

let poly_vars_empty = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R.
  poly_vars r p = {} <=>
  p = poly_const r (p monomial_1)
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    rw[poly_vars] THEN
    rw[EMPTY_UNIONS;monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM;poly_const;monomial_1;COND_ID] THEN
    intro THEN
    once_rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    proven_if `p(x:V->num) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    have `?m. ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring)) /\ {i:V | ~(x i = 0)} = {i | ~(m i = 0)}` [] THEN
    have `{i:V | ~(x i = 0)} = {}` [] THEN
    subgoal `x = (\i:V. 0)` THENL [
      rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
      ASM SET_TAC[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[POLY_VARS_CONST]
  ]
);;

let poly_neg_in_poly_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R S.
  p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) ==>
  poly_neg r p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S)
`,
  qed[RING_NEG;POLY_RING]
);;

let poly_add_in_poly_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R q S.
  p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) ==>
  q IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) ==>
  poly_add r p q IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S)
`,
  qed[RING_ADD;POLY_RING]
);;

let poly_sub_in_poly_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R q S.
  p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) ==>
  q IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) ==>
  poly_sub r p q IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S)
`,
  rw[POLY_SUB] THEN
  qed[poly_neg_in_poly_ring;poly_add_in_poly_ring]
);;

let poly_mul_in_poly_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R q S.
  p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) ==>
  q IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) ==>
  poly_mul r p q IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S)
`,
  qed[RING_MUL;POLY_RING]
);;

let poly_var_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) v:V S f:V->V m.
  f permutes S ==>
  poly_var r v (m o f)
  = poly_var r (f v) m
`,
  rw[poly_var;monomial_var] THEN
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM;o_THM] THEN
  rw[permutes] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_neg_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R (f:V->W) m.
  poly_neg r p (m o f) =
  poly_neg r (\m. p (m o f)) m
`,
  rw[poly_neg]
);;

let poly_add_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R q (f:V->W) m.
  poly_add r p q (m o f) =
  poly_add r (\m. p (m o f)) (\m. q (m o f)) m
`,
  rw[poly_add]
);;

let poly_sub_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R q (f:V->W) m.
  poly_sub r p q (m o f) =
  poly_sub r (\m. p (m o f)) (\m. q (m o f)) m
`,
  rw[poly_sub]
);;

let poly_mul_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R q S f m.
  f permutes S ==>
  poly_mul r p q (m o f) =
  poly_mul r (\m. p (m o f)) (\m. q (m o f)) m
`,
  rw[poly_mul] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `{m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m o f} = IMAGE (\(m1,m2). ((m1:V->num) o (f:V->V)),(m2 o f)) {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;IN_IMAGE;FORALL_PAIR_THM;EXISTS_PAIR_THM;IN_ELIM_PAIR_THM;PAIR_EQ] THEN
    rw[monomial_mul] THEN
    intro THEN
    splitiff THENL [
      intro THEN
      witness `(p1:V->num) o inverse(f:V->V)` THEN
      witness `(p2:V->num) o inverse(f:V->V)` THEN
      intro THENL [
        rw[GSYM o_ASSOC] THEN
        specialize[`f:V->V`;`S:V->bool`]PERMUTES_INVERSES_o THEN
        qed[I_O_ID]
      ;
        rw[GSYM o_ASSOC] THEN
        specialize[`f:V->V`;`S:V->bool`]PERMUTES_INVERSES_o THEN
        qed[I_O_ID]
      ;
        rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        have_rw `x:V = f (inverse f x:V)` [PERMUTES_INVERSES] THEN
        rw[o_THM] THEN
        have `inverse f (f(inverse f x:V):V) = inverse f x` [PERMUTES_INVERSES] THEN
        qed[o_DEF]
      ]
    ;
      intro THEN
      simp[o_DEF] THEN
      rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (IMAGE (\(m1,m2). m1 o (f:V->V),m2 o f) {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:V->num}) (\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2)) = ring_sum r {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m} ((\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2)) o (\(m1,m2). m1 o f,m2 o f))` THENL [
    subgoal `!x y. x IN {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:V->num} ==> y IN {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m} ==> (\(m1,m2). m1 o (f:V->V),m2 o f) x = (\(m1,m2). m1 o f,m2 o f) y ==> x = y` THENL [
      rw[FORALL_PAIR_THM;IN_ELIM_PAIR_THM;PAIR_EQ] THEN
      qed[o_permutes_cancel]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `(\(m1,m2). (m1:V->num) o (f:V->V),(m2:V->num) o (f:V->V))`;
      `\(m1,m2). ring_mul(r:R ring) (p(m1:V->num)) (q(m2:V->num))`;
      `{m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:V->num}`
    ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[FORALL_PAIR_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[o_THM]
);;

let monomial_1_o_permutes = prove(`
  !f S.
  f permutes S ==>
  monomial_1 o f = monomial_1:V->num
`,
  rw[monomial_1;o_DEF]
);;

let monomial_1_o_permutes_eq = prove(`
  !m:V->num f S.
  f permutes S ==>
  ( m o f = monomial_1 <=> m = monomial_1 )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `inverse (f:V->V) permutes S` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
    have `monomial_1 o inverse (f:V->V) = monomial_1` [monomial_1_o_permutes] THEN
    have `(m o f) o inverse (f:V->V) = monomial_1` [monomial_1_o_permutes] THEN
    subgoal `m o (f o inverse (f:V->V)) = monomial_1:V->num` THENL [
      rw[o_ASSOC] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[I_O_ID;PERMUTES_INVERSES_o]
  ;
    qed[monomial_1_o_permutes]
  ]
);;

let poly_const_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c (f:V->V) S.
  f permutes S ==>
  poly_const r c (m o f) = poly_const r c m
`,
  rw[poly_const] THEN
  qed[monomial_1_o_permutes_eq]
);;

let poly_0_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (f:V->V) S.
  f permutes S ==>
  poly_0 r (m o f) = poly_0 r m
`,
  rw[poly_0;poly_const_o_permutes]
);;

let poly_1_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (f:V->V) S.
  f permutes S ==>
  poly_1 r (m o f) = poly_1 r m
`,
  rw[poly_1;poly_const_o_permutes]
);;

let finite_monomial_vars_permutes_lemma = prove(`
  !m:V->num f:V->V S.
  f permutes S ==>
  FINITE(monomial_vars m) ==>
  FINITE(monomial_vars (m o f))
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `IMAGE (f:V->V) (monomial_vars (m o f)) SUBSET monomial_vars m` THENL [
    rw[monomial_vars;SUBSET;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM;o_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (f:V->V) (monomial_vars (m o f)))` [FINITE_SUBSET] THEN
  qed[FINITE_IMAGE_INJ_EQ;PERMUTES_INJECTIVE]
);;

let finite_monomial_vars_permutes = prove(`
  !m:V->num f:V->V S.
  f permutes S ==>
  (
    FINITE(monomial_vars m) <=>
    FINITE(monomial_vars (m o f))
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    qed[finite_monomial_vars_permutes_lemma]
  ;
    subgoal `m:V->num = (m o f) o inverse (f:V->V)` THENL [
      rw[GSYM o_ASSOC] THEN
      specialize[`f:V->V`;`S:V->bool`]PERMUTES_INVERSES_o THEN
      simp[I_O_ID]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `inverse (f:V->V) permutes S` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
    qed[finite_monomial_vars_permutes_lemma]
  ]
);;

let infinite_monomial_vars_permutes = prove(`
  !m:V->num f:V->V S.
  f permutes S ==>
  INFINITE(monomial_vars m) ==>
  INFINITE(monomial_vars (m o f))
`,
  rw[INFINITE] THEN
  qed[finite_monomial_vars_permutes]
);;

let powerseries_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (f:V->V) S.
  f permutes S ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r (\m. p (m o f))
`,
  rw[ring_powerseries] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[infinite_monomial_vars_permutes]
  ]
);;

let polynomial_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (f:V->V) S.
  f permutes S ==>
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r (\m. p (m o f))
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[powerseries_o_permutes]
  ;
    subgoal `{m:V->num | ~(p (m o (f:V->V)) = ring_0 r)} = IMAGE (\m. m o inverse f) {m | ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring))}` THENL [
      rw[EXTENSION;IN_IMAGE;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      splitiff THENL [
        intro THEN
        witness `(x:V->num) o (f:V->V)` THEN
        rw[GSYM o_ASSOC] THEN
        specialize[
          `f:V->V`;
          `S:V->bool`
        ]PERMUTES_INVERSES_o THEN
        simp[I_O_ID]
      ;
        intro THEN
        have `(x:V->num) o (f:V->V) = (x' o inverse f) o f` [] THEN
        subgoal `(x' o (inverse f)) o (f:V->V) = x':V->num` THENL [
          rw[GSYM o_ASSOC] THEN
          specialize[
            `f:V->V`;
            `S:V->bool`
          ]PERMUTES_INVERSES_o THEN
          simp[I_O_ID]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[FINITE_IMAGE]
  ]
);;

let poly_var_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G v:V.
  poly_var(subring_generated r G) v
  = poly_var r v
`,
  rw[poly_var] THEN
  rw[SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_vars_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G p:(V->num)->R.
  poly_vars(subring_generated r G) p
  = poly_vars r p
`,
  rw[poly_vars] THEN
  rw[SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let ring_powerseries_if_polynomial = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r p
`,
  qed[ring_polynomial]
);;

let ring_polynomial_subring_var = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G v:V.
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (poly_var r v)
`,
  qed[poly_var_subring;RING_POLYNOMIAL_VAR]
);;

let ring_sum_poly_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R m f U S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  f permutes U ==>
  ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S p (m o f) =
  (ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S (\s m. p s (m o f))) m
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;POLY_RING;POLY_0]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `f:V->V`;
      `U:V->bool`
    ]polynomial_o_permutes THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;GSYM poly_in_full_ring] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    simp[poly_add_o_permutes] THEN
    have `ring_sum (poly_ring r (:V)) S p (m o f) = ring_sum (poly_ring r (:V)) S (\s:X m:V->num. p s (m o f)) m:R` [] THEN
    rw[poly_add] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let ring_product_poly_o_permutes_waterfall = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R f U S.
  FINITE S ==>
  !m.
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  f permutes U ==>
  ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p (m o f) =
  (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S (\s m. p s (m o f))) m
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POLY_RING;poly_1] THEN
    qed[poly_const_o_permutes]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `f:V->V`;
      `U:V->bool`
    ]polynomial_o_permutes THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;GSYM poly_in_full_ring] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) (S:X->bool) p:(V->num)->R`;
      `U:V->bool`;
      `f:V->V`;
      `m:V->num`
    ]poly_mul_o_permutes THEN
    simp[] THEN
    have `ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) S p (m o f) = ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) S (\s:X m:V->num. p s (m o f)) m:R` [] THEN
    rw[poly_mul]
  ]
);;

let ring_product_poly_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R m f U S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  f permutes U ==>
  ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p (m o f) =
  (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S (\s m. p s (m o f))) m
`,
  qed[ring_product_poly_o_permutes_waterfall]
);;

(* ===== x_series(r) = the ring r[[x]] *)
(* ===== x_poly(r) = the ring r[x] *)

let x_series = new_definition `
  x_series (r:R ring) =
  powser_ring r (:1)
`;;

let x_poly = new_definition `
  x_poly (r:R ring) =
  poly_ring r (:1)
`;;

(* XXX: factor more definitions through this *)
let series_from_coeffs = new_definition `
  series_from_coeffs (f:num->R)
  = (\m. f(m one))
`;;

let x_poly_vars_1 = prove(`
  !r:R ring.
  !p:(1->num)->R.
  poly_vars r p SUBSET (:1)
`,
  rw[poly_vars;UNIONS_SUBSET] THEN
  SET_TAC[FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1]
);;

let x_series_carrier = prove(`
  !r:R ring.
  ring_carrier(x_series r) = {p | ring_powerseries r p}
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_series] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`(:1)`]powser_ring_carrier THEN
  simp[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  SET_TAC[x_poly_vars_1]
);;

(* XXX: merge with x_series_use, generalize everything *)
let powser_use = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_0 r = ring_0(powser_ring r (:V))
  /\ poly_1 r = ring_1(powser_ring r (:V))
  /\ poly_neg r = ring_neg(powser_ring r (:V))
  /\ poly_add r = ring_add(powser_ring r (:V))
  /\ poly_mul r = ring_mul(powser_ring r (:V))
  /\ !p. ring_powerseries r p <=> p IN ring_carrier(powser_ring r (:V))
`,
  rw[POWSER_RING;IN_ELIM_THM;SUBSET_UNIV]
);;

let x_series_use = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_0 r = ring_0(x_series r)
  /\ poly_1 r = ring_1(x_series r)
  /\ poly_neg r = ring_neg(x_series r)
  /\ poly_add r = ring_add(x_series r)
  /\ poly_mul r = ring_mul(x_series r)
  /\ !p. ring_powerseries r p <=> p IN ring_carrier(x_series r)
`,
  rw[x_series_carrier;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  qed[POWSER_RING;x_series]
);;

let x_poly_carrier = prove(`
  !r:R ring.
  ring_carrier(x_poly r) = {p | ring_polynomial r p}
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_poly] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`(:1)`]poly_ring_carrier THEN
  simp[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  SET_TAC[x_poly_vars_1]
);;

(* XXX: merge with x_poly_use, generalize everything *)
let poly_use = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_0 r = ring_0(poly_ring r (:V))
  /\ poly_1 r = ring_1(poly_ring r (:V))
  /\ poly_neg r = ring_neg(poly_ring r (:V))
  /\ poly_add r = ring_add(poly_ring r (:V))
  /\ poly_mul r = ring_mul(poly_ring r (:V))
  /\ !p. ring_polynomial r p <=> p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:V))
`,
  rw[POLY_RING;IN_ELIM_THM;SUBSET_UNIV]
);;

let x_poly_use = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_0 r = ring_0(x_poly r)
  /\ poly_1 r = ring_1(x_poly r)
  /\ poly_neg r = ring_neg(x_poly r)
  /\ poly_add r = ring_add(x_poly r)
  /\ poly_mul r = ring_mul(x_poly r)
  /\ !p. ring_polynomial r p <=> p IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)
`,
  rw[x_poly_carrier;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  qed[POLY_RING;x_poly]
);;

let x_series_sub_use = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_sub r = ring_sub(x_series r)
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  simp[ring_sub;POLY_SUB] THEN
  qed[x_series_use]
);;

let x_poly_sub_use = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_sub r = ring_sub(x_poly r)
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  simp[ring_sub;POLY_SUB] THEN
  qed[x_poly_use]
);;

let x_poly_carrier_in_series_carrier = prove(`
  !r:R ring.
  !p.
  p IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)
  ==> p IN ring_carrier(x_series r)
`,
  rw[x_series_carrier;x_poly_carrier] THEN
  rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_IMP_POWERSERIES]
);;

let x_poly_carrier_subset_series_carrier = prove(`
  !r:R ring.
  ring_carrier(x_poly r) SUBSET ring_carrier(x_series r)
`,
  qed[SUBSET;x_poly_carrier_in_series_carrier]
);;

let x_poly_subring_in_poly_carrier = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G p.
  p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  p IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)
`,
  rw[GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
  qed[ring_polynomial_if_subring]
);;

let ring_of_num_x_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  ring_of_num(x_series r) n
  = poly_const r (ring_of_num r n)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[RING_OF_NUM_0] THEN
    rw[GSYM x_series_use;poly_0]
  ;
    rw[ring_of_num] THEN
    rw[POLY_CONST_ADD] THEN
    rw[GSYM x_series_use;poly_1] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let ring_char_x_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  ring_char (x_series r) = ring_char r
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[RING_CHAR_UNIQUE] THEN
  rw[ring_of_num_x_series] THEN
  rw[x_series;POWSER_RING;poly_0;POLY_CONST_EQ] THEN
  qed[RING_CHAR_UNIQUE]
);;

(* ===== x_monomial *)

let x_monomial = new_definition `
  x_monomial (d:num) = \v:1. d
`;;

let x_monomial_deg = prove(`
  !d. monomial_deg(x_monomial d) = d
`,
  rw[x_monomial;MONOMIAL_DEG_UNIVARIATE]
);;

let x_monomial_0_monomial_1 = prove(`
  x_monomial 0 = monomial_1
`,
  rw[x_monomial;monomial_1;COND_ID]
);;

let x_monomial_add = prove(`
  !a b.
  monomial_mul (x_monomial a) (x_monomial b) = x_monomial (a+b)
`,
  rw[x_monomial;monomial_mul;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `0+0 = 0`]
);;

let x_monomial_surjective = prove(`
  !m. ?d. x_monomial d = m
`,
  rw[x_monomial] THEN
  qed[ETA_ONE]
);;

let x_monomial_injective = prove(`
  !d e.
  x_monomial d = x_monomial e ==>
  d = e
`,
  rw[x_monomial] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_sum_image_x_monomial = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (g:(1->num)->R) s.
  ring_sum r (IMAGE x_monomial s) g = ring_sum r s (g o x_monomial)
`,
  qed[x_monomial_injective;RING_SUM_IMAGE]
);;

let x_series_monomial_mul_finite = prove(`
  !m:1->num.
  FINITE {(m1,m2) | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m}
`,
  qed[MONOMIAL_FINITE_DIVISORPAIRS;FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1]
);;

let x_monomial_pair_injective = prove(`
  !(a,b) (c,d).
  (\(a,b). x_monomial a,x_monomial b) (a,b) = (\(a,b). x_monomial a,x_monomial b) (c,d) ==>
  (a,b) = (c,d)
`,
  rw[FORALL_PAIRED_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `x_monomial a = x_monomial c` [FST] THEN
  have `x_monomial b = x_monomial d` [SND] THEN
  qed[x_monomial_injective]
);;

let ring_sum_image_x_monomial_pair = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (g:(1->num)#(1->num)->R) (s:num#num->bool).
  ring_sum r (IMAGE (\(a,b). x_monomial a,x_monomial b) s) g
  = ring_sum r s (g o (\(a,b). x_monomial a,x_monomial b))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!(a,b) (c,d):num#num. (\(a,b). x_monomial a,x_monomial b) (a,b) = (\(a,b). x_monomial a,x_monomial b) (c,d) ==> (a,b) = (c,d)` [x_monomial_pair_injective] THEN
  ASSUME_TAC(ISPECL[`r:R ring`;`\(a,b):num#num. x_monomial a,x_monomial b`;`g:(1->num)#(1->num)->R`;`s:(num#num)->bool`]ring_sum_image_injective_pair) THEN
  qed[]
);;

let x_monomial_factorizations = prove(`
  !d (m:1->num) (n:1->num).
  monomial_mul m n = x_monomial d ==>
  ?a b. a + b = d /\ m = x_monomial a /\ n = x_monomial b
`,
  rw[x_monomial;monomial_mul] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `m one:num` THEN
  witness `n one:num` THEN
  qed[ETA_ONE]
);;

let x_monomial_factorizations_set = prove(`
  !d.
  {m,n:1->num | monomial_mul m n = x_monomial d}
  = IMAGE (\(a,b). x_monomial a,x_monomial b) {a,b | a+b = d}
`,
  rw[image_pair;EXTENSION] THEN
  intro_genonly THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `?a b. a + b = d /\ m = x_monomial a /\ n = x_monomial b` [x_monomial_factorizations] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    witness `x_monomial a` THEN
    witness `x_monomial b` THEN
    qed[x_monomial_add]
  ]
);;

(* ===== coeff d p = coefficient of x^d in p *)

let coeff = new_definition `
  coeff (d:num) (p:(1->num)->R)
  = p(x_monomial d)
`;;

let eq_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) q.
  (!d. coeff d p = coeff d q)
  ==> p = q
`,
  rw[coeff] THEN
  qed[x_monomial_surjective;EQ_EXT]
);;

let coeff_series_in_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_powerseries r p <=>
  !d. coeff d p IN ring_carrier(r)
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    rw[coeff] THEN
    qed[ring_powerseries]
  ;
    intro THEN
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    rw[ring_powerseries] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[x_monomial_surjective;coeff]
    ;
      qed[FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1;INFINITE]
    ]
  ]
);;

let coeff_series_from_coeffs = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (f:num->R) d.
  coeff d (series_from_coeffs f) = f d
`,
  rw[coeff;series_from_coeffs;x_monomial]
);;

let series_from_coeffs_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f:(1->num)->R.
  series_from_coeffs (\d. coeff d f) = f
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  qed[coeff_series_from_coeffs]
);;

let series_series_from_coeffs = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (f:num->R).
  ring_powerseries r (series_from_coeffs f)
  <=> (!d. f d IN ring_carrier r)
`,
  rw[ring_powerseries;series_from_coeffs;INFINITE;FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1] THEN
  qed[x_monomial_surjective;x_monomial]
);;

let poly_series_from_coeffs = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (f:num->R).
  ring_polynomial r (series_from_coeffs f)
  <=> ((!d. f d IN ring_carrier r)
       /\ FINITE {d | ~(f d = ring_0 r)}
      )
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  rw[ring_powerseries;series_from_coeffs;INFINITE;FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THENL [
      simp[prove(`f d = f((\v.d:num) one):R`,qed[])]
    ;
      have `!d e. x_monomial d = x_monomial e ==> d = e` [x_monomial_injective] THEN
      specialize[`x_monomial`;`{m | ~(f(m one:num) = ring_0(r:R ring))}`]FINITE_IMAGE_INJ THEN
      set_fact `{d | x_monomial d IN {m | ~(f (m one) = ring_0 r)}} = {d | ~(f((x_monomial d) one) = ring_0(r:R ring))}` THEN
      set_fact_using `{d | ~(f((x_monomial d) one) = ring_0(r:R ring))} = {d | ~(f d = ring_0 r)}` [x_monomial] THEN
      qed[]
    ]
  ;
    intro THENL [
      simp[]
    ;
      have `!m n:1->num. m one = n one ==> m = n` [one_Axiom] THEN
      specialize[`\m:1->num. m one`;`{d:num | ~(f d = ring_0(r:R ring))}`]FINITE_IMAGE_INJ THEN
      set_fact `{m:1->num | m one IN {d | ~(f d = ring_0 r)}} = {m | ~(f(m one) = ring_0(r:R ring))}` THEN
      qed[]
    ]
  ]
);;

let poly_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(1->num)->R.
  ring_polynomial r p
  <=> ((!d. coeff d p IN ring_carrier r)
       /\ FINITE {d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r)}
      )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `series_from_coeffs (\d. coeff d p:R) = p` [series_from_coeffs_coeff] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\d. coeff d p:R`]poly_series_from_coeffs THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_polynomial_subring_if_coeffs = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R).
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  (!d. coeff d p IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) p
`,
  rw[poly_coeff] THEN
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  subgoal `{d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0 (subring_generated r G))} = {d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0(r:R ring))}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let coeff_series_carrier_in_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  p IN ring_carrier(x_series r) <=>
  !d. coeff d p IN ring_carrier(r)
`,
  rw[x_series;POWSER_RING] THEN
  SET_TAC[coeff_series_in_ring]
);;

let coeff_poly_in_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d p.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  coeff d p IN ring_carrier(r)
`,
  qed[ring_polynomial;coeff_series_in_ring]
);;

let coeff_poly_carrier_in_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d p.
  p IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) ==>
  coeff d p IN ring_carrier(r)
`,
  qed[x_poly_carrier_in_series_carrier;coeff_series_carrier_in_ring]
);;

let coeff_poly_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:R d.
  coeff d (poly_const r c)
  = if d = 0 then c else ring_0 r
`,
  rw[coeff;x_monomial;poly_const;monomial_1] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let coeff_poly_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  coeff d (poly_0 r)
  = ring_0 r
`,
  rw[poly_0;coeff_poly_const] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let coeff_poly_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  coeff d (poly_1 r)
  = if d = 0 then ring_1 r else ring_0 r
`,
  rw[poly_1;coeff_poly_const]
);;

let coeff_poly_neg = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p d.
  coeff d (poly_neg r p)
  = ring_neg r (coeff d p)
`,
  rw[coeff;poly_neg]
);;

let coeff_poly_add = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q d.
  coeff d (poly_add r p q)
  = ring_add r (coeff d p) (coeff d q)
`,
  rw[coeff;poly_add]
);;

let coeff_series_add = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q d.
  coeff d (ring_add(x_series r) p q)
  = ring_add r (coeff d p) (coeff d q)
`,
  rw[x_series;POWSER_RING;coeff_poly_add]
);;

let coeff_poly_sub = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q d.
  coeff d (poly_sub r p q)
  = ring_sub r (coeff d p) (coeff d q)
`,
  rw[coeff;poly_sub]
);;

let coeff_poly_mul_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  ((\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2)) o (\(a,b). x_monomial a,x_monomial b)) =
  (\(a,b). ring_mul r (p (x_monomial a)) (q (x_monomial b)))
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  intro_genonly THEN
  choose2 `a:num` `b:num` `x = (a:num),(b:num)` [PAIR_SURJECTIVE] THEN
  simp[o_THM]
);;

let coeff_poly_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q d.
  coeff d (poly_mul r p q)
  = ring_sum r {a,b | a+b = d} (\(a,b). ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff b q))
`,
  rw[poly_mul;coeff] THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[x_monomial_factorizations_set] THEN
  rw[ring_sum_image_x_monomial_pair] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_lemma]
);;

let coeff_poly_mul_oneindex = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d p q.
  coeff d (poly_mul r p q)
  = ring_sum(r) (0..d) (\a. ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff (d-a) q))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul] THEN
  def `f:num->(num#num)` `\a:num. a,d-a` THEN
  have `!a b:num. (f:num->num#num) a = f b ==> a = b` [FST] THEN
  have `ring_sum r (IMAGE (f:num->num#num) (0..d)) (\(a,b). ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff b q)) = ring_sum(r:R ring) (0..d) ((\(a,b). ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff b q)) o f)` [RING_SUM_IMAGE] THEN
  have `IMAGE (f:num->num#num) (0..d) = {a,b | a + b = d}` [image_numseg_antidiagonal] THEN
  ASSUME_TAC(prove(`(\(a,b). ring_mul(r:R ring) (coeff a p) (coeff b q)) o (\a. a,d-a) = (\a. ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff (d-a) q))`,rw[FUN_EQ_THM;o_THM])) THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* XXX: use this to prove coeff_poly_const_times *)
let poly_const_times = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:R p:(V->num)->R.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_mul r (poly_const r c) p
  = (\m. ring_mul r c (p m))
`,
  rw[poly_mul] THEN
  once_rw[fun_eq_thm_v] THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = v:V->num} (\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (poly_const r c m1) (p m2)) = ring_sum r {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = v} (\j. if j = (monomial_1,v) then ring_mul r c (p v) else ring_0 r)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[FORALL_PAIR_THM;IN_ELIM_PAIR_THM;PAIR_EQ;poly_const] THEN
    intro THEN
    case `p1 = monomial_1:V->num` THENL [
      have `p2 = v:V->num` [MONOMIAL_MUL_LID] THEN
      simp[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `p(p2:V->num) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
    qed[RING_MUL_LZERO]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `monomial_1,v IN {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = v:V->num}` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_PAIR_THM] THEN
    rw[MONOMIAL_MUL_LID]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_DELTA] THEN
  qed[ring_powerseries;RING_MUL]
);;

let coeff_poly_const_times = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:R p d.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  coeff d (poly_mul r (poly_const r c) p)
  = ring_mul r c (coeff d p)
`,
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_const] THEN
  simp[prove(`ring_powerseries r p ==> ring_mul (r:R ring) (if a:num = 0 then c else ring_0 r) (coeff (d - a) p) = if a = 0 then ring_mul r c (coeff (d - a) p) else ring_0 r`,qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;coeff_series_in_ring])] THEN
  rw[RING_SUM_DELTA] THEN
  intro THEN
  set_fact_using `0 IN (0..d)` [NUMSEG_LE;ARITH_RULE `0 <= d:num`] THEN
  have `coeff(d - 0) p IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  have `ring_mul(r:R ring) c (coeff(d - 0) p) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `d - 0 = d:num`]
);;

let coeff_times_poly_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:R p d.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  coeff d (poly_mul r p (poly_const r c))
  = ring_mul r c (coeff d p)
`,
  qed[RING_POWERSERIES_CONST;POLY_MUL_SYM;coeff_poly_const_times]
);;

let polynomial_if_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  (!d. ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r) ==> d <= n) ==>
  ring_polynomial r p
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `{d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0(r:R ring))} SUBSET {d:num | d <= n}` THENL [
    rw[SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE {d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0(r:R ring))}` [FINITE_SUBSET;FINITE_NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  set_fact_using `{d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0(r:R ring))} = {d | ~(p(x_monomial d) = ring_0(r:R ring))}` [coeff] THEN
  have `FINITE {d | ~(p(x_monomial d) = ring_0(r:R ring))}` [] THEN
  recall x_monomial_surjective THEN
  specialize[`x_monomial`;`\m:1->num. ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring))`]surjective_finite THEN
  qed[]
);;

let deg_le_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  (!d. ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r) ==> d <= n) ==>
  poly_deg r p <= n
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby POLY_DEG_LE THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R)` [polynomial_if_coeff] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  intro THEN
  choose `d:num` `x_monomial d = m` [x_monomial_surjective] THEN
  qed[x_monomial_deg;coeff]
);;

let deg_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  (!d. ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r) ==> d <= n) ==>
  ~(coeff n p = ring_0 r) ==>
  poly_deg r p = n
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R)` [polynomial_if_coeff] THEN
  simp[POLY_DEG_EQ] THEN
  intro THENL [
    choose `d:num` `x_monomial d = m` [x_monomial_surjective] THEN
    qed[x_monomial_deg;coeff]
  ;
    DISJ2_TAC THEN
    witness `x_monomial n` THEN
    qed[x_monomial_deg;coeff]
  ]
);;

let topcoeff_nonzero = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  (p = poly_0 r <=> coeff (poly_deg r p) p = ring_0 r)
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    qed[coeff_poly_0]
  ;
    rw[coeff;x_monomial] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:1))` [x_poly_use;x_poly] THEN
    have `p = ring_0(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:1))` [POLY_TOP_NONZERO] THEN
    qed[x_poly_use;x_poly]
  ]
);;

let coeff_deg_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p n d.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  poly_deg r p <= n ==>
  ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r) ==>
  d <= n
`,
  intro THEN
  have `~(p(x_monomial d) = ring_0(r:R ring))` [coeff] THEN
  have `monomial_deg(x_monomial d) <= n` [POLY_DEG_LE_EQ] THEN
  qed[x_monomial_deg]
);;

let coeff_le_deg = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p d.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r) ==>
  d <= poly_deg r p
`,
  intro THEN
  num_linear_fact `poly_deg(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) <= poly_deg r p` THEN
  qed[coeff_deg_le]
);;

let finite_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  FINITE {d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r)}
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)`]FINITE_NUMSEG_LE THEN
  have `!d. ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r) ==> d <= poly_deg (r:R ring) p` [coeff_le_deg] THEN
  set_fact `(!d. ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r) ==> d <= poly_deg (r:R ring) p) ==> {d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0 r)} SUBSET {d | d <= poly_deg (r:R ring) p}` THEN
  qed[FINITE_SUBSET]
);;

let poly_if_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  (!d. n <= d ==> coeff d p = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_polynomial r p
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  subgoal `{m | ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring))} SUBSET IMAGE x_monomial (0..n)` THENL [
    rw[SUBSET;IN_IMAGE;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    choose `d:num` `x_monomial d = x` [x_monomial_surjective] THEN
    witness `d:num` THEN
    case `n <= d:num` THENL [
      have `p(x_monomial d) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [coeff] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(n <= d:num) ==> d <= n` THEN
    have `d IN 0..n` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[FINITE_IMAGE;FINITE_SUBSET;FINITE_NUMSEG]
);;

let deg_coeff_from_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p n.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  poly_deg r p <= n ==>
  ~(coeff n p = ring_0 r) ==>
  poly_deg r p = n
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!d. ~(coeff d p = ring_0(r:R ring)) ==> d <= n` [coeff_le_deg;LE_TRANS] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  qed[deg_coeff]
);;

let poly_eval_expand_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p x n.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  x IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_deg r p <= n ==>
  poly_eval r p x
  = ring_sum r (0..n)
      (\d. ring_mul r (coeff d p) (ring_pow r x d))
`,
  intro THEN
  set_fact `ring_polynomial r p ==> p IN {q | ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (q:(1->num)->R)}` THEN
  have `(p:(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_carrier] THEN
  have `(p:(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:1))` [x_poly] THEN
  simp[POLY_EVAL_EXPAND] THEN
  simp[ring_sum_numseg_le_expand] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  simp[GSYM coeff;GSYM x_monomial] THEN
  qed[RING_POW;RING_MUL_LZERO;coeff_le_deg]
);;

let deg_mul_const_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) c.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_mul r p (poly_const r c))
  <= poly_deg r p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (poly_const r c:(V->num)->R)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (poly_const r c:(V->num)->R) = 0` [POLY_DEG_CONST] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`p:(V->num)->R`;`poly_const r c:(V->num)->R`]POLY_DEG_MUL_LE THEN
  num_linear_fact `poly_deg r (p:(V->num)->R) + 0 = poly_deg r (p:(V->num)->R)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let deg_const_mul_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) c.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_mul r (poly_const r c) p)
  <= poly_deg r p
`,
  qed[deg_mul_const_le;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;ring_polynomial;POLY_MUL_SYM]
);;

let poly_mul_const_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) c d.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  d IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_mul r (poly_mul r p (poly_const r c)) (poly_const r d)
  = poly_mul r p (poly_const r (ring_mul r c d))
`,
  qed[ring_polynomial;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;POLY_MUL_ASSOC;POLY_CONST_MUL]
);;

let poly_mul_const_const_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) c d.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  d IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_mul r c d = ring_1 r ==>
  poly_mul r (poly_mul r p (poly_const r c)) (poly_const r d)
  = p
`,
  simp[poly_mul_const_const] THEN
  rw[GSYM poly_1] THEN
  intro THEN
  set_fact `ring_polynomial r (p:(V->num)->R) ==> p IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET (:V)}` THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET (:V)}` [] THEN
  havetac `(p:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:V))` (simp[POLY_RING_CLAUSES]) THEN
  qed[RING_MUL_RID;POLY_RING_CLAUSES]
);;

let deg_mul_const_const_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) c d.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  d IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_mul r c d = ring_1 r ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_mul r p (poly_const r c))
  = poly_deg r p
`,
  intro THEN
  def `q:(V->num)->R` `poly_mul r (p:(V->num)->R) (poly_const r c)` THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (q:(V->num)->R)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (q:(V->num)->R) <= poly_deg r (p:(V->num)->R)` [deg_mul_const_le] THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) = poly_mul r q (poly_const r d)` [poly_mul_const_const_1] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (p:(V->num)->R) <= poly_deg r (q:(V->num)->R)` [deg_mul_const_le] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `a <= b /\ b <= a ==> a = b:num`]
);;

let deg_mul_unit_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) c.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_unit r c ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_mul r p (poly_const r c))
  = poly_deg r p
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `d:R` `d IN ring_carrier(r:R ring) /\ ring_mul r c d = ring_1 r` [ring_unit] THEN
  have `c IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_unit] THEN
  qed[deg_mul_const_const_1]
);;

let associates_if_mul_unit_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) c.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_unit r c ==>
  ring_associates(poly_ring r (:V)) p (poly_mul r p (poly_const r c))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ring_associates;ring_divides] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL]
  ;
    qed[ring_unit;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;RING_POLYNOMIAL]
  ;
    witness `poly_const r c:(V->num)->R` THEN
    have `c IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_unit] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;RING_POLYNOMIAL;POLY_CLAUSES]
  ;
    have `c IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_unit] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL;POLY_CLAUSES;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
  ;
    qed[POLY_CLAUSES;RING_POLYNOMIAL]
  ;
    witness `poly_const r (ring_inv r c):(V->num)->R` THEN
    have `c IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_unit] THEN
    have `ring_inv r c IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_INV] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST]
    ;
      have `ring_mul r c (ring_inv r c) = ring_1(r:R ring)` [ring_div;ring_div_refl] THEN
      rw[GSYM POLY_CLAUSES] THEN
      qed[poly_mul_const_const_1]
    ]
  ]
);;

(* ===== cx^d *)

let const_x_pow = new_definition `
  const_x_pow (r:R ring) (c:R) (d:num)
  = \m. if m one = d then c else ring_0 r
`;;

let const_x_pow_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  const_x_pow r c 0 = poly_const r c
`,
  rw[const_x_pow;poly_const;monomial_1] THEN
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  qed[one]
);;

let const_0_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  const_x_pow r (ring_0 r) n = poly_0 r
`,
  rw[const_x_pow;poly_0;poly_const;FUN_EQ_THM;COND_ID]
);;

let const_x_pow_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c d.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r (const_x_pow r c d)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[const_x_pow;ring_powerseries] THEN
  qed[RING_0;FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1;INFINITE]
);;

let const_x_pow_poly_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d:num.
  {m:1->num | ~((if m one = d then c else ring_0 r) = ring_0 r)} SUBSET {\v. d}
`,
  rw[SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM;IN_SING] THEN
  qed[ETA_ONE]
);;

let const_x_pow_poly_lemma2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d:num.
  FINITE {m:1->num | ~((if m one = d then c else ring_0 r) = ring_0 r)}
`,
  qed[const_x_pow_poly_lemma;FINITE_SING;FINITE_SUBSET]
);;

let const_x_pow_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c d.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_polynomial r (const_x_pow r c d)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  conjunction THENL [qed[const_x_pow_series]; pass] THEN
  rw[const_x_pow] THEN
  qed[const_x_pow_poly_lemma2]
);;

let coeff_const_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c d e.
  coeff e (const_x_pow r c d)
  = if e = d then c else ring_0 r
`,
  rw[const_x_pow;coeff;x_monomial]
);;

let coeff_const_x_pow_times = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c d p e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  coeff e (poly_mul r (const_x_pow r c d) p)
  = if e < d then ring_0 r else ring_mul r c (coeff (e - d) p)
`,
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  simp[coeff_const_x_pow] THEN
  simp[prove(`ring_powerseries r p ==> ring_mul (r:R ring) (if a:num = d then c else ring_0 r) (coeff (e - a) p) = if a = d then ring_mul r c (coeff (e - a) p) else ring_0 r`,qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;coeff_series_in_ring])] THEN
  rw[RING_SUM_DELTA] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `coeff (e - d) p IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  have `ring_mul r c (coeff (e - d) p) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_MUL] THEN
  set_fact_using `d IN (0..e) <=> d <= e` [NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `d:num <= e <=> ~(e < d)`]
);;

let deg_const_x_pow_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c d.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_deg r (const_x_pow r c d) <= d
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r c d)` [const_x_pow_series] THEN
  have `!e. ~(coeff e (const_x_pow(r:R ring) c d) = ring_0 r) ==> e <= d` [coeff_const_x_pow;ARITH_RULE `d <= d:num`] THEN
  qed[deg_le_coeff]
);;

let deg_const_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c d.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(c = ring_0 r) ==>
  poly_deg r (const_x_pow r c d) = d
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r c d)` [const_x_pow_series] THEN
  have `!e. ~(coeff e (const_x_pow(r:R ring) c d) = ring_0 r) ==> e <= d` [coeff_const_x_pow;ARITH_RULE `d <= d:num`] THEN
  have `~(coeff d (const_x_pow r c d) = ring_0(r:R ring))` [coeff_const_x_pow] THEN
  qed[deg_coeff]
);;

let eval_const_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c n x.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  x IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_eval r (const_x_pow r c n) x
  = ring_mul r c (ring_pow r x n)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r c n)` [const_x_pow_poly] THEN
  have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r c n) <= n` [deg_const_x_pow_le] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`const_x_pow(r:R ring) c n`;`x:R`;`n:num`]poly_eval_expand_coeff THEN
  simp[coeff_const_x_pow] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`0..n`;`n:num`;`ring_mul(r:R ring) c (ring_pow r x a)`]RING_SUM_DELTA THEN
  have `!a. a IN (0..n) ==> ring_mul(r:R ring) (if a = n then c else ring_0 r) (ring_pow r x a) = if a = n then ring_mul r c (ring_pow r x a) else ring_0 r` [RING_MUL_LZERO;RING_POW] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\a. ring_mul(r:R ring) (if a = n then c else ring_0 r) (ring_pow r x a)`;`\a. if a = n then ring_mul r c (ring_pow r x a) else ring_0(r:R ring)`;`0..n`]RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  have `n IN 0..n` [IN_NUMSEG_0;ARITH_RULE `n <= n:num`] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL;RING_POW]
);;

let subring_const_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S c n.
  const_x_pow (subring_generated r S) c n
  = const_x_pow r c n
`,
  rw[const_x_pow] THEN
  rw[SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let const_1_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  const_x_pow r (ring_1 r) 0 = poly_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  rw[coeff_const_x_pow;coeff_poly_1]
);;

(* ===== x^d *)

let x_pow = new_definition `
  x_pow (r:R ring) (d:num)
  = const_x_pow r (ring_1 r) d
`;;

let x_pow_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  x_pow r 1 = poly_var r one
`,
  rw[x_pow;const_x_pow;poly_var;monomial_var;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  qed[ETA_ONE;one]
);;

let x_pow_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  x_pow r 0 = poly_1 r
`,
  rw[x_pow;const_x_pow_0;poly_1]
);;

let x_pow_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d.
  ring_polynomial r (x_pow r d)
`,
  qed[x_pow;const_x_pow_poly;RING_1]
);;

let x_pow_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d.
  ring_powerseries r (x_pow r d)
`,
  qed[ring_polynomial;x_pow_poly]
);;

let coeff_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d e.
  coeff e (x_pow r d)
  = if e = d then ring_1 r else ring_0 r
`,
  rw[x_pow;coeff_const_x_pow]
);;

let coeff_x_pow_times = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d p e.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  coeff e (poly_mul r (x_pow r d) p)
  = if e < d then ring_0 r else coeff (e - d) p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_1 r IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_1] THEN
  rw[x_pow] THEN
  qed[coeff_const_x_pow_times;RING_MUL_LID;coeff_series_in_ring]
);;

let x_pow_add = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m n.
  x_pow r (m+n)
  = poly_mul r (x_pow r m) (x_pow r n)
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  simp[coeff_x_pow_times;x_pow_series] THEN
  rw[coeff_x_pow] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `d = m + n <=> (~(d < m) /\ d - m = n:num)`]
);;

let deg_x_pow_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d.
  poly_deg r (x_pow r d) <= d
`,
  qed[x_pow;deg_const_x_pow_le;RING_1]
);;

let deg_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) d.
  ~(ring_1 r = ring_0 r) ==>
  poly_deg r (x_pow r d) = d
`,
  simp[x_pow;deg_const_x_pow;RING_1]
);;

let eval_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n x.
  x IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_eval r (x_pow r n) x
  = ring_pow r x n
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_pow] THEN
  have `ring_1(r:R ring) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_1] THEN
  simp[eval_const_x_pow] THEN
  qed[RING_POW;RING_MUL_LID]
);;

let subring_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S n.
  x_pow (subring_generated r S) n
  = x_pow r n
`,
  rw[x_pow;const_x_pow;SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

(* ===== x-c *)

let x_minus_const = new_definition `
  x_minus_const (r:R ring) (c:R)
  = poly_sub r (x_pow r 1) (poly_const r c)
`;;

let x_minus_const_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_polynomial r (x_minus_const r c)
`,
  qed[x_minus_const;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;x_pow_poly]
);;

let x_minus_const_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r (x_minus_const r c)
`,
  qed[ring_polynomial;x_minus_const_poly]
);;

let coeff_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  coeff e (x_minus_const r c)
  = if e = 1 then ring_1 r else if e = 0 then ring_neg r c else ring_0 r
`,
  rw[x_minus_const;coeff_poly_sub;coeff_poly_const;coeff_x_pow] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `e = 0` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`]
  ;
    case `e = 1` THENL [
      simp[]
    ;
      simp[]
    ]
  ] THEN
  RING_TAC
);;

let coeff_x_minus_const_times = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c p e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  coeff e (poly_mul r (x_minus_const r c) p)
  = if e = 0 then ring_mul r (ring_neg r c) (coeff 0 p)
    else ring_sub r (coeff (e-1) p) (ring_mul r c (coeff e p))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_minus_const] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_pow r 1)` [x_pow_series] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (poly_const r c:(1->num)->R)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST] THEN
  simp[poly_sub_rdistrib] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_sub] THEN
  simp[coeff_x_pow_times] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_const_times] THEN
  case `e = 0` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `0 < 1`] THEN
    RING_TAC THEN
    qed[coeff_series_in_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `~(e:num = 0) ==> ~(e < 1)`]
);;

let x_minus_const_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  x_minus_const r (ring_0 r) = x_pow r 1
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[coeff_x_minus_const;coeff_x_pow;RING_0] THEN
  rw[RING_NEG_0] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let deg_x_minus_const_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_deg r (x_minus_const r c) <= 1
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r c)` [x_minus_const_series] THEN
  have `!e. ~(coeff e (x_minus_const(r:R ring) c) = ring_0 r) ==> e <= 1` [coeff_x_minus_const;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 1:num`;ARITH_RULE `1 <= 1:num`] THEN
  qed[deg_le_coeff]
);;

let deg_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_1 r = ring_0 r) ==>
  poly_deg r (x_minus_const r c) = 1
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r c)` [x_minus_const_series] THEN
  have `!e. ~(coeff e (x_minus_const(r:R ring) c) = ring_0 r) ==> e <= 1` [coeff_x_minus_const;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 1:num`;ARITH_RULE `1 <= 1:num`] THEN
  have `~(coeff 1 (x_minus_const r c) = ring_0(r:R ring))` [coeff_x_minus_const] THEN
  qed[deg_coeff]
);;

let x_minus_const_nonzero = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_1 r = ring_0 r) ==>
  ~(x_minus_const r c = poly_0 r)
`,
  qed[deg_x_minus_const;POLY_DEG_0;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`]
);;

let eval_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c x.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  x IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_eval r (x_minus_const r c) x
  = ring_sub r x c
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_minus_const] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (x_pow r 1)` [x_pow_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_const r c:(1->num)->R)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST] THEN
  simp[POLY_EVAL_SUB] THEN
  simp[POLY_EVAL_CONST] THEN
  simp[eval_x_pow] THEN
  simp[RING_POW_1]
);;

let eval_x_minus_const_refl = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_eval r (x_minus_const r c) c
  = ring_0 r
`,
  simp[eval_x_minus_const] THEN
  rw[RING_SUB_REFL]
);;

let x_minus_const_not_unit = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) z.
  integral_domain r ==>
  z IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~ring_unit(x_poly r) (x_minus_const r z)
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize_assuming[`r:R ring`;`(:1)`;`x_minus_const (r:R ring) z`]RING_UNIT_POLY_DOMAIN THEN
  choose `c:R` `ring_unit(r:R ring) c /\ x_minus_const r z = poly_const r c` [x_poly] THEN
  have `poly_deg (r:R ring) (x_minus_const r z) = 1` [deg_x_minus_const;integral_domain] THEN
  have `poly_deg (r:R ring) (poly_const r c:(1->num)->R) = 0` [POLY_DEG_CONST] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`]
);;

(* ===== 1-cx *)

let one_minus_constx = new_definition `
  one_minus_constx (r:R ring) (c:R)
  = poly_sub r (x_pow r 0) (const_x_pow r c 1)
`;;

let one_minus_constx_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_polynomial r (one_minus_constx r c)
`,
  qed[one_minus_constx;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;x_pow_poly;const_x_pow_poly]
);;

let one_minus_constx_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r (one_minus_constx r c)
`,
  qed[ring_polynomial;one_minus_constx_poly]
);;

let coeff_one_minus_constx = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  coeff e (one_minus_constx r c)
  = if e = 0 then ring_1 r else if e = 1 then ring_neg r c else ring_0 r
`,
  rw[one_minus_constx;coeff_poly_sub;coeff_poly_const;coeff_x_pow;coeff_const_x_pow] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `e = 1` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`]
  ;
    case `e = 0` THENL [
      simp[]
    ;
      simp[]
    ]
  ] THEN
  RING_TAC
);;

let coeff_one_minus_constx_times = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c p e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  coeff e (poly_mul r (one_minus_constx r c) p)
  = if e = 0 then coeff 0 p
    else ring_sub r (coeff e p) (ring_mul r c (coeff (e-1) p))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[one_minus_constx] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_pow r 0)` [x_pow_series] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r c 1)` [const_x_pow_series] THEN
  simp[poly_sub_rdistrib] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_sub] THEN
  simp[coeff_x_pow_times] THEN
  simp[coeff_const_x_pow_times] THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `~(e:num < 0)`] THEN
  case `e = 0` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `0 - 0 = 0:num`] THEN
    simp[ARITH_RULE `0 < 1:num`] THEN
    qed[RING_SUB_RZERO;coeff_series_in_ring]
  ;
    simp[ARITH_RULE `~(e:num = 0) ==> ~(e < 1)`] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `e - 0 = e:num`]
  ]
);;

let deg_one_minus_constx_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_deg r (one_minus_constx r c) <= 1
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r c)` [one_minus_constx_series] THEN
  have `!e. ~(coeff e (one_minus_constx(r:R ring) c) = ring_0 r) ==> e <= 1` [coeff_one_minus_constx;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 1:num`;ARITH_RULE `1 <= 1:num`] THEN
  qed[deg_le_coeff]
);;

let eval_one_minus_constx = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c x.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  x IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_eval r (one_minus_constx r c) x
  = ring_sub r (ring_1 r) (ring_mul r c x)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[one_minus_constx] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (x_pow r 0)` [x_pow_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r c 1)` [const_x_pow_poly] THEN
  simp[POLY_EVAL_SUB] THEN
  simp[eval_const_x_pow;eval_x_pow] THEN
  simp[RING_POW_1;RING_POW_0]
);;

let nonzero_one_minus_constx = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  ~(ring_1 r = ring_0 r) ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(one_minus_constx r c = poly_0 r)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `coeff 0 (one_minus_constx(r:R ring) c) = ring_1 r` [coeff_one_minus_constx] THEN
  have `coeff 0 (poly_0 r:(1->num)->R) = ring_0 r` [coeff_poly_0] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== infinite geometric series *)
(* in r[[x]]; different topology from SUMS_GP etc. *)

(* infinite_geometric_series r c = sum c^n x^n *)
let infinite_geometric_series = new_definition `
  infinite_geometric_series (r:R ring) (c) =
  \n. (ring_pow r c (n one))
`;;

let infinite_geometric_series_powerseries = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r (infinite_geometric_series r c)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[infinite_geometric_series;ring_powerseries] THEN
  qed[RING_POW;FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1;INFINITE]
);;

(* sum c^n x^n is in r[[x]] *)
let infinite_geometric_series_x_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  infinite_geometric_series r c IN ring_carrier(x_series r)
`,
  rw[x_series;POWSER_RING;poly_vars;UNIONS_SUBSET] THEN
  SET_TAC[monomial;infinite_geometric_series_powerseries]
);;

let coeff_infinite_geometric_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c e.
  coeff e (infinite_geometric_series r c)
  = ring_pow r c e
`,
  rw[infinite_geometric_series;coeff;x_monomial]
);;

(* (1-cx) sum c^n x^n = 1 *)
let infinite_geometric_series_inverse = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_mul r (one_minus_constx r c) (infinite_geometric_series r c)
  = poly_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (infinite_geometric_series r c)` [infinite_geometric_series_powerseries] THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  simp[coeff_one_minus_constx_times] THEN
  rw[coeff_infinite_geometric_series] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_1] THEN
  rw[RING_POW_0] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `ring_pow(r:R ring) c d IN ring_carrier r` [RING_POW] THEN
  have `ring_sub(r:R ring) (ring_pow r c d) (ring_pow r c d) = ring_0 r` [RING_SUB_REFL] THEN
  qed[ring_pow_sub1]
);;

(* ===== poly_pow *)

let poly_pow = new_definition `
  poly_pow (r:R ring)
  = ring_pow (powser_ring r (:V))
`;;

let poly_pow_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r (poly_pow r p n)
`,
  rw[poly_pow] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[RING_POW_0;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_1]
  ;
    intro THEN
    rw[ring_pow;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_MUL]
  ]
);;

let poly_pow_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R n.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r (poly_pow r p n)
`,
  rw[poly_pow] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[RING_POW_0;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_1]
  ;
    intro THEN
    rw[ring_pow;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
  ]
);;

let poly_pow_in_poly_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R n S.
  p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) ==>
  poly_pow r p n IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S)
`,
  rw[poly_pow] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[RING_POW_0;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[POLY_RING;RING_1]
  ;
    intro THEN
    rw[ring_pow;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[poly_mul_in_poly_ring]
  ]
);;

let x_series_use_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_pow r = ring_pow (x_series r)
`,
  qed[poly_pow;x_series]
);;

let x_poly_use_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_pow r = ring_pow (x_poly r)
`,
  rw[x_series_use_pow;x_poly;x_series] THEN
  qed[POLY_RING_AS_SUBRING;RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_ring_use_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  poly_pow r = ring_pow (poly_ring r (:V))
`,
  rw[poly_pow] THEN
  qed[POLY_RING_AS_SUBRING;RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let poly_pow_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R.
  poly_pow r p 0 = poly_1 r:(V->num)->R
`,
  once_rw[poly_pow] THEN
  qed[POWSER_RING;RING_POW_0]
);;

let poly_pow_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_pow r p 1 = p
`,
  intro THEN
  once_rw[poly_pow] THEN
  subgoal `(p:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring r (:V))` THENL [
    rw[POWSER_RING;IN_ELIM_THM;SUBSET_UNIV] THEN
    simp[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[RING_POW_1]
);;

let poly_1_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  poly_pow r (poly_1 r) n = poly_1 r:(V->num)->R
`,
  once_rw[poly_pow] THEN
  qed[POWSER_RING;RING_POW_ONE]
);;

let poly_pow_add = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) m n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_pow r p (m+n) = poly_mul r (poly_pow r p m) (poly_pow r p n)
`,
  once_rw[poly_pow] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring r (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  simp[RING_POW_ADD] THEN
  qed[POWSER_RING]
);;

let x_pow_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m n.
  poly_pow r (x_pow r m) n
  = x_pow r (m*n)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0;x_pow_0;ARITH_RULE `m * 0 = 0`]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n+1`;ARITH_RULE `m*(n+1) = m*n+m`] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1;x_pow_series] THEN
    qed[x_pow_add]
  ]
);;

let poly_pow_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) m n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_pow r (poly_pow r p m) n
  = poly_pow r p (m*n)
`,
  once_rw[poly_pow] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring r (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  simp[RING_POW_MUL]
);;

let poly_mul_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) q n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  poly_pow r (poly_mul r p q) n
  = poly_mul r (poly_pow r p n) (poly_pow r q n)
`,
  once_rw[poly_pow] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring r (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  have `(q:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring r (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
  have `poly_mul(r:R ring) = ring_mul(powser_ring r (:V))` [POWSER_RING] THEN
  simp[RING_MUL_POW]
);;

let poly_deg_pow_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) n.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_pow r p n) <= n * poly_deg r p
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0] THEN
    rw[POLY_DEG_1] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ;
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (poly_pow r (p:(V->num)->R) n)` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
    rw[poly_pow] THEN
    rw[ring_pow] THEN
    rw[GSYM poly_pow;POWSER_RING] THEN
    have `poly_deg r (poly_mul r (p:(V->num)->R) (poly_pow r p n)) <= poly_deg r p + poly_deg r (poly_pow r p n)` [POLY_DEG_MUL_LE] THEN
    have `poly_deg r (poly_pow r (p:(V->num)->R) n) <= n * poly_deg r p` [] THEN
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ]
);;

let coeff_pow_infinite_geometric_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c e n.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  coeff n (poly_pow r (infinite_geometric_series r c) (e+1))
  = ring_mul r
      (ring_of_num r (binom(n+e,e)))
      (ring_pow r c n)
`,
  rw[x_series_use_pow] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby num_WF THEN
  intro THEN
  case `e = 0` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `0 + 1 = 1`;RING_POW_1;infinite_geometric_series_x_series] THEN
    simp[binom;RING_OF_NUM_1;RING_MUL_LID;RING_POW] THEN
    qed[coeff_infinite_geometric_series]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  rw[ARITH_RULE `e+1 = SUC e`;ring_pow] THEN
  rw[GSYM x_series_use;coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  rw[coeff_infinite_geometric_series] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (0..n) (\a. ring_mul r (ring_pow r c a) (coeff (n - a) (ring_pow (x_series r) (infinite_geometric_series r c) e))) = ring_sum r (0..n) (\a. ring_mul r (ring_pow r c a) (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom((n-a)+(e-1),(e-1)))) (ring_pow r c (n-a))))` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(e = 0) ==> (e-1) < e` THEN
    have `coeff (n-a) (ring_pow (x_series(r:R ring)) (infinite_geometric_series r c) ((e-1) + 1)) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom ((n-a) + (e-1),e-1))) (ring_pow r c (n-a))` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(e = 0) ==> (e-1)+1 = e` THEN
    have `coeff (n-a) (ring_pow (x_series(r:R ring)) (infinite_geometric_series r c) e) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom ((n-a) + (e-1),e-1))) (ring_pow r c (n-a))` [] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (0..n) (\a. ring_mul r (ring_pow r c a) (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom((n-a)+(e-1),(e-1)))) (ring_pow r c (n-a)))) = ring_sum r (0..n) (\a. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom((n-a)+(e-1),(e-1)))) (ring_pow r c n))` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    have `a <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    num_linear_fact `a <= n:num ==> a + (n-a) = n` THEN
    have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_pow r c a) (ring_pow r c (n-a)) = ring_pow r c n` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
    qed[RING_RULE `ring_mul(r:R ring) A M = N ==> ring_mul r A (ring_mul r B M) = ring_mul r B N`;RING_POW;RING_OF_NUM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (0..n) (\a. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom (n - a + e - 1,e - 1))) (ring_pow r c n)) = ring_mul r (ring_sum r (0..n) (\a. ring_of_num r (binom (n - a + e - 1,e - 1)))) (ring_pow r c n)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_RMUL THEN
    qed[RING_POW;FINITE_NUMSEG;RING_OF_NUM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (0..n) (\a. ring_of_num r (binom (n - a + e - 1,e - 1))) = ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))` THENL [
    specialize[`e:num`;`n:num`]binom_reverse_stair_sum THEN
    have `FINITE (0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`\a. binom(n-a+e-1,e-1)`;`0..n`]ring_sum_num THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[]
);;

let pow_infinite_geometric_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_pow r (infinite_geometric_series r c) (e+1)
  = series_from_coeffs (\n.
      ring_mul r
        (ring_of_num r (binom(n+e,e)))
        (ring_pow r c n))
`,
  qed[coeff_pow_infinite_geometric_series;eq_coeff;coeff_series_from_coeffs]
);;

let pow_infinite_geometric_series_inverse_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_mul r
    (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r c) (e+1))
    (poly_pow r (infinite_geometric_series r c) (e+1))
  = poly_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r c)` [one_minus_constx_series] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (infinite_geometric_series r c)` [infinite_geometric_series_powerseries] THEN
  simp[GSYM poly_mul_pow] THEN
  simp[infinite_geometric_series_inverse] THEN
  qed[poly_1_pow]
);;

(* (1-cx)^(e+1) sum binom(n+e,e) c^n x^n = 1 *)
let pow_infinite_geometric_series_inverse = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_mul r
    (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r c) (e+1))
    (series_from_coeffs (\n.
      ring_mul r
        (ring_of_num r (binom(n+e,e)))
        (ring_pow r c n)))
  = poly_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  qed[pow_infinite_geometric_series_inverse_lemma;pow_infinite_geometric_series]
);;

let poly_pow_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R S f n m.
  f permutes S ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_pow r p n (m o f) =
  poly_pow r (\m. p (m o f)) n m
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0] THEN
    qed[poly_1_o_permutes]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = 1 + n`] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (\m:V->num. p(m o (f:V->V)))` [powerseries_o_permutes] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_1;poly_pow_add] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p:(V->num)->R`;
      `poly_pow r p n:(V->num)->R`;
      `S:V->bool`;
      `f:V->V`
    ]poly_mul_o_permutes THEN
    subgoal `poly_pow(r:R ring) (\m. p(m o f)) n = \m. poly_pow r p n (m o (f:V->V))` THENL [
      rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let eval_poly_pow_multi = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) c U n.
  p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r U) ==>
  (!v. v IN U ==> c v IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_evaluate r (poly_pow r p n) c
  = ring_pow r (poly_evaluate r p c) n
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0;RING_POW_0;POLY_EVALUATE_1]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = 1+n`] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p:(V->num)->R)` [POLY_RING;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p:(V->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1;RING_POW_ADD;RING_POW_1;POLY_EVALUATE] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (poly_pow r (p:(V->num)->R) n)` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
    subgoal `!v:V. v IN poly_vars(r:R ring) p UNION poly_vars r (poly_pow r p n) ==> c v IN ring_carrier r` THENL [
      rw[IN_UNION] THEN
      subgoal `poly_vars r (p:(V->num)->R) SUBSET U` THENL [
        have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U}` [POLY_RING] THEN
        set_fact `(p:(V->num)->R) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U} ==> poly_vars r p SUBSET U` THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `poly_vars r (poly_pow r (p:(V->num)->R) n) SUBSET U` THENL [
        have `poly_pow r (p:(V->num)->R) n IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U}` [poly_pow_in_poly_ring;POLY_RING] THEN
        set_fact `poly_pow r (p:(V->num)->R) n IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U} ==> poly_vars r (poly_pow r p n) SUBSET U` THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `v:V IN U` [SUBSET] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p:(V->num)->R`;
      `poly_pow r p n:(V->num)->R`;
      `c:V->R`
    ]POLY_EVALUATE_MUL THEN
    rw[know `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (poly_mul r p (poly_pow r p n)) (c:V->R) = ring_mul r (poly_evaluate r p c) (poly_evaluate r (poly_pow r p n) c)`] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let poly_const_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c n.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_const r (ring_pow r c n)
  = poly_pow r (poly_const r c) n:(V->num)->R
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[RING_POW_0;poly_pow_0;poly_1]
  ;
    rw[ring_pow] THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = 1+n`] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (poly_const r c:(V->num)->R)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1] THEN
    simp[POLY_CONST_MUL;RING_POW]
  ]
);;

(* ===== x_monomial_shift: x^d |-> x^(d+1) *)

let x_monomial_shift = new_definition `
  x_monomial_shift (m:1->num)
  = (\v. m v + 1)
`;;

let x_monomial_shift_eq_x_monomial = prove(`
  !m d.
  x_monomial_shift m = x_monomial d
  <=>
  (?c. d = c + 1 /\ m = x_monomial c)
`,
  rw[x_monomial_shift;x_monomial;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    witness `m one:num` THEN
    qed[ETA_ONE;one]
  ;
    intro THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let x_monomial_shift_is_not_monomial_1 = prove(`
  !m.
  ~(x_monomial_shift m = monomial_1)
`,
  rw[x_monomial_shift;monomial_1;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let x_monomial_shift_mul = prove(`
  !m n.
  monomial_mul (x_monomial_shift m) n
  = x_monomial_shift (monomial_mul m n)
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  rw[monomial_mul;x_monomial_shift] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let x_monomial_mul_shift = prove(`
  !m n.
  monomial_mul m (x_monomial_shift n)
  = x_monomial_shift (monomial_mul m n)
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  rw[monomial_mul;x_monomial_shift] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let x_monomial_shift_injective = prove(`
  !m n.
  x_monomial_shift m = x_monomial_shift n ==>
  m = n
`,
  rw[x_monomial_shift;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `m + 1 = n + 1 ==> m = n`]
);;

(* ===== univariate derivatives *)

let x_derivative = new_definition `
  x_derivative (r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R)
  = (\m. ring_mul r
          (ring_of_num r (m one + 1))
          (p (x_monomial_shift m)))
`;;

let x_derivative_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r (x_derivative r p)
`,
  rw[ring_powerseries;x_derivative] THEN
  qed[RING_OF_NUM;RING_MUL;FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1;INFINITE]
);;

let x_derivative_polynomial = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r (x_derivative r p)
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[x_derivative_series]
  ;
    rw[x_derivative] THEN
    have `!m. ~(ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (m one + 1)) (p (x_monomial_shift m)) = ring_0 r) ==> ~(p (x_monomial_shift m) = ring_0 r)` [RING_MUL_RZERO;RING_OF_NUM] THEN
    set_fact `(!m. ~(ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (m one + 1)) (p (x_monomial_shift m)) = ring_0 r) ==> ~(p (x_monomial_shift m) = ring_0 r)) ==> {m | ~(ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (m one + 1)) (p (x_monomial_shift m)) = ring_0 r)} SUBSET {m | ~(p (x_monomial_shift m) = ring_0 r)}` THEN
    have `{m | ~(ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (m one + 1)) (p (x_monomial_shift m)) = ring_0 r)} SUBSET {m | ~(p (x_monomial_shift m) = ring_0 r)}` [] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`x_monomial_shift`;`{m:1->num | ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring))}`]FINITE_IMAGE_INJ THEN
    have `FINITE {m | x_monomial_shift m IN {m | ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring))}}` [x_monomial_shift_injective] THEN
    set_fact `{m | x_monomial_shift m IN {m | ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring))}} = {m | ~(p (x_monomial_shift m) = ring_0(r:R ring))}` THEN
    have `FINITE {m | ~(p (x_monomial_shift m) = ring_0(r:R ring))}` [] THEN
    qed[FINITE_SUBSET]
  ]
);;

let coeff_x_derivative = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p d.
  coeff d (x_derivative r p)
  = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (d+1)) (coeff (d+1) p)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_derivative;coeff] THEN
  have `x_monomial_shift (x_monomial d) = x_monomial (d+1)` [x_monomial_shift_eq_x_monomial] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  rw[x_monomial]
);;

let x_derivative_add_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_add r p q)
  = poly_add r (x_derivative r p) (x_derivative r q)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!m:1->num. p m IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
  have `!m:1->num. q m IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
  rw[x_derivative;poly_add] THEN
  once_rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  simp[RING_ADD_LDISTRIB;RING_OF_NUM]
);;

let x_derivative_neg_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_neg r p)
  = poly_neg r (x_derivative r p)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!m:1->num. p m IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
  rw[x_derivative;poly_neg] THEN
  once_rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  simp[RING_MUL_RNEG;RING_OF_NUM]
);;

let x_derivative_sub_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_sub r p q)
  = poly_sub r (x_derivative r p) (x_derivative r q)
`,
  rw[POLY_SUB] THEN
  qed[RING_POWERSERIES_NEG;x_derivative_add_series;x_derivative_neg_series]
);;

let x_derivative_poly_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  x_derivative r (poly_const r c) = poly_0 r
`,
  rw[x_derivative;poly_0;poly_const;x_monomial_shift_is_not_monomial_1;COND_ID] THEN
  once_rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  qed[FUN_EQ_THM;RING_OF_NUM;RING_MUL_RZERO]
);;

let x_derivative_poly_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  x_derivative r (poly_0 r) = poly_0 r
`,
  qed[poly_0;x_derivative_poly_const]
);;

let x_derivative_poly_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  x_derivative r (poly_1 r) = poly_0 r
`,
  qed[poly_1;x_derivative_poly_const]
);;

let x_derivative_poly_const_mul_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c p.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_mul r (poly_const r c) p)
  = poly_mul r (poly_const r c) (x_derivative r p)
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_derivative r p)` [x_derivative_series] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_const_times] THEN
  rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  have `coeff (d+1) p IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  have `ring_of_num r (d+1) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  RING_TAC
);;

let x_derivative_const_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) e.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  x_derivative r (const_x_pow r c e)
  = const_x_pow r (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r e) c) (e-1)
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  rw[coeff_const_x_pow] THEN
  case `d+1 = e:num` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `d+1 = e:num ==> d = e-1` THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (d+1) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_OF_NUM] THEN
    case `e = 0` THENL [
      have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) e = ring_0 r` [RING_OF_NUM_0] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_RZERO;RING_MUL_LZERO]
    ;
      num_linear_fact `~(d+1 = e:num) /\ ~(e = 0) ==> ~(d = e-1)` THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_RZERO]
    ]
  ]
);;

let x_derivative_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) e.
  x_derivative r (x_pow r e)
  = const_x_pow r (ring_of_num r e) (e-1)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_pow] THEN
  have `ring_1(r:R ring) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_1] THEN
  qed[x_derivative_const_x_pow;RING_MUL_RID;RING_OF_NUM]
);;

let coeff_x_derivative_poly_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q d.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  coeff d (x_derivative r (poly_mul r p q))
  = ring_add r
      (coeff d (poly_mul r (x_derivative r p) q))
      (coeff d (poly_mul r p (x_derivative r q)))
`,
  rw[coeff_x_derivative;coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!i. coeff i p IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  have `!i. coeff i q IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  have `ring_0(r:R ring) = ring_mul r (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r 0) (coeff 0 p)) (coeff ((d + 1) - 0) q)` [RING_OF_NUM_0;RING_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\a. ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r a) (coeff a p)) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q)`;`d:num`](GSYM ring_sum_shift1) THEN
  specialize[`0`;`d+1`]FINITE_NUMSEG THEN
  have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (d+1) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  have `!a. a IN (0..d+1) ==> ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff ((d + 1) - a) q) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_MUL] THEN
  set_fact_using `!a:num. a IN (0..d) ==> a <= d` [NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  num_linear_fact `!a:num. a <= d ==> d - a = (d+1)-(a+1)` THEN
  have `!a:num. a IN (0..d) ==> d - a = (d+1)-(a+1)` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\a. ring_mul (r:R ring) (coeff a p) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q)`;`ring_of_num(r:R ring) (d+1)`;`0..d+1`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
  num_linear_fact `!a:num. a <= d ==> d-a+1 = (d+1)-a` THEN
  have `!a:num. a IN (0..d) ==> d-a+1 = (d+1)-a` [] THEN
  have `ring_of_num r ((d+1)-(d+1)) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [RING_OF_NUM_0;ARITH_RULE `(d+1)-(d+1)=0`] THEN
  have `ring_0(r:R ring) = ring_mul r (coeff (d+1) p) (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r ((d+1)-(d+1))) (coeff ((d+1)-(d+1)) q))` [RING_OF_NUM;RING_MUL_LZERO;RING_MUL_RZERO] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\a. ring_mul(r:R ring) (coeff a p) (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r ((d+1)-a)) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q))`;`d:num`](GSYM ring_sum_insert_top) THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `!a. ring_mul r (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r a) (coeff a p)) (coeff ((d + 1) - a) q) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_OF_NUM;RING_MUL] THEN
  have `!a. ring_mul r (coeff a p) (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r ((d + 1) - a)) (coeff ((d + 1) - a) q)) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_OF_NUM;RING_MUL] THEN
  simp[GSYM RING_SUM_ADD] THEN
  have `!a. ring_add(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r a) (coeff a p)) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q)) (ring_mul r (coeff a p) (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r ((d+1)-a)) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q))) = ring_mul r (ring_add r (ring_of_num r a) (ring_of_num r ((d+1)-a))) (ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q))` [RING_RULE `ring_add(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r a) (coeff a p)) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q)) (ring_mul r (coeff a p) (ring_mul r (ring_of_num r ((d+1)-a)) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q))) = ring_mul r (ring_add r (ring_of_num r a) (ring_of_num r ((d+1)-a))) (ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff ((d+1)-a) q))`] THEN
  simp[GSYM RING_OF_NUM_ADD] THEN
  num_linear_fact `!a. a <= d + 1 ==> a + (d+1) - a = d+1` THEN
  set_fact_using `!a. a IN (0..d+1) ==> a <= d+1` [NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  have `!a. a IN (0..d+1) ==> a+(d+1)-a = d+1` [NUMSEG_LE] THEN
  simp[]
);;

let x_derivative_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_mul r p q)
  = poly_add r
      (poly_mul r (x_derivative r p) q)
      (poly_mul r p (x_derivative r q))
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[coeff_x_derivative_poly_mul] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_add]
);;

let x_derivative_mul_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c q.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_mul r (poly_const r c) q)
  = poly_mul r (poly_const r c) (x_derivative r q)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) ((poly_const r c):(1->num)->R)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_derivative r q)` [x_derivative_series] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (poly_const r c) (x_derivative r q))` [RING_POWERSERIES_MUL] THEN
  simp[x_derivative_mul] THEN
  simp[x_derivative_poly_const] THEN
  simp[POLY_MUL_0;RING_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  simp[POWSER_MUL_0] THEN
  qed[POLY_ADD_LZERO]
);;

let x_derivative_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  x_derivative r (x_minus_const r c) = poly_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_minus_const] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_pow r 1)` [x_pow_series] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) ((poly_const r c):(1->num)->R)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST] THEN
  simp[x_derivative_sub_series] THEN
  simp[x_derivative_x_pow] THEN
  simp[x_derivative_poly_const] THEN
  rw[RING_OF_NUM_1] THEN
  rw[ARITH_RULE `1-1 = 0:num`] THEN
  rw[const_x_pow_0;poly_1] THEN
  qed[poly_sub_0;POLY_CONST;RING_1;RING_POWERSERIES_CONST]
);;

let x_derivative_one_minus_constx = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  x_derivative r (one_minus_constx r c) = poly_const r (ring_neg r c)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[one_minus_constx] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_pow r 0)` [x_pow_series] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r c 1)` [const_x_pow_series] THEN
  simp[x_derivative_sub_series] THEN
  simp[x_derivative_x_pow] THEN
  simp[x_derivative_const_x_pow] THEN
  rw[ARITH_RULE `0-1 = 0:num`] THEN
  rw[ARITH_RULE `1-1 = 0:num`] THEN
  rw[RING_OF_NUM_0] THEN
  rw[RING_OF_NUM_1] THEN
  rw[const_x_pow_0] THEN
  simp[RING_MUL_LID] THEN
  rw[GSYM poly_0] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) ((poly_const r c):(1->num)->R)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST] THEN
  qed[poly_0_sub;POLY_CONST_NEG]
);;

let x_derivative_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G p.
  x_derivative (subring_generated r G) p
  = x_derivative r p
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  rw[SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  rw[RING_OF_NUM_SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

(* basically: derivative of sp/sq is derivative of p/q *)
let x_derivative_ratio_scaling = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q s.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  ring_powerseries r s ==>
  poly_sub r (
    poly_mul r (
      x_derivative r (poly_mul r s p)
    ) (
      poly_mul r s q
    )
  ) (
    poly_mul r (
      poly_mul r s p
    ) (
      x_derivative r (poly_mul r s q)
    )
  )
  =
  poly_mul r (
    poly_pow r s 2
  ) (
    poly_sub r (
      poly_mul r (x_derivative r p) (q)
    ) (
      poly_mul r (p) (x_derivative r q)
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[x_derivative_mul] THEN
  simp[x_series_use;x_series_sub_use;x_series_use_pow] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`x_series(r:R ring)`
    ;`x_derivative(r:R ring) p`
    ;`x_derivative(r:R ring) q`
    ;`x_derivative(r:R ring) s`
    ;`p:(1->num)->R`
    ;`q:(1->num)->R`
    ;`s:(1->num)->R`
  ](GENL[
    `r:R ring`;`P:R`;`Q:R`;`S:R`;`p:R`;`q:R`;`s:R`
  ](RING_RULE
    `ring_sub(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_add r (ring_mul r (S) p) (ring_mul r s (P))) (ring_mul r s q)) (ring_mul r (ring_mul r s p) (ring_add r (ring_mul r (S) q) (ring_mul r s (Q)))) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r s 2) (ring_sub r (ring_mul r (P) q) (ring_mul r p (Q)))`
  )) THEN
  qed[x_derivative_series;x_series_use]
);;

(* ===== sums of finite sequences of power series *)

let poly_sum = new_definition `
  poly_sum (r:R ring) (S:X->bool) (p:X->(1->num)->R)
  = ring_sum(x_series r) S p
`;;

let poly_sum_empty = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R.
  poly_sum r {} p = poly_0 r
`,
  rw[poly_sum] THEN
  rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
  qed[x_series_use]
);;

let poly_sum_insert = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R S t.
  FINITE S ==>
  poly_sum r (t INSERT S) p =
  (if ring_powerseries r (p t) ==> t IN S
   then poly_sum r S p
   else poly_add r (p t) (poly_sum r S p))
`,
  rw[poly_sum] THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  qed[RING_SUM_CLAUSES]
);;

let poly_sum_delete2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S p:X->(1->num)->R t.
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  ring_powerseries r (p t) ==>
  poly_sum r S p
  = poly_add r (p t) (poly_sum r (S DELETE t) p)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_sum;x_series_use] THEN
  have `p(t:X) IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
  qed[ring_sum_delete2]
);;

let poly_sum_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  ring_powerseries r (poly_sum r S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_sum_empty] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_0]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[poly_sum_insert] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_ADD]
  ]
);;

(* XXX: merge into poly_sum_series *)
let series_sum_series_multi = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  ring_powerseries r (ring_sum(powser_ring r (:V)) S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;POWSER_RING;RING_POWERSERIES_0]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `p(x:X):(V->num)->R IN ring_carrier(powser_ring r (:V))` [series_in_full_ring] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_ADD]
  ]
);;

let poly_sum_ring_sum_x_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  poly_sum r S p = ring_sum(x_poly r) S p
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_sum_empty;RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[x_poly_use]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `(p(x:X):(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    simp[poly_sum_insert;RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[x_poly_use]
  ]
);;

let poly_sum_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  ring_polynomial r (poly_sum r S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_sum_empty] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_0]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[poly_sum_insert] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD]
  ]
);;

let poly_sum_eq = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool p:X->(1->num)->R q:X->(1->num)->R.
  (!s. s IN S ==> p s = q s) ==>
  poly_sum r S p = poly_sum r S q
`,
  qed[poly_sum;RING_SUM_EQ]
);;

let coeff_poly_sum = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R d:num S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  coeff d (poly_sum r S p) =
  ring_sum r S (\s. coeff d (p s))
`,
  rw[poly_sum] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;GSYM x_series_use;coeff_poly_0]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `(p(x:X):(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_series r)` [x_series_use] THEN
    have `coeff d (p(x:X)) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[coeff_series_add] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let x_derivative_sum = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (S:X->bool).
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_sum r S p)
  = poly_sum r S (\s. x_derivative r (p s))
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_derivative r (p s))` [x_derivative_series] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_sum] THEN
  rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_sum] THEN
  have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (d+1) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> coeff (d+1) (p s) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_LMUL]
);;

let poly_deg_sum_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:X->(1->num)->R) n S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> poly_deg r (p s) <= n) ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_sum r S p) <= n
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_sum_empty;POLY_DEG_0;ARITH_RULE `0 <= n`]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_sum_insert] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_sum r (S:X->bool) p)` [poly_sum_poly] THEN
    qed[POLY_DEG_ADD_LE;ARITH_RULE `d <= n /\ e <= n /\ c <= MAX d e ==> c <= n:num`]
  ]
);;

let poly_sum_lmul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:X->(1->num)->R) c S.
  ring_powerseries r c ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  poly_sum r S (\s. poly_mul r c (p s))
  = poly_mul r c (poly_sum r S p)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_sum;x_series_use] THEN
  have `c IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> p s IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
  specialize[`x_series(r:R ring)`;`p:X->(1->num)->R`;`c:(1->num)->R`;`S:X->bool`]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_sum_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) S.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  poly_sum r S (\s:X. p)
  = poly_mul r (poly_const r (ring_of_num r (CARD S))) p
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_sum] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
  simp[ring_sum_const;GSYM x_series_use] THEN
  qed[ring_of_num_x_series]
);;

(* XXX: merge into poly_sum_poly *)
let poly_sum_poly_multi = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  ring_polynomial r (ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[GSYM poly_use] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_0]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[GSYM poly_use] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD]
  ]
);;

(* XXX: merge *)
let poly_sum_subring_multi = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G (p:X->(V->num)->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (p s)) ==>
  ring_sum(poly_ring(subring_generated r G) (:V)) S p
  = ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S p
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    rw[poly_0;poly_const;SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (p s:(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;GSYM poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial (subring_generated r G) (ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S (p:X->(V->num)->R))` [poly_sum_poly_multi] THEN
    qed[poly_add_subring;ring_polynomial]
  ]
);;

let ring_polynomial_subring_sum = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G p:X->(V->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (p s)) ==>
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S p)
`,
  simp[GSYM poly_sum_subring_multi] THEN
  qed[RING_SUM;poly_in_full_ring]
);;

let poly_sum_restrict_subset = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool U p.
  S SUBSET U ==>
  poly_sum r U (\s. if s IN S then p s else poly_0 r)
  = poly_sum r S p
`,
  rw[poly_sum;x_series_use] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `S:X->bool`;
    `x_series(r:R ring)`;
    `U:X->bool`;
    `p:X->(1->num)->R`
  ]RING_SUM_RESTRICT_SET THEN
  set_fact `S SUBSET U:X->bool ==> {x | x IN U /\ S x} = S` THEN
  rw[IN] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_const_sum = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_const r (ring_sum r S f) =
  poly_sum r S (\s. poly_const r (f s))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;poly_sum_empty] THEN
    rw[POLY_CONST_0]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (poly_const r (f(x:X)):(1->num)->R)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;poly_sum_insert] THEN
    qed[POLY_CONST_ADD;RING_SUM]
  ]
);;

(* ===== products of finite sequences of power series *)

let poly_product = new_definition `
  poly_product (r:R ring) (S:X->bool) (p:X->(1->num)->R)
  = ring_product(x_series r) S p
`;;

let poly_product_empty = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R.
  poly_product r {} p = poly_1 r
`,
  rw[poly_product] THEN
  rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
  qed[x_series_use]
);;

let poly_product_insert = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R S t.
  FINITE S ==>
  poly_product r (t INSERT S) p =
  (if ring_powerseries r (p t) ==> t IN S
   then poly_product r S p
   else poly_mul r (p t) (poly_product r S p))
`,
  rw[poly_product] THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  qed[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES]
);;

let poly_product_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S.
  poly_product r S (\s:X. poly_1 r)
  = poly_1 r
`,
  rw[poly_product] THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  rw[RING_PRODUCT_1]
);;

let poly_product_eq = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R q S.
  (!s. s IN S ==> p s = q s) ==>
  poly_product r S p = poly_product r S q
`,
  rw[poly_product] THEN
  qed[RING_PRODUCT_EQ]
);;

(* XXX: merge into poly_product_series *)
let poly_product_series_multi = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  ring_powerseries r (ring_product(powser_ring r (:V)) S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_MUL]
  ]
);;

(* XXX: merge into poly_product_poly *)
let poly_product_poly_multi = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  ring_polynomial r (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[GSYM poly_use] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[GSYM poly_use] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  ring_powerseries r (poly_product r S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert] THEN
    qed[RING_POWERSERIES_MUL]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  ring_polynomial r (poly_product r S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_ring_product_x_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(1->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  poly_product r S p
  = ring_product(x_poly r) S p
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[x_poly;POLY_RING]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `(p(x:X):(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[x_poly;POLY_RING]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (p:X->(1->num)->R) n.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  poly_pow r (poly_product r S p) n
  = poly_product r S (\s:X. poly_pow r (p s) n)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> p s IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> p s IN ring_carrier(powser_ring (r:R ring) (:1))` [x_series] THEN
  rw[poly_pow;poly_product;x_series] THEN
  specialize[`powser_ring(r:R ring) (:1)`;`p:X->(1->num)->R`;`n:num`;`S:X->bool`]ring_pow_product THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_mul_sum_mul_delete = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool f:X->(1->num)->R g:X->(1->num)->R x.
  ~(x IN S) ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_powerseries r (g x) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (g s)) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (f s)) ==>
  poly_mul r
    (g x)
    (poly_sum r S (\s. poly_mul r (f s) (poly_product r (S DELETE s) g)))
  =  poly_sum r S (\s. poly_mul r (f s) (poly_product r ((x INSERT S) DELETE s) g))
`,
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  rw[poly_sum] THEN
  rw[poly_product] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN
  specialize_assuming[`x_series(r:R ring)`]ring_mul_sum_mul_delete THEN
  qed[]
);;

let x_derivative_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (S:X->bool).
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_product r S p)
  = poly_sum r S
      (\s. poly_mul r
             (x_derivative r (p s))
             (poly_product r (S DELETE s) p))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;poly_sum_empty] THEN
    rw[x_derivative_poly_1]
  ; 
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `~(x IN S) ==> ((x:X) INSERT S) DELETE x = S` THEN
    have `((x:X) INSERT S) DELETE x = S` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_derivative r (p(x:X)))` [x_derivative_series] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p)` [poly_product_series] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (x_derivative r (p(x:X))) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p))` [RING_POWERSERIES_MUL] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;poly_sum_insert] THEN
    simp[x_derivative_mul] THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(x IN S) ==> (x INSERT S) DELETE s = x INSERT (S DELETE s)` THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries (r:R ring) ((p:X->(1->num)->R) s)` [IN_INSERT] THEN
    have `!s:X. FINITE(S DELETE s)` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) ((\s. x_derivative r (p s)) s)` [x_derivative_series] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`r:R ring`;`S:X->bool`;`\s:X. x_derivative(r:R ring) (p s)`;`p:X->(1->num)->R`;`x:X`]poly_mul_sum_mul_delete THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) S.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  poly_product r S (\s:X. p) = poly_pow r p (CARD S)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_pow;poly_product] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
  qed[ring_product_const;x_series]
);;

let poly_pow_is_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_pow r p n = poly_product r (1..n) (\i. p)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_pow;poly_product] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
  qed[ring_pow_is_product;x_series]
);;

let x_derivative_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  x_derivative r (poly_pow r p n)
  = 
  poly_mul r (
    poly_const r (ring_of_num r n)
  ) (
    poly_mul r (
      x_derivative r p
    ) (
      poly_pow r p (n-1)
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  case `n = 0` THENL [
    simp[poly_pow_0;RING_OF_NUM_0] THEN
    rw[poly_1;x_derivative_poly_const] THEN
    rw[GSYM poly_0] THEN
    qed[POWSER_MUL_0;x_derivative_series;poly_pow_series;RING_POWERSERIES_MUL]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[poly_pow_is_product] THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\i:num. p:(1->num)->R`;`1..n`]x_derivative_product THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum(r:R ring) (1..n) (\s. poly_mul r (x_derivative r p) (poly_product r ((1..n) DELETE s) (\i. p))) = poly_sum r (1..n) (\s. poly_mul r (x_derivative r p) (poly_pow r p (n-1)))` THENL [
    sufficesby poly_sum_eq THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    have `CARD(1..n) = n` [CARD_NUMSEG_1] THEN
    have `CARD((1..n) DELETE s) = CARD(1..n) - 1` [CARD_DELETE] THEN
    have `CARD((1..n) DELETE s) = n - 1` [] THEN
    have `FINITE((1..n) DELETE s)` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
    simp[poly_product_const]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[poly_product_const;FINITE_NUMSEG;CARD_NUMSEG_1] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (x_derivative r p) (poly_pow r p (n - 1)))` [RING_POWERSERIES_MUL;x_derivative_series;poly_pow_series] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`poly_mul(r:R ring) (x_derivative r p) (poly_pow r p (n - 1))`;`1..n`]poly_sum_const THEN
  have `CARD(1..n) = n` [CARD_NUMSEG_1] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let eval_poly_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(X->(1->num)->R) z S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  z IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_eval r (poly_product r S p) z
  = ring_product r S (\s. poly_eval r (p s) z)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[POLY_EVAL_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r ((p:(X->(1->num)->R)) x)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r ((p:(X->(1->num)->R)) x)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `poly_eval r ((p:(X->(1->num)->R)) x) z IN ring_carrier r` [POLY_EVAL] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (poly_product r S (p:(X->(1->num)->R)))` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    simp[POLY_EVAL_MUL]
  ]
);;

(* XXX: merge into poly_product_subring; generalize other poly_product theorems *)
let poly_product_subring_multi = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G (p:X->(V->num)->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (p s)) ==>
  ring_product(poly_ring(subring_generated r G) (:V)) S p
  = ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    rw[poly_1;poly_const;SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (p s:(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;GSYM poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial (subring_generated r G) (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S (p:X->(V->num)->R))` [poly_product_poly_multi] THEN
    qed[poly_mul_subring;ring_polynomial]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G (p:X->(1->num)->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(subring_generated r G) (p s)) ==>
  poly_product (subring_generated r G) S p
  = poly_product r S p
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty] THEN
    rw[poly_1;poly_const;SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(subring_generated r G) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_powerseries_subring] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (p s:(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries (subring_generated r G) (poly_product r S (p:X->(1->num)->R))` [poly_product_series] THEN
    qed[poly_mul_subring]
  ]
);;

let ring_polynomial_subring_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G p:X->(V->num)->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (p s)) ==>
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p)
`,
  simp[GSYM poly_product_subring_multi] THEN
  qed[RING_PRODUCT;poly_in_full_ring]
);;

let poly_product_image = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (f:X->Y) (g:Y->(1->num)->R).
  (!x y. x IN S ==> y IN S ==> f x = f y ==> x = y) ==>
  poly_product r (IMAGE f S) g = poly_product r S (g o f)
`,
  rw[poly_product] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[`x_series(r:R ring)`;`f:X->Y`;`g:Y->(1->num)->R`;`S:X->bool`]RING_PRODUCT_IMAGE THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_deg_product_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:X->(1->num)->R) n S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> poly_deg r (p s) <= n s) ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_product r S p) <= nsum S n
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;NSUM_CLAUSES;POLY_DEG_1] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[CARD_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p)` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p) <= nsum S n` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    qed[POLY_DEG_MUL_LE;ARITH_RULE `d <= dx + ds ==> dx <= nx ==> ds <= ns ==> d <= nx + ns:num`]
  ]
);;

(* should factor via poly_deg_product_le *)
let poly_deg_product_each_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:X->(1->num)->R) n S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> poly_deg r (p s) <= n) ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_product r S p) <= (CARD S) * n
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;POLY_DEG_1] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert] THEN
    simp[CARD_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p)` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p) <= CARD S * n` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    qed[POLY_DEG_MUL_LE;ARITH_RULE `a <= b + c ==> b <= n ==> c <= S * n ==> a <= SUC(S) * n`]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_delete = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S t f:X->((1->num)->R).
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  ring_powerseries r (f t) ==>
  poly_product r S f = poly_mul r (f t) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) f)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `f(t:X) IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
  have `f(t:X) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:1))` [x_series] THEN
  rw[poly_product;x_series_use;x_series] THEN
  qed[ring_product_delete]
);;

let poly_pow_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G (p:(V->num)->R) n.
  ring_powerseries(subring_generated r G) p ==>
  poly_pow (subring_generated r G) p n
  = poly_pow r p n
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0;poly_1;poly_const] THEN
    simp[SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = 1+n`] THEN
    intro THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`G:R->bool`;`p:(V->num)->R`]ring_powerseries_subring THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1] THEN
    qed[poly_mul_subring;poly_pow_series]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_botcoeff1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:X->(1->num)->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> coeff 0 (p s) = ring_1 r) ==>
  coeff 0 (poly_product r S p) = ring_1 r
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;coeff_poly_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert] THEN
    rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `0-0=0`;RING_1;RING_MUL;RING_MUL_LID]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_in_poly_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:X->(V->num)->R) E S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> p s IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r E)) ==>
  ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r E)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[RING_1;POLY_RING]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `(p(x:X):(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r E)` [] THEN
    have `(p(x:X):(V->num)->R) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET E}` [POLY_RING] THEN
    set_fact `(p(x:X):(V->num)->R) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET E} ==> ring_polynomial r (p x)` THEN
    have `(p(x:X):(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:V))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:V)) (S:X->bool) p IN ring_carrier (poly_ring r E)` [] THEN
    rw[CONJUNCT2 POLY_RING] THEN
    qed[poly_mul_in_poly_ring]
  ]
);;

let powser_product_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R U f S.
  FINITE S ==>
  !m.
  f permutes U ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  ring_product(powser_ring r (:V)) S p (m o f) =
  ring_product(powser_ring r (:V)) S (\s m. (p s) (m o f)) m
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[POWSER_RING] THEN
    qed[poly_1_o_permutes]
  ;
    intro THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `f:V->V`;
      `U:V->bool`
    ]powerseries_o_permutes THEN
    have `p(x:X) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [powser_use] THEN
    have `(\m:V->num. p(x:X) (m o (f:V->V))) IN ring_carrier(powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [powser_use] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[POWSER_RING] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `ring_product (powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V)) (S:X->bool) p`;
      `U:V->bool`;
      `f:V->V`;
      `m:V->num`
    ]poly_mul_o_permutes THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `(\m:V->num. ring_product (powser_ring(r:R ring) (:V)) S (\s:X n:V->num. p s (n o (f:V->V))) m) = ring_product (powser_ring r (:V)) S (\s n. p s (n o f))` THENL [
      rw[FUN_EQ_THM]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R U f S.
  FINITE S ==>
  !m.
  f permutes U ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p (m o f) =
  ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S (\s m. (p s) (m o f)) m
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    qed[poly_1_o_permutes]
  ;
    intro THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `f:V->V`;
      `U:V->bool`
    ]polynomial_o_permutes THEN
    have `p(x:X) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [poly_use] THEN
    have `(\m:V->num. p(x:X) (m o (f:V->V))) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [poly_use] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:V)) (S:X->bool) p`;
      `U:V->bool`;
      `f:V->V`;
      `m:V->num`
    ]poly_mul_o_permutes THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `(\m:V->num. ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:V)) S (\s:X n:V->num. p s (n o (f:V->V))) m) = ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) S (\s n. p s (n o f))` THENL [
      rw[FUN_EQ_THM]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[]
  ]
);;

(* XXX: merge into eval_poly_product *)
let eval_poly_product_multi = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:X->(V->num)->R) c U S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> p s IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r U)) ==>
  (!v. v IN U ==> c v IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_evaluate r (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p) c
  = ring_product r S (\s. poly_evaluate r (p s) c)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POLY_RING;POLY_EVALUATE_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`U:V->bool`](CONJUNCT1 POLY_RING) THEN
    have `p(x:X):(V->num)->R IN {q | ring_polynomial(r:R ring) q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U}` [] THEN
    set_fact `p(x:X):(V->num)->R IN {q | ring_polynomial(r:R ring) q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U} ==> ring_polynomial r (p x)` THEN
    have `p(x:X) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:V))` [poly_use] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POLY_EVALUATE;POLY_RING] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) (S:X->bool) p)` [RING_PRODUCT;poly_use] THEN
    subgoal `!i. i IN poly_vars(r:R ring) (p(x:X)) UNION poly_vars r (ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) S p) ==> c i IN ring_carrier r` THENL [
      rw[IN_UNION] THEN
      set_fact `p(x:X):(V->num)->R IN {q | ring_polynomial(r:R ring) q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U} ==> poly_vars r (p x) SUBSET U` THEN
      subgoal `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:V)) (S:X->bool) p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r U)` THENL [
        have `!s:X. s IN S ==> p s:(V->num)->R IN ring_carrier (poly_ring r U)` [] THEN
        specialize[
          `r:R ring`;
          `p:X->(V->num)->R`;
          `U:V->bool`;
          `S:X->bool`
        ]poly_product_in_poly_ring THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) (S:X->bool) p IN {q | ring_polynomial(r:R ring) q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U}` [] THEN
      set_fact `ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) (S:X->bool) p IN {q | ring_polynomial(r:R ring) q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET U} ==> poly_vars r (ring_product (poly_ring r (:V)) S p) SUBSET U` THEN
      GEN_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
      have `i:V IN U` [SUBSET] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:V)) (S:X->bool) p`;
      `c:V->R`
    ]POLY_EVALUATE_MUL THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let poly_product_restrict_subset = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool U p.
  S SUBSET U ==>
  poly_product r U (\s. if s IN S then p s else poly_1 r)
  = poly_product r S p
`,
  rw[poly_product;x_series_use] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `S:X->bool`;
    `x_series(r:R ring)`;
    `U:X->bool`;
    `p:X->(1->num)->R`
  ]RING_PRODUCT_RESTRICT_SET THEN
  set_fact `S SUBSET U:X->bool ==> {x | x IN U /\ S x} = S` THEN
  rw[IN] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_const_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!t. t IN S ==> f t IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_const r (ring_product r S f) =
  poly_product r S (\t. poly_const r (f t))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;poly_product_empty] THEN
    rw[POLY_CONST_1]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (poly_const r (f(x:X)):(1->num)->R)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;poly_product_insert] THEN
    qed[POLY_CONST_MUL;RING_PRODUCT]
  ]
);;

(* ===== monic_vanishing_at: prod_i (x-c_i) *)

let monic_vanishing_at = new_definition `
  monic_vanishing_at (r:R ring) (S:X->bool) (c:X->R)
  = poly_product r S (\s. x_minus_const r (c s))
`;;

let monic_vanishing_at_empty = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R.
  monic_vanishing_at r {} c = poly_1 r
`,
  qed[monic_vanishing_at;poly_product_empty]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_insert = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool c t.
  (c t) IN ring_carrier r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  monic_vanishing_at r (t INSERT S) c
  = if t IN S
    then monic_vanishing_at r S c
    else poly_mul r (x_minus_const r (c t)) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
`,
  rw[monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c(t:X)))` [x_minus_const_series] THEN
  simp[poly_product_insert]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_plus1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c n.
  (c n) IN ring_carrier r ==>
  monic_vanishing_at r {i:num | i < n+1} c
  = poly_mul r (x_minus_const r (c n)) (monic_vanishing_at r {i:num | i < n} c)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE {i:num | i < n}` [FINITE_NUMSEG_LT] THEN
  subgoal `{i:num | i < n+1} = n INSERT {i:num | i < n}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;IN_INSERT;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `i < n+1 <=> i = n \/ i < n`]
  ;
    num_linear_fact `~(n < n:num)` THEN
    set_fact `~(n < n) ==> ~(n IN {i:num | i < n})` THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`{i:num | i < n}`;`c:num->R`;`n:num`]monic_vanishing_at_insert THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_eq = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool c d.
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> c s = d s) ==>
  monic_vanishing_at r S c = monic_vanishing_at r S d
`,
  rw[monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  qed[poly_product_eq]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S c:X->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_polynomial r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `(!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c(s:X))))` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
  rw[monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  qed[poly_product_poly]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S c:X->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_powerseries r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
`,
  qed[monic_vanishing_at_poly;ring_polynomial]
);;

let x_derivative_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S c:X->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
  = poly_sum r S
      (\s. (monic_vanishing_at r (S DELETE s) c))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c s))` [x_minus_const_series] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\s:X. x_minus_const(r:R ring) (c s)`;`S:X->bool`]x_derivative_product THEN
  rw[monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby poly_sum_eq THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[x_derivative_x_minus_const] THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE s:X)` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  set_fact `!t:X. t IN S DELETE s ==> t IN S` THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN S DELETE s ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c t))` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\s:X. x_minus_const(r:R ring) (c s)`;`(S:X->bool) DELETE s`]poly_product_series THEN
  qed[POLY_MUL_LID]
);;

let eval_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (c:X->R) z.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  z IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_eval r (monic_vanishing_at r S c) z
  = ring_product r S (\s. ring_sub r z (c s))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c s))` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
  simp[eval_poly_product] THEN
  sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
  qed[eval_x_minus_const]
);;

(* compare INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0 *)
let ring_product_eq_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (f:X->R).
  FINITE S /\
  (!s. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier r) /\
  (?t. t IN S /\ f t = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_product r S f = ring_0 r
`,
  intro THEN
  set_fact `t:X IN S ==> S = t INSERT (S DELETE t)` THEN
  set_fact `~(t:X IN (S DELETE t))` THEN
  have `FINITE (S DELETE (t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) (t INSERT (S DELETE (t:X))) f = ring_mul r (f t) (ring_product r (S DELETE t) f)` [RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
  have `ring_product(r:R ring) S f = ring_mul r (f t) (ring_product r (S DELETE(t:X)) f)` [] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;RING_PRODUCT]
);;

let eval_monic_vanishing_at_refl = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (c:X->R) t.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  t IN S ==>
  poly_eval r (monic_vanishing_at r S c) (c t)
  = ring_0 r
`,
  intro THEN
  have `c(t:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  simp[eval_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  sufficesby ring_product_eq_0 THEN
  qed[RING_SUB_REFL;RING_SUB]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_image = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S (f:X->Y) (g:Y->R).
  (!x y. x IN S ==> y IN S ==> f x = f y ==> x = y) ==>
  monic_vanishing_at r (IMAGE f S) g = monic_vanishing_at r S (g o f)
`,
  rw[monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`S:X->bool`;`f:X->Y`;`\s:Y. x_minus_const(r:R ring) (g s)`]poly_product_image THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby poly_product_eq THEN
  qed[FUN_EQ_THM;o_THM]
);;

(* ===== monic polynomials *)

let monic = new_definition `
  monic (r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R)
  <=> coeff (poly_deg r p) p = ring_1 r
`;;

let monic_zero_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_1 r = ring_0 r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  monic r p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `trivial_ring(r:R ring)` [TRIVIAL_RING_10] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r p) p IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r p) p IN {ring_0(r:R ring)}` [trivial_ring] THEN
  set_fact `!x. x IN {ring_0(r:R ring)} ==> x = ring_0 r` THEN
  qed[monic]
);;

let monic_poly_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  monic r (poly_0 r) <=> ring_1 r = ring_0 r
`,
  rw[monic;POLY_DEG_0;coeff_poly_0] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let monic_poly_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  monic r (poly_1 r)
`,
  rw[monic;POLY_DEG_1;coeff_poly_1]
);;

let poly_1_if_monic_deg_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  poly_deg r p = 0 ==>
  monic r p ==>
  p = poly_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `c:R` `c IN ring_carrier r /\ p = poly_const r c:(1->num)->R` [POLY_DEG_EQ_0] THEN
  have `coeff 0 p = c:R` [coeff_poly_const] THEN
  have `coeff 0 p = ring_1(r:R ring)` [monic] THEN
  qed[poly_1]
);;

let monic_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  monic r (x_pow r n)
`,
  intro THEN
  case `ring_1 r = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
    qed[x_pow_series;monic_zero_ring]
  ;
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (x_pow r n) = n` [deg_x_pow] THEN
    simp[monic;coeff_x_pow]
  ]
);;

let monic_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  monic r (x_minus_const r c)
`,
  intro THEN
  case `ring_1 r = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
    qed[x_minus_const_series;monic_zero_ring]
  ;
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r c) = 1` [deg_x_minus_const] THEN
    simp[monic;coeff_x_minus_const]
  ]
);;

let topcoeff_monic_poly_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  monic r p ==>
  monic r q ==>
  coeff (poly_deg r p + poly_deg r q) (poly_mul r p q)
  = ring_1 r
`,
  rw[monic] THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (0..poly_deg r p + poly_deg r q) (\a. ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff ((poly_deg r p + poly_deg r q) - a) q)) = ring_sum r (0..poly_deg r p + poly_deg r q) (\a. if a = poly_deg r p then ring_mul r (coeff a p) (coeff ((poly_deg r p + poly_deg r q) - a) q) else ring_0 r)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    simp[] THEN
    case `a = poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)` THENL [
      simp[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    case `a < poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `a < poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) ==> ~((poly_deg r p + poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)) - a <= poly_deg r q)` THEN
      num_linear_fact `poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R) <= poly_deg r q` THEN
      have `coeff ((poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) + poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)) - a) q = ring_0 r` [coeff_deg_le] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_RZERO;coeff_poly_in_ring]
    ;
      num_linear_fact `~(a = poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)) /\ ~(a < poly_deg r p) ==> ~(a <= poly_deg r p)` THEN
      num_linear_fact `poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) <= poly_deg r p` THEN
      have `coeff a (p:(1->num)->R) = ring_0 r` [coeff_deg_le] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;coeff_poly_in_ring]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) IN 0..poly_deg r p + poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)` [IN_NUMSEG_0;ARITH_RULE `poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) <= poly_deg r p + poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)`] THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_DELTA;RING_MUL_LID;RING_1;RING_MUL;coeff_poly_in_ring;ARITH_RULE `(poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) + poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)) - poly_deg r p = poly_deg r q`]
);;

let deg_monic_poly_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  monic r p ==>
  monic r q ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_mul r p q) = poly_deg r p + poly_deg r q
`,
  intro THEN
  case `ring_1(r:R ring) = ring_0 r` THENL [
    have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (q:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (poly_mul r (p:(1->num)->R) (q:(1->num)->R))` [RING_POWERSERIES_MUL] THEN
    simp[deg_zero_ring] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `0+0 = 0`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (poly_mul r (p:(1->num)->R) (q:(1->num)->R))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (poly_mul r p q) <= poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) + poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)` [POLY_DEG_MUL_LE] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) + poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)) (poly_mul r p q) = ring_1 r` [topcoeff_monic_poly_mul] THEN
  have `~(coeff (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) + poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)) (poly_mul r p q) = ring_0 r)` [] THEN
  qed[deg_coeff_from_le]
);;

let monic_poly_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  monic r p ==>
  monic r q ==>
  monic r (poly_mul r p q)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `poly_deg r (poly_mul r (p:(1->num)->R) (q:(1->num)->R)) = poly_deg r p + poly_deg r q` [deg_monic_poly_mul] THEN
  simp[monic] THEN
  qed[topcoeff_monic_poly_mul]
);;

let monic_poly_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (S:X->bool).
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> monic r (p s)) ==>
  monic r (poly_product r S p)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty] THEN
    qed[monic_poly_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p(s:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial (r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p)` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    have `monic (r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p)` [] THEN
    have `monic r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert] THEN
    qed[monic_poly_mul]
  ]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_monic = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S:X->bool c.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  monic r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
`,
  rw[monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c s))` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> monic(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c s))` [monic_x_minus_const] THEN
  simp[monic_poly_product]
);;

let monic_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G p.
  monic (subring_generated r G) p
  <=> monic r p
`,
  rw[monic;SUBRING_GENERATED;POLY_DEG_SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

(* ===== r[x] when r is a field *)

let PID_x_poly_field = prove(`
  !r:R ring.
  field r ==> PID(x_poly r)
`,
  qed[PID_POLY_RING;x_poly]
);;

let UFD_x_poly_field = prove(`
  !r:R ring.
  field r ==> UFD(x_poly r)
`,
  qed[PID_x_poly_field;PID_IMP_UFD]
);;

let integral_domain_x_poly_field = prove(`
  !r:R ring.
  field r ==> integral_domain(x_poly r)
`,
  qed[PID_x_poly_field;PID_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN]
);;

let prime_iff_irreducible_over_field = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  field r ==>
  (ring_irreducible(x_poly r) p <=> ring_prime(x_poly r) p)
`,
  qed[PID_x_poly_field;PID_IRREDUCIBLE_EQ_PRIME]
);;

let squarefree_if_irreducible_over_field = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  field r ==>
  ring_irreducible(x_poly r) p ==> 
  ring_squarefree(x_poly r) p
`,
  qed[prime_iff_irreducible_over_field;ring_squarefree_if_prime]
);;

let x_poly_field_monic_associate = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R).
  field r ==>
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 r) ==>
  ?q. (ring_polynomial r q /\
       monic r q /\
       ring_associates(x_poly r) p q)
`,
  intro THEN
  def `n:num` `poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)` THEN
  def `pn:R` `coeff n (p:(1->num)->R)` THEN
  have `pn IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
  have `~(pn = ring_0(r:R ring))` [topcoeff_nonzero] THEN
  have `ring_unit(r:R ring) pn` [FIELD_UNIT] THEN
  have `ring_inv(r:R ring) pn IN ring_carrier r` [RING_INV] THEN
  have `ring_mul(r:R ring) pn (ring_inv r pn) = ring_1 r` [ring_div_refl;ring_div] THEN
  have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_inv r pn) pn = ring_1 r` [RING_MUL_SYM] THEN
  def `q:(1->num)->R` `poly_mul r (p:(1->num)->R) (poly_const r (ring_inv r pn))` THEN
  have `poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R) = poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)` [deg_mul_const_const_1] THEN
  witness `q:(1->num)->R` THEN
  rw[monic] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (q:(1->num)->R)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (q:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`ring_inv(r:R ring) pn`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)`]coeff_times_poly_const THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)) (q:(1->num)->R) = ring_1 r` [coeff_times_poly_const] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R)) (q:(1->num)->R) = ring_1 r` [] THEN
  rw[x_poly] THEN
  have `ring_unit(r:R ring) (ring_inv r pn)` [RING_UNIT_INV] THEN
  qed[associates_if_mul_unit_const;x_poly]
);;

let mul_unit_const_if_associates = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(V->num)->R) q.
  field r ==>
  ring_associates(poly_ring r (:V)) p q ==>
  ?c. ring_unit r c /\ q = poly_mul r p (poly_const r c)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [FIELD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  have `integral_domain(poly_ring (r:R ring) (:V))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POLY_RING] THEN
  choose `u:(V->num)->R` `ring_unit(poly_ring (r:R ring) (:V)) u /\ ring_mul(poly_ring (r:R ring) (:V)) p u = q` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_ASSOCIATES] THEN
  choose `c:R` `ring_unit(r:R ring) c /\ u = poly_const r c:(V->num)->R` [RING_UNIT_POLY_DOMAIN] THEN
  witness `c:R` THEN
  qed[POLY_RING_CLAUSES]
);;

let monic_associates = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  field r ==>
  monic r p ==>
  monic r q ==>
  ring_associates(x_poly r) p q ==>
  p = q
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `c:R` `ring_unit(r:R ring) c /\ q = poly_mul r p (poly_const r c:(1->num)->R)` [mul_unit_const_if_associates;x_poly] THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_poly(r:R ring))` [integral_domain_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_ASSOCIATES] THEN
  have `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_ASSOCIATES] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (p:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (q:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_unit(r:R ring) c` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`c:R`]deg_mul_unit_const THEN
  have `poly_deg r (q:(1->num)->R) = poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)` [deg_mul_unit_const;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `c IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_unit] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`c:R`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)`]coeff_times_poly_const THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)) p = ring_1 r` [monic] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)) q = ring_1 r` [monic] THEN
  have `ring_1 r = ring_mul r c (ring_1(r:R ring))` [] THEN
  have `c = ring_1(r:R ring)` [RING_MUL_RID] THEN
  have `poly_const r c = ring_1 (x_poly(r:R ring))` [poly_1;x_poly_use] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL_RID;x_poly_use]
);;

let no_square_divisor_if_coprime_derivative_lemma1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) q (u:(V->num)->R).
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  ring_polynomial r u ==>
  poly_mul r (poly_mul r q q) u
  = poly_mul r q (poly_mul r q u)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (q:(V->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (u:(V->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  qed[POLY_MUL_ASSOC]
);;

let no_square_divisor_if_coprime_derivative_lemma2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) q u.
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  ring_polynomial r u ==>
     poly_add r
     (poly_mul r
      (poly_add r (poly_mul r (x_derivative r q) q)
      (poly_mul r q (x_derivative r q)))
     u)
     (poly_mul r (poly_mul r q q) (x_derivative r u)) =
     poly_mul r q
     (poly_add r
      (poly_mul r (poly_add r (x_derivative r q) (x_derivative r q)) u)
     (poly_mul r q (x_derivative r u)))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (x_derivative r q)` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (x_derivative r u)` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `u IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `x_derivative r q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `x_derivative r u IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  rw[x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[
    `x_poly(r:R ring)`;`q:(1->num)->R`
    ;`x_derivative r q:(1->num)->R`
    ;`u:(1->num)->R`
    ;`x_derivative r u:(1->num)->R`]
  (GENL[`r:R ring`;`q:R`;`Q:R`;`u:R`;`U:R`](
    RING_RULE `ring_add(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_add r (ring_mul r Q q) (ring_mul r q Q)) u) (ring_mul r (ring_mul r q q) U) = ring_mul r q (ring_add r (ring_mul r (ring_add r Q Q) u) (ring_mul r q U))`
  )) THEN
  qed[]
);;

let no_square_divisor_if_coprime_derivative = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  field r ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  ring_coprime(x_poly r) (p,x_derivative r p) ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) (poly_mul r q q) p ==>
  ring_unit(x_poly r) q
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `u:(1->num)->R` `u IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) /\ p:(1->num)->R = ring_mul(x_poly r) (poly_mul r q q) u` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `p:(1->num)->R = poly_mul r (poly_mul r q q) u` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `(p:(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [ring_coprime] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (p:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (q:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`q:(1->num)->R`;`q:(1->num)->R`]x_derivative_mul THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (u:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (u:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (poly_mul r q (q:(1->num)->R))` [RING_POWERSERIES_MUL] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`poly_mul r q (q:(1->num)->R)`;`u:(1->num)->R`]x_derivative_mul THEN
  have `x_derivative(r:R ring) p = poly_add r (poly_mul r (poly_add r (poly_mul r (x_derivative r q) q) (poly_mul r q (x_derivative r q))) u) (poly_mul r (poly_mul r q q) (x_derivative r u))` [] THEN
  have `x_derivative(r:R ring) p = poly_mul r q (poly_add r (poly_mul r (poly_add r (x_derivative r q) (x_derivative r q)) u) (poly_mul r q (x_derivative r u)))` [no_square_divisor_if_coprime_derivative_lemma2] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (x_derivative r (p:(1->num)->R))` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (x_derivative r (q:(1->num)->R))` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (x_derivative r (u:(1->num)->R))` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (poly_add r (x_derivative r (q:(1->num)->R)) (x_derivative r q))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (poly_mul r (poly_add r (x_derivative r (q:(1->num)->R)) (x_derivative r q)) u)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (poly_mul r (q:(1->num)->R) (x_derivative r u))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (poly_add r (poly_mul r (poly_add r (x_derivative r (q:(1->num)->R)) (x_derivative r q)) u) (poly_mul r q (x_derivative r u)))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD] THEN
  have `poly_add r (poly_mul r (poly_add r (x_derivative r (q:(1->num)->R)) (x_derivative r q)) u) (poly_mul r q (x_derivative r u)) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `(q:(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `(p:(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `x_derivative r (p:(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  subgoal `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) q (x_derivative r p)` THENL [
    rw[ring_divides] THEN
    intro THENL [qed[]; qed[]; pass] THEN
    witness `poly_add r (poly_mul r (poly_add r (x_derivative r (q:(1->num)->R)) (x_derivative r q)) u) (poly_mul r q (x_derivative r u))` THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ;
      rw[GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
      qed[]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) q p` THENL [
    rw[ring_divides] THEN
    intro THENL [qed[]; qed[]; pass] THEN
    witness `poly_mul r q u:(1->num)->R` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (poly_mul r q u:(1->num)->R)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
    have `(poly_mul r q u:(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p:(1->num)->R = poly_mul r q (poly_mul r q u)` [no_square_divisor_if_coprime_derivative_lemma1] THEN
    qed[x_poly_use]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[ring_coprime]
);;

let nonzero_if_coprime_derivative = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  field r ==>
  ring_coprime(x_poly r) (p,x_derivative r p) ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 r)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `PID (x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `ring_0(x_poly r):(1->num)->R = poly_0 r` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_coprime] THEN
  have `x_derivative r p = ring_0(x_poly r):(1->num)->R` [x_derivative_poly_0] THEN
  have `ring_gcd(x_poly r) (p,x_derivative r p) = ring_0(x_poly r):(1->num)->R` [RING_GCD_00] THEN
  have `x_derivative r p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_coprime] THEN
  specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`x_derivative (r:R ring) p`]RING_GCD_EQ_1 THEN
  have `ring_gcd(x_poly r) (p,x_derivative r p) = ring_1(x_poly r):(1->num)->R` [RING_GCD_EQ_1] THEN
  qed[PID_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN;integral_domain]
);;

let squarefree_if_coprime_derivative = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  field r ==>
  ring_coprime(x_poly r) (p,x_derivative r p) ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly r) p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_coprime] THEN
  have `~(p = ring_0(x_poly(r:R ring)))` [nonzero_if_coprime_derivative;x_poly_use] THEN
  proven_if `ring_unit(x_poly(r:R ring)) p` [ring_squarefree_if_unit] THEN
  have `PID (x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `UFD (x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_IMP_UFD] THEN
  ASSUME_TAC(UNDISCH_ALL (ISPECL[`p:(1->num)->R`] (CONJUNCT2 (UNDISCH_ALL (fst (EQ_IMP_RULE (UNDISCH_ALL (REWRITE_RULE [IMP_CONJ] (ISPECL [`x_poly(r:R ring)`]UFD_EQ_PRIMEFACT_NONUNIT))))))))) THEN
  choose2 `n:num` `q:num->(1->num)->R` `1 <= n /\ (!i. 1 <= i /\ i <= n ==> ring_prime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q i)) /\ ring_product(x_poly r) (1..n) q = p` [] THEN
  subgoal `!i j. 1 <= i /\ i <= n /\ 1 <= j /\ j <= n /\ ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q i) (q j) /\ ~(i = j) ==> F` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    have `!i:num. i IN (1..n) ==> q i IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_prime;IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    have `i IN (1..n)` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    have `j IN (1..n)` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`1..n`;`q:num->(1->num)->R`;`i:num`;`j:num`]square_divides_product_if_factor_divides_factor THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) (poly_mul r (q(i:num)) (q(i))) p` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (q(i:num):(1->num)->R)` [ring_prime;x_poly_use] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`q(i:num):(1->num)->R`]no_square_divisor_if_coprime_derivative THEN
    qed[ring_prime]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_prime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q i)` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> q i IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `!i j. i IN 1..n ==> j IN 1..n ==> ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q i) (q j) ==> i = j` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
  specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`1..n`;`q:num->(1->num)->R`]ring_squarefree_if_product_coprime_primes_indexed THEN
  qed[]
);;

let deg_x_derivative_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p d.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ~(coeff d (x_derivative r p) = ring_0(r:R ring)) ==>
  d <= poly_deg r p - 1
`,
  rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `~(coeff (d+1) p = ring_0(r:R ring))` [RING_MUL_RZERO;RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  have `d+1 <= poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)` [coeff_le_deg] THEN
  num_linear_fact `d+1 <= poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) ==> d <= poly_deg r p - 1` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let deg_x_derivative_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  poly_deg r (x_derivative r p) <= poly_deg r p - 1
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!d. ~(coeff d (x_derivative r p) = ring_0(r:R ring)) ==> d <= poly_deg r p - 1` [deg_x_derivative_lemma] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (x_derivative r (p:(1->num)->R))` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  qed[deg_le_coeff;ring_polynomial]
);;

(* warning: 0 - 1 = 0 *)
let deg_x_derivative = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  poly_deg r (x_derivative r p) = poly_deg r p - 1
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!d. ~(coeff d (x_derivative r p) = ring_0(r:R ring)) ==> d <= poly_deg r p - 1` [deg_x_derivative_lemma] THEN
  case `poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) = 0` THENL [
    choose `c:R` `c IN ring_carrier r /\ (p:(1->num)->R) = poly_const r c` [POLY_DEG_EQ_0] THEN
    have `x_derivative r (p:(1->num)->R) = poly_0 r` [x_derivative_poly_const] THEN
    qed[POLY_DEG_0;ARITH_RULE `0 - 1 = 0`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `~(coeff (poly_deg r p - 1) (x_derivative r p) = ring_0(r:R ring))` THENL [
    have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1 + 1 = 0)` THEN
    have `~(ring_of_num r (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1 + 1) = ring_0 r)` [RING_CHAR_EQ_0] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) = 0) ==> poly_deg r p - 1 + 1 = poly_deg r p` THEN
    have `~((p:(1->num)->R) = poly_0 r)` [POLY_DEG_0;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `~(coeff (poly_deg r p - 1 + 1) (p:(1->num)->R) = ring_0 r)` [topcoeff_nonzero] THEN
    qed[integral_domain;RING_OF_NUM;coeff_poly_in_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (x_derivative r (p:(1->num)->R))` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  qed[deg_coeff;ring_polynomial]
);;

let x_derivative_nonzero = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ~(poly_deg r p = 0) ==>
  ~(x_derivative r p = poly_0 r)
`,
  intro THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) = 0) ==> poly_deg r p - 1 + 1 = poly_deg r p` THEN
  subgoal `~(coeff (poly_deg r p - 1) (x_derivative r p) = ring_0(r:R ring))` THENL [
    have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1 + 1 = 0)` THEN
    have `~(ring_of_num r (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1 + 1) = ring_0 r)` [RING_CHAR_EQ_0] THEN
    have `~((p:(1->num)->R) = poly_0 r)` [POLY_DEG_0;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `~(coeff (poly_deg r p - 1 + 1) (p:(1->num)->R) = ring_0 r)` [topcoeff_nonzero] THEN
    qed[integral_domain;RING_OF_NUM;coeff_poly_in_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1) (x_derivative r p) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (poly_deg r p - 1 + 1)) (coeff (poly_deg r p - 1 + 1) p)` [coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1) (x_derivative r p) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (poly_deg r p)) (coeff (poly_deg r p) p)` [coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  have `~((p:(1->num)->R) = poly_0 r)` [POLY_DEG_0;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(coeff (poly_deg r p) (p:(1->num)->R) = ring_0 r)` [topcoeff_nonzero] THEN
  have `~(ring_of_num r (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R)) = ring_0 r)` [RING_CHAR_EQ_0] THEN
  have `~(coeff (poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1) (x_derivative r p) = ring_0 r)` [integral_domain;RING_OF_NUM;coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
  qed[coeff_poly_0]
);;

let deg_divides = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (S:V->bool) p q.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_divides(poly_ring r S) p q ==>
  ~(q = poly_0 r) ==>
  poly_deg r p <= poly_deg r q
`,
  intro THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S)` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `(p:(V->num)->R) IN {f | ring_polynomial r f /\ poly_vars r f SUBSET S}` [POLY_RING] THEN
  set_fact `(p:(V->num)->R) IN {f | ring_polynomial r f /\ poly_vars r f SUBSET S} ==> ring_polynomial r p` THEN
  choose `u:(V->num)->R` `(u:(V->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r S) /\ q = ring_mul(poly_ring r S) p u` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `(u:(V->num)->R) IN {f | ring_polynomial r f /\ poly_vars r f SUBSET S}` [POLY_RING] THEN
  set_fact `(u:(V->num)->R) IN {f | ring_polynomial r f /\ poly_vars r f SUBSET S} ==> ring_polynomial r u` THEN
  have `~((p:(V->num)->R) = poly_0 r)` [POLY_MUL_0;POLY_RING] THEN
  have `~((u:(V->num)->R) = poly_0 r)` [POLY_MUL_0;POLY_RING] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (poly_mul r p (u:(V->num)->R)) = poly_deg r p + poly_deg r u` [POLY_DEG_MUL] THEN
  num_linear_fact `poly_deg r (poly_mul r p (u:(V->num)->R)) = poly_deg r p + poly_deg r u ==> poly_deg r p <= poly_deg r (poly_mul r p u)` THEN
  qed[POLY_RING]
);;

let poly_deg_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p n S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(p s = poly_0 r)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> poly_deg r (p s) = n s) ==>
  field r ==>
  poly_deg r (poly_product r S p) = nsum S n
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;NSUM_CLAUSES;POLY_DEG_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[CARD_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p)` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p) = nsum S n` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    subgoal `~(poly_product r (S:X->bool) p = poly_0(r:R ring))` THENL [
      simp[poly_product_ring_product_x_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
      have `integral_domain(x_poly(r:R ring))` [integral_domain_x_poly_field] THEN
      specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`S:X->bool`;`p:X->(1->num)->R`]INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0 THEN
      qed[x_poly_use]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`r:R ring`;`p(x:X):(1->num)->R`;`poly_product r (S:X->bool) p:(1->num)->R`]POLY_DEG_MUL THEN
    qed[FIELD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN]
  ]
);;

let deg_prime = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  field r ==>
  ring_prime(x_poly r) p ==>
  ~(poly_deg r p = 0)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `(p:(1->num)->R) IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (p:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  choose `c:R` `c IN ring_carrier r /\ (p:(1->num)->R) = poly_const r c` [POLY_DEG_EQ_0] THEN
  case `c = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
    have `p = ring_0(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use;poly_0] THEN
    qed[ring_prime]
  ;
    choose `d:R` `d IN ring_carrier(r:R ring) /\ ring_mul r c d = ring_1 r` [field] THEN
    have `poly_mul r (poly_const r c) (poly_const r d) = poly_const r (ring_mul r c d):(1->num)->R` [POLY_CONST_MUL] THEN
    have `poly_mul r (poly_const r c) (poly_const r d) = poly_1 r:(1->num)->R` [poly_1] THEN
    have `poly_mul r p (poly_const r d) = poly_1 r:(1->num)->R` [] THEN
    have `ring_mul(x_poly r) p (poly_const r d) = ring_1(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `poly_const r d IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [POLY_CONST;x_poly] THEN
    have `ring_unit(x_poly(r:R ring)) p` [ring_unit] THEN
    qed[ring_prime]
  ]
);;

let deg_0_if_unit = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  field r ==>
  ring_unit(x_poly r) p ==>
  poly_deg r p = 0
`,
  intro THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_unit] THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->R` `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring)) /\ ring_mul(x_poly r) p q = ring_1(x_poly r)` [ring_unit] THEN
  have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [FIELD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (p:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (q:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `poly_mul r p q = poly_1 r:(1->num)->R` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(poly_1 r = poly_0 r:(1->num)->R)` [coeff_poly_1;coeff_poly_0;integral_domain] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 r:(1->num)->R)` [POLY_MUL_0] THEN
  have `~(q = poly_0 r:(1->num)->R)` [POLY_MUL_0] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (poly_mul r p q:(1->num)->R) = poly_deg r p + poly_deg r q` [POLY_DEG_MUL] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (poly_1 r:(1->num)->R) = 0` [POLY_DEG_1] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `0 = d + e ==> d = 0`]
);;

let prime_if_deg_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  field r ==>
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  poly_deg r p = 1 ==>
  ring_prime(x_poly r) p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `~ring_unit(x_poly(r:R ring)) p` [deg_0_if_unit;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0(r:R ring):(1->num)->R)` [POLY_DEG_0;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`] THEN
  have `~(p = ring_0(x_poly(r:R ring)))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `PID (x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `UFD (x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_IMP_UFD] THEN
  ASSUME_TAC(UNDISCH_ALL (ISPECL[`p:(1->num)->R`] (CONJUNCT2 (UNDISCH_ALL (fst (EQ_IMP_RULE (UNDISCH_ALL (REWRITE_RULE [IMP_CONJ] (ISPECL [`x_poly(r:R ring)`]UFD_EQ_PRIMEFACT_NONUNIT))))))))) THEN
  choose2 `n:num` `q:num->((1->num)->R)` `1 <= n /\ (!i. 1 <= i ==> i <= n ==> ring_prime (x_poly(r:R ring)) (q i)) /\ ring_product (x_poly r) (1..n) q = p` [] THEN
  have `!i. 1 <= i ==> i <= n ==> ring_polynomial r (q i:(1->num)->R)` [ring_prime;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `!i. 1 <= i ==> i <= n ==> ~(q i = poly_0 r:(1->num)->R)` [deg_prime;POLY_DEG_0] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> 1 <= i /\ i <= n` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial r (q i:(1->num)->R)` [ring_prime;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ~(q i = poly_0 r:(1->num)->R)` [deg_prime;POLY_DEG_0] THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`q:num->(1->num)->R`;`\s:num. poly_deg r (q s:(1->num)->R)`;`1..n`]poly_deg_product THEN
  have `p = poly_product(r:R ring) (1..n) q` [poly_product_ring_product_x_poly] THEN
  have `nsum(1..n) (\s. poly_deg r (q s:(1->num)->R)) = 1` [] THEN
  have `!s. s IN 1..n ==> 1 <= poly_deg r (q s:(1->num)->R)` [deg_prime;ARITH_RULE `~(x = 0) ==> 1 <= x`] THEN
  have `nsum(1..n) (\s. 1) <= nsum(1..n) (\s. poly_deg r (q s:(1->num)->R))` [NSUM_LE] THEN
  have `CARD(1..n) <= nsum(1..n) (\s. poly_deg r (q s:(1->num)->R))` [CARD_EQ_NSUM] THEN
  have `n <= nsum(1..n) (\s. poly_deg r (q s:(1->num)->R))` [CARD_NUMSEG_1] THEN
  have `n <= 1` [] THEN 
  have `1 <= n` [] THEN
  num_linear_fact `1 <= n ==> n <= 1 ==> n = 1` THEN
  have `p = ring_product(x_poly(r:R ring)) {1} q` [NUMSEG_SING] THEN
  have `p = q 1:(1->num)->R` [RING_PRODUCT_SING;x_poly_use] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let coprime_prime_derivative = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  field r ==>
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_prime(x_poly r) p ==>
  ring_coprime(x_poly r) (p,x_derivative r p)
`,
  rw[ring_coprime] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[ring_prime]
  ;
    qed[ring_prime;x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial]
  ;
    have `integral_domain(x_poly(r:R ring))` [integral_domain_x_poly_field] THEN
    have `ring_irreducible(x_poly(r:R ring)) p` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRIME_IMP_IRREDUCIBLE] THEN
    proven_if `ring_unit (x_poly(r:R ring)) d` [] THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (x_derivative r (p:(1->num)->R))` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `x_derivative r p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_associates(x_poly(r:R ring)) d p` [RING_NONUNIT_DIVIDES_IRREDUCIBLE] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (x_derivative r p)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_REFL;RING_ASSOCIATES_DIVIDES] THEN
    have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [FIELD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
    have `~(poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) = 0)` [deg_prime] THEN
    have `~(x_derivative r p = poly_0(r:R ring))` [x_derivative_nonzero] THEN
    have `poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) <= poly_deg r (x_derivative r p)` [deg_divides;x_poly] THEN
    have `poly_deg r (x_derivative r p) = poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1` [deg_x_derivative] THEN
    num_linear_fact `poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) <= poly_deg r (x_derivative r p) /\ poly_deg r (x_derivative r p) = poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) - 1 ==> poly_deg r p = 0` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let square_divides_if_also_divides_derivative = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p f.
  field r ==>
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_prime(x_poly r) p ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p f ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (x_derivative r f) ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) (poly_mul r p p) f
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->R` `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring)) /\ f = ring_mul(x_poly r) p q` [ring_divides] THEN
  choose `Q:(1->num)->R` `Q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring)) /\ x_derivative r f = ring_mul(x_poly r) p Q` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (p:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (q:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (q:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`q:(1->num)->R`]x_derivative_mul THEN
  have `x_derivative(r:R ring) (ring_mul(x_poly r) p q) = poly_add r (poly_mul r (x_derivative r p) q) (poly_mul r p (x_derivative r q))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `x_derivative(r:R ring) (ring_mul(x_poly r) p q) = ring_add(x_poly r) (poly_mul r (x_derivative r p) q) (poly_mul r p (x_derivative r q))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `x_derivative(r:R ring) (ring_mul(x_poly r) p q) = ring_add(x_poly r) (ring_mul(x_poly r) (x_derivative r p) q) (poly_mul r p (x_derivative r q))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `x_derivative(r:R ring) (ring_mul(x_poly r) p q) = ring_add(x_poly r) (ring_mul(x_poly r) (x_derivative r p) q) (ring_mul(x_poly r) p (x_derivative r q))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) p Q = ring_add(x_poly r) (ring_mul(x_poly r) (x_derivative r p) q) (ring_mul(x_poly r) p (x_derivative r q))` [] THEN
  have `ring_coprime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (p,x_derivative r p)` [coprime_prime_derivative] THEN
  have `PID(x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `bezout_ring(x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_IMP_BEZOUT_RING] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (x_derivative r (p:(1->num)->R))` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `x_derivative r p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`x_derivative(r:R ring) p`]BEZOUT_RING_COPRIME THEN
  choose2 `x:(1->num)->R` `y:(1->num)->R` `x IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring)) /\ y IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) /\ ring_add (x_poly r) (ring_mul (x_poly r) p x) (ring_mul (x_poly r) (x_derivative r p) y) = ring_1 (x_poly r)` [] THEN
  have `Q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [] THEN
  have `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [] THEN
  have `x_derivative r q IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `x IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [] THEN
  have `y IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [] THEN
  have `ring_mul (x_poly(r:R ring)) p Q = ring_add (x_poly r) (ring_mul (x_poly r) (x_derivative r p) q) (ring_mul (x_poly r) p (x_derivative r q))` [] THEN
  have `ring_add (x_poly(r:R ring)) (ring_mul (x_poly r) p x) (ring_mul (x_poly r) (x_derivative r p) y) = ring_1 (x_poly r)` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `x_poly(r:R ring)`
    ;`Q:(1->num)->R`
    ;`p:(1->num)->R`
    ;`x_derivative r p:(1->num)->R`
    ;`q:(1->num)->R`
    ;`x_derivative r q:(1->num)->R`
    ;`x:(1->num)->R`
    ;`y:(1->num)->R`
  ](GENL[`r:R ring`;`Q:R`;`p:R`;`p':R`;`q:R`;`q':R`;`x:R`;`y:R`](
  RING_RULE `ring_mul(r:R ring) p Q = ring_add r (ring_mul r p' q) (ring_mul r p q') /\ ring_add r (ring_mul r p x) (ring_mul r p' y) = ring_1 r ==> ring_mul r p q = ring_mul r (ring_mul r p p) (ring_sub r (ring_add r (ring_mul r Q y) (ring_mul r x q)) (ring_mul r q' y))`
  )) THEN
  subgoal `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) (ring_mul(x_poly r) p p) f` THENL [
    rw[ring_divides] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[RING_MUL]
    ;
      qed[RING_MUL]
    ;
      witness `ring_sub (x_poly(r:R ring)) (ring_add (x_poly r) (ring_mul (x_poly r) Q y) (ring_mul (x_poly r) x q)) (ring_mul (x_poly r) (x_derivative r q) y)` THEN
      intro THENL [
        have `ring_add (x_poly r) (ring_mul (x_poly r) Q y) (ring_mul (x_poly r) x q) IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [RING_ADD;RING_MUL] THEN
        qed[RING_SUB;RING_MUL]
      ;
        qed[]
      ]
    ]
    ;
      qed[x_poly_use]
  ]
);;

let poly_divides_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (f:X->(1->num)->R) S t.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (f s)) ==>
  t IN S ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (f t) ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (poly_product r S f)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE (S DELETE (t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`f:X->(1->num)->R`;`S DELETE (t:X)`;`t:X`]poly_product_insert THEN
  set_fact `(t:X) IN S ==> t INSERT (S DELETE t) = S` THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (f(t:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  set_fact `~(t:X IN (S DELETE t))` THEN
  have `poly_product(r:R ring) S f = poly_mul r (f(t:X)) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) f)` [] THEN
  have `poly_product(r:R ring) S f = ring_mul(x_poly r) (f(t:X)) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) f)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (f s:(1->num)->R)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  qed [RING_DIVIDES_RMUL;poly_product_poly;x_poly_use]
);;

let poly_divides_sum = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (f:X->(1->num)->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) p (f s)) ==>
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (poly_sum r S f)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_sum_empty;x_poly_use] THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_0;x_poly_use]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN x INSERT S ==> f s IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (f(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use;ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_sum_insert] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (f s)` [] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (f(x:X))` [] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (poly_sum r S (f:X->(1->num)->R))` [] THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_ADD;x_poly_use]
  ]
);;

let poly_divides_delta = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p t (f:X->(1->num)->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  ring_polynomial r (f t) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(s = t) ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) p (f s)) ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (poly_sum r S f) ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (f t)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `f(t:X) IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_sum(x_poly(r:R ring)) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_sub(x_poly r) (ring_sum(x_poly r) S f) (f t)` [RING_SUM_DELETE] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (f(s:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_divides;x_poly_use] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> s IN S` THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial r (f(s:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_divides;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `FINITE (S DELETE(t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `poly_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_sub(x_poly r) (ring_sum(x_poly r) S f) (f t)` [poly_sum_ring_sum_x_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `poly_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE (t:X)) f = ring_sub(x_poly r) (poly_sum r S f) (f t)` [poly_sum_ring_sum_x_poly] THEN
  have `poly_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE(t:X)) f IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [poly_sum_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `poly_sum(r:R ring) (S:X->bool) f IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [poly_sum_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`
    ;`poly_sum(r:R ring) (S DELETE(t:X)) f`
    ;`poly_sum(r:R ring) (S:X->bool) f`
    ;`f(t:X):(1->num)->R`
  ](GENL[`r:R ring`;`A:R`;`B:R`;`C:R`
  ](RING_RULE `A = ring_sub(r:R ring) B C ==> C = ring_sub r B A`)) THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ~(s = t)` THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) p (f(s:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_divides;x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`f:X->(1->num)->R`;`S DELETE (t:X)`]poly_divides_sum THEN
  qed[RING_DIVIDES_SUB]
);;

let coprime_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (f:X->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (UFD r \/ (integral_domain r /\ bezout_ring r)) ==>
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_coprime r (p,f s)) ==>
  ring_coprime r (p,ring_product r S f)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  STRIP_TAC THENL [
    REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[ring_coprime_1]
  ;
    REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
    REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
    REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_coprime(r:R ring) (p,f(x:X))` [] THEN
    have `f(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_coprime] THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_coprime(r:R ring) (p,f s)` [] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_coprime] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[RING_COPRIME_RMUL;RING_PRODUCT]
  ]
);;

let divides_factor_and_derivative_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S t p (f:X->(1->num)->R).
  field r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  t IN S ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (f t) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_coprime(x_poly r) (p,f s)) ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (x_derivative r (poly_product r S f)) ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly r) p (x_derivative r (f t))
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    case `s = t:X` THENL [
      qed[ring_divides]
    ;
      qed[ring_coprime;IN_DELETE]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (f s:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (f s:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`f:X->(1->num)->R`;`S:X->bool`]x_derivative_product THEN
  have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (poly_sum r S (\s:X. poly_mul r (x_derivative r (f s)) (poly_product r (S DELETE s) f)))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(s = t) ==> ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (poly_mul r (x_derivative r (f s)) (poly_product r (S DELETE s) f))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[x_poly_use] THEN
    sufficesby RING_DIVIDES_LMUL THEN
    set_fact `t IN S /\ s IN S /\ ~(s = t:X) ==> t IN S DELETE s` THEN
    have `FINITE (S DELETE (s:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
    have `!u:X. u IN S DELETE s ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (f u:(1->num)->R)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`f:X->(1->num)->R`;`S DELETE (s:X)`;`t:X`]poly_divides_product THEN
    qed[x_derivative_polynomial;x_poly_use]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE (S DELETE (t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial r (f s:(1->num)->R)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (x_derivative r (f(t:X))) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) f))` [poly_product_poly;x_derivative_polynomial;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`t:X`;`\s:X. poly_mul(r:R ring) (x_derivative r (f s)) (poly_product r (S DELETE s) f)`;`S:X->bool`]poly_divides_delta THEN
  subgoal `ring_coprime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (p,poly_product r (S DELETE (t:X)) f)` THENL [
    have `UFD(x_poly(r:R ring)) \/ (integral_domain(x_poly r) /\ bezout_ring(x_poly r))` [PID_x_poly_field;PID_IMP_UFD] THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_divides] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`f:X->(1->num)->R`;`S DELETE (t:X)`]coprime_product THEN
    qed[poly_product_ring_product_x_poly]
  ;
    have `UFD (x_poly(r:R ring)) \/ integral_domain (x_poly r) /\ bezout_ring (x_poly r)` [PID_x_poly_field;PID_IMP_UFD] THEN
    have `x_derivative r (f(t:X)) IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_derivative_polynomial;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `poly_product r (S DELETE (t:X)) f IN ring_carrier (x_poly(r:R ring))` [poly_product_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_divides (x_poly(r:R ring)) p (ring_mul (x_poly r) (x_derivative r (f(t:X))) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) f))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_coprime (x_poly(r:R ring)) (poly_product r (S DELETE(t:X)) f,p)` [RING_COPRIME_SYM] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`x_derivative(r:R ring) (f(t:X))`;`poly_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE(t:X)) f`;`p:(1->num)->R`]RING_COPRIME_DIVPROD_RIGHT THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let coprime_derivative_if_squarefree = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f.
  field r ==>
  ring_char r = 0 ==>
  ring_polynomial r f ==>
  ~(f = poly_0 r) ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly r) f ==>
  ring_coprime(x_poly r) (f,x_derivative r f)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `PID (x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  have `f IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(f = ring_0(x_poly(r:R ring)))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  proven_if `ring_unit(x_poly(r:R ring)) f` [ring_coprime_if_unit;x_derivative_polynomial;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `UFD (x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_IMP_UFD] THEN
  ASSUME_TAC(UNDISCH_ALL (ISPECL[`f:(1->num)->R`] (CONJUNCT2 (UNDISCH_ALL (fst (EQ_IMP_RULE (UNDISCH_ALL (REWRITE_RULE [IMP_CONJ] (ISPECL [`x_poly(r:R ring)`]UFD_EQ_PRIMEFACT_NONUNIT))))))))) THEN
  choose2 `n:num` `q:num->(1->num)->R` `1 <= n /\ (!i. 1 <= i /\ i <= n ==> ring_prime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q i)) /\ ring_product(x_poly r) (1..n) q = f` [] THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i:num. i IN (1..n) ==> q i IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_prime;IN_NUMSEG] THEN
  subgoal `!i j. 1 <= i /\ i <= n /\ 1 <= j /\ j <= n /\ ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q i) (q j) /\ ~(i = j) ==> F` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `i IN (1..n)` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    have `j IN (1..n)` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`1..n`;`q:num->(1->num)->R`;`i:num`;`j:num`]square_divides_product_if_factor_divides_factor THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) (poly_mul r (q(i:num)) (q(i))) f` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `q(i:num):(1->num)->R IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [] THEN
    have `~(ring_unit(x_poly r) (q(i:num):(1->num)->R))` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly r) (ring_mul(x_poly r) (q(i:num)) (q(i))) (f:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`f:(1->num)->R`;`q(i:num):(1->num)->R`]not_squarefree_if_divisible_by_square THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[UFD_COPRIME] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`1..n`;`q:num->(1->num)->R`]RING_PRIME_DIVIDES_PRODUCT THEN
  choose `i:num` `i IN 1..n /\ ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (q i)` [] THEN
  have `i IN 1..n` [] THEN
  have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (q(i:num))` [] THEN
  have `!i:num. i IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (q i:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`q:num->(1->num)->R`;`1..n`]poly_product_ring_product_x_poly THEN
  have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (x_derivative r (poly_product r (1..n) q))` [] THEN
  subgoal `!j:num. j IN (1..n) DELETE i ==> ring_coprime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (p,q j)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `j IN (1..n)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
    have `q(j:num) IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`q(j:num):(1->num)->R`]INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRIME_DIVIDES_OR_COPRIME THEN
    case `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) p (q(j:num))` THENL [
      have `1 <= i /\ i <= n` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
      have `1 <= j /\ j <= n` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
      have `~(i = j:num)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
      have `ring_divides(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q(i:num)) (q j)` [prime_divides_prime_and;PID_IMP_UFD] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`1..n`;`i:num`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`q:num->(1->num)->R`]divides_factor_and_derivative_product THEN
  have `1 <= i /\ i <= n` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `ring_prime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q(i:num))` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`q(i:num):(1->num)->R`]coprime_prime_derivative THEN
  qed[ring_coprime;ring_prime]
);;

let gcd_poly_linear_combination = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  field r ==>
  ring_polynomial r a ==>
  ring_polynomial r b ==>
  ?x y.
    ring_polynomial r x /\
    ring_polynomial r y /\
    poly_add r (poly_mul r a x) (poly_mul r b y)
      = ring_gcd(x_poly r) (a,b)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `PID(x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `bezout_ring(x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_IMP_BEZOUT_RING] THEN
  have `a IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `b IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`a:(1->num)->R`;`b:(1->num)->R`]BEZOUT_RING_IMP_GCD THEN
  choose2 `x:(1->num)->R` `y:(1->num)->R` `x IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) /\ y IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) /\ ring_add (x_poly r) (ring_mul (x_poly r) a x) (ring_mul (x_poly r) b y) = ring_gcd (x_poly r) (a,b):(1->num)->R` [] THEN
  witness `x:(1->num)->R` THEN
  witness `y:(1->num)->R` THEN
  have `ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) a x = poly_mul r a x` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) b y = poly_mul r b y` [x_poly_use] THEN
  qed[x_poly_use]
);;

let linear_combination_if_coprime_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  field r ==>
  ring_coprime(x_poly r) (a,b) ==>
  ?x y.
    ring_polynomial r x /\
    ring_polynomial r y /\
    poly_add r (poly_mul r a x) (poly_mul r b y) = poly_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  have `PID(x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `bezout_ring(x_poly(r:R ring))` [PID_IMP_BEZOUT_RING] THEN
  specialize_forward[`x_poly(r:R ring)`;`a:(1->num)->R`;`b:(1->num)->R`]BEZOUT_RING_COPRIME THEN
  choose2 `x:(1->num)->R` `y:(1->num)->R` `x IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) /\ y IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) /\ ring_add (x_poly r) (ring_mul (x_poly r) a x) (ring_mul (x_poly r) b y) = ring_1 (x_poly r):(1->num)->R` [] THEN
  witness `x:(1->num)->R` THEN
  witness `y:(1->num)->R` THEN
  have `ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) a x = poly_mul r a x` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) b y = poly_mul r b y` [x_poly_use] THEN
  qed[x_poly_use]
);;

let coprime_poly_if_linear_combination = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b x y.
  ring_polynomial r a ==>
  ring_polynomial r b ==>
  ring_polynomial r x ==>
  ring_polynomial r y ==>
  poly_add r (poly_mul r a x) (poly_mul r b y) = poly_1 r ==>
  ring_coprime(x_poly r) (a,b)
`,
  rw[ring_coprime] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[x_poly_use]
  ;
    qed[x_poly_use]
  ;
    have `ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) a x = poly_mul r a x` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) b y = poly_mul r b y` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_add(x_poly(r:R ring)) (ring_mul(x_poly r) a x) (ring_mul(x_poly r) b y) = ring_1(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    choose `u:(1->num)->R` `u IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring)) /\ a = ring_mul(x_poly r) d u` [ring_divides] THEN
    choose `v:(1->num)->R` `v IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring)) /\ b = ring_mul(x_poly r) d v` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `a IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `b IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `d IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_divides;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `u IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [] THEN
    have `v IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [] THEN
    have `x IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `y IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `a = ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) d u` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `b = ring_mul(x_poly(r:R ring)) d v` [x_poly_use] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_poly(r:R ring)`;
      `a:(1->num)->R`;
      `b:(1->num)->R`;
      `d:(1->num)->R`;
      `u:(1->num)->R`;
      `v:(1->num)->R`;
      `x:(1->num)->R`;
      `y:(1->num)->R`
      ](
      GENL[
      `r:R ring`;`a:R`;`b:R`;`d:R`;`u:R`;`v:R`;`x:R`;`y:R`
      ](
      RING_RULE `a = ring_mul(r:R ring) d u /\ b = ring_mul r d v /\ ring_add r (ring_mul r a x) (ring_mul r b y) = ring_1 r ==> ring_mul r d (ring_add r (ring_mul r u x) (ring_mul r v y)) = ring_1 r`
      )
      ) THEN
    rw[ring_unit] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[ring_divides]
    ;
      witness `ring_add (x_poly(r:R ring)) (ring_mul (x_poly r) u x) (ring_mul (x_poly r) v y)` THEN
      qed[x_poly_use;ring_unit;RING_ADD;RING_MUL]
    ]
  ]
);;

let nonzero_poly_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p (q:(1->num)->R).
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 r) ==>
  ~(q = poly_0 r) ==>
  ~(poly_mul r p q = poly_0 r)
`,
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_series(r:R ring))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POWSER_RING;x_series] THEN
  qed[integral_domain]
);;

let nonzero_poly_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) n.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 r) ==>
  ~(poly_pow r p n = poly_0 r)
`,
  rw[x_series_use;x_series_use_pow] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_series(r:R ring))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POWSER_RING;x_series] THEN
  qed[INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0]
);;

let nonzero_poly_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S p.
  integral_domain r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(p s = poly_0 r)) ==>
  ~(poly_product r S p = poly_0 r)
`,
  rw[poly_product] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_series(r:R ring))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POWSER_RING;x_series] THEN
  qed[INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0;x_series_use]
);;

let irred_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  field r ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial r (x_minus_const r c) /\
    ring_irreducible (x_poly r) (x_minus_const r c) /\
    monic r (x_minus_const r c)
  )
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r c)` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
  have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r c) = 1` [deg_x_minus_const;field] THEN
  have `ring_prime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (x_minus_const r c)` [prime_if_deg_1] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible(x_poly(r:R ring)) (x_minus_const r c)` [prime_iff_irreducible_over_field] THEN
  have `monic(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r c)` [monic_x_minus_const] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let monic_factorization = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f.
  field r ==>
  ring_polynomial r f ==>
  monic r f ==>
  ?n p. (
    (!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_polynomial r (p i)) /\
    (!i. i IN (1..n) ==> monic r (p i)) /\
    (!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_irreducible(x_poly r) (p i)) /\
    poly_product r (1..n) p = f
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `UFD(x_poly(r:R ring))` [UFD_x_poly_field] THEN
  case `poly_deg r (f:(1->num)->R) = 0` THENL [
    witness `0:num` THEN
    witness `\i:num. poly_0 r:(1->num)->R` THEN
    have `!i. ~(i IN 1..0)` [IN_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `~(1 <= i /\ i <= 0)`] THEN
    set_fact `(!i. ~(i IN 1..0)) ==> 1..0 = {}` THEN
    simp[poly_product_empty] THEN
    qed[poly_1_if_monic_deg_0]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `~(f = poly_0(r:R ring):(1->num)->R)`  [monic_poly_0;field] THEN
  have `~(f = ring_0(x_poly(r:R ring)))`  [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(ring_unit(x_poly(r:R ring)) f)` [deg_0_if_unit] THEN
  have `f IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  ASSUME_TAC(UNDISCH_ALL (ISPECL[`f:(1->num)->R`] (CONJUNCT2 (UNDISCH_ALL (fst (EQ_IMP_RULE (UNDISCH_ALL (REWRITE_RULE [IMP_CONJ] (ISPECL [`x_poly(r:R ring)`]UFD_EQ_PRIMEFACT_NONUNIT))))))))) THEN
  choose2 `n:num` `p:num->((1->num)->R)` `1 <= n /\ (!i. 1 <= i ==> i <= n ==> ring_prime (x_poly r) (p i)) /\ ring_product (x_poly r) (1..n) p = f:(1->num)->R` [] THEN
  witness `n:num` THEN
  def `q:num->(1->num)->R` `\i:num. @qi. ring_polynomial(r:R ring) qi /\ monic r qi /\ ring_associates(x_poly r) (p i) qi` THEN
  witness `q:num->(1->num)->R` THEN
  subgoal `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial (r:R ring) (q i) /\ monic r (q i) /\ ring_associates(x_poly r) (p i) (q i)` THENL [
    rw[IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `p(i:num) IN ring_carrier(x_poly(r:R ring))` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (p(i:num):(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `~(p(i:num):((1->num)->R) = poly_0 r)` [ring_prime;x_poly_use] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(i:num):(1->num)->R`
    ]x_poly_field_monic_associate THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_prime(x_poly(r:R ring)) (q i)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_PRIME;IN_NUMSEG] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `x_poly(r:R ring)`;
    `1..n`;
    `p:num->(1->num)->R`;
    `q:num->(1->num)->R`
  ]RING_ASSOCIATES_PRODUCT THEN
  have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `ring_associates(x_poly(r:R ring)) (ring_product(x_poly r) (1..n) p) (ring_product(x_poly r) (1..n) q)` [] THEN
  have `ring_associates(x_poly(r:R ring)) f (ring_product(x_poly r) (1..n) q)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `ring_product(x_poly r) (1..n) q = poly_product(r:R ring) (1..n) q` [poly_product_ring_product_x_poly] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `q:num->(1->num)->R`;
    `1..n`
  ]monic_poly_product THEN
  have `monic(r:R ring) (poly_product r (1..n) q)` [] THEN
  have `ring_associates(x_poly(r:R ring)) f (poly_product r (1..n) q)` [] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `f:(1->num)->R`;
    `(poly_product r (1..n) q):(1->num)->R`
  ]monic_associates THEN
  qed[prime_iff_irreducible_over_field]
);;

let monic_factorization_exponents = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) f.
  field r ==>
  ring_polynomial r f ==>
  monic r f ==>
  ?P e. (
    FINITE P /\
    (!p. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial r p) /\
    (!p. p IN P ==> monic r p) /\
    (!p. p IN P ==> ring_irreducible(x_poly r) p) /\
    (!p. p IN P ==> ~(e p = 0)) /\
    poly_product r P (\p. poly_pow r p (e p)) = f
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  choose2 `n:num` `q:num->(1->num)->R` `(!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (q i)) /\ (!i. i IN 1..n ==> monic r (q i)) /\ (!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_irreducible (x_poly r) (q i)) /\ poly_product r (1..n) q = f` [monic_factorization] THEN
  def `P:((1->num)->R)->bool` `IMAGE q (1..n):((1->num)->R)->bool` THEN
  def `e:((1->num)->R)->num` `\p:(1->num)->R. CARD({i | i IN 1..n /\ q i = p})` THEN
  witness `P:((1->num)->R)->bool` THEN
  witness `e:((1->num)->R)->num` THEN
  have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[FINITE_IMAGE]
  ;
    choose `i:num` `p:(1->num)->R = q i /\ i IN 1..n` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    qed[]
  ; 
    choose `i:num` `p:(1->num)->R = q i /\ i IN 1..n` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    qed[]
  ; 
    choose `i:num` `p:(1->num)->R = q i /\ i IN 1..n` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    qed[]
  ; 
    specialize[
      `1..n`;
      `\i:num. q i = p:(1->num)->R`
    ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
    have `{i | i IN 1..n /\ q i = p:(1->num)->R} = {}` [CARD_EQ_0] THEN
    choose `i:num` `p:(1->num)->R = q i /\ i IN 1..n` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    havetac `i IN {i | i IN 1..n /\ q i = p:(1->num)->R}` (simp[IN_ELIM_THM]) THEN
    have `i:num IN {}` [] THEN
    set_fact `~(i:num IN {})` THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    have `ring_product(x_poly(r:R ring)) (1..n) q = f` [poly_product_ring_product_x_poly] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_poly(r:R ring)`;
      `q:num->(1->num)->R`;
      `q:num->(1->num)->R`;
      `1..n`
    ]RING_PRODUCT_IMAGE_GEN THEN
    have `f = ring_product (x_poly(r:R ring)) (IMAGE q (1..n)) (\y. ring_product (x_poly r) {x | x IN 1..n /\ q x = y} q)` [] THEN
    subgoal `ring_product (x_poly(r:R ring)) (IMAGE q (1..n)) (\y. ring_product (x_poly r) {x | x IN 1..n /\ q x = y} q) = ring_product (x_poly r) (IMAGE q (1..n)) (\p. ring_pow(x_poly r) p (e p))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
      rw[IN_IMAGE;BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `ring_product (x_poly(r:R ring)) {x | x IN 1..n /\ q x = a} q = ring_product (x_poly r) {x | x IN 1..n /\ q x = a} (\x. a)` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      simp[] THEN
      set_fact `{x' | x' IN 1..n /\ q x' = q x:(1->num)->R} SUBSET 1..n` THEN
      have `FINITE {x' | x' IN 1..n /\ q x' = q x:(1->num)->R}` [FINITE_SUBSET] THEN
      have `q(x:num):(1->num)->R IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
      simp[ring_product_const]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `f = ring_product (x_poly(r:R ring)) (IMAGE q (1..n)) (\p. ring_pow (x_poly r) p (e p))` [] THEN
    rw[x_poly_use_pow] THEN
    subgoal `!p:(1->num)->R. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial r (ring_pow (x_poly r) p (e p))` THENL [
      intro THEN
      rw[GSYM x_poly_use_pow] THEN
      sufficesby poly_pow_poly THEN
      choose `i:num` `p:(1->num)->R = q i /\ i IN 1..n` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `FINITE(P:((1->num)->R)->bool)` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `\p:(1->num)->R. ring_pow (x_poly r) p (e p)`;
      `P:((1->num)->R)->bool`
    ]poly_product_ring_product_x_poly THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

(* ===== polynomial reversal *)

let x_truncreverse = new_definition `
  x_truncreverse (r:R ring) n (p:(1->num)->R)
  = \m. if m one <= n then p (\v. n - m one) else ring_0 r
`;;

let coeff_x_truncreverse = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n p d.
  coeff d (x_truncreverse r n p)
  = if d <= n then coeff (n - d) p else ring_0 r
`,
  rw[x_truncreverse;coeff;x_monomial]
);;

let x_truncreverse_series = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n p.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_powerseries r (x_truncreverse r n p)
`,
  rw[coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  rw[coeff_x_truncreverse] THEN
  qed[RING_0]
);;

let x_truncreverse_poly = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n p.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r (x_truncreverse r n p)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_truncreverse r n p)` [x_truncreverse_series] THEN
  have `!d. ~(coeff d (x_truncreverse r n p) = ring_0(r:R ring)) ==> d <= n` [coeff_x_truncreverse] THEN
  qed[polynomial_if_coeff]
);;

let deg_x_truncreverse_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n p.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_deg r (x_truncreverse r n p) <= n
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_truncreverse r n p)` [x_truncreverse_series] THEN
  have `!d. ~(coeff d (x_truncreverse r n p) = ring_0(r:R ring)) ==> d <= n` [coeff_x_truncreverse] THEN
  qed[deg_le_coeff]
);;

let x_truncreverse_poly_add = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n p q.
  x_truncreverse r n (poly_add r p q)
  = poly_add r (x_truncreverse r n p) (x_truncreverse r n q)
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  rw[coeff_x_truncreverse;coeff_poly_add] THEN
  qed[RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_0]
);;

let x_truncreverse_poly_sub = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n p q.
  x_truncreverse r n (poly_sub r p q)
  = poly_sub r (x_truncreverse r n p) (x_truncreverse r n q)
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  rw[coeff_x_truncreverse;coeff_poly_sub] THEN
  qed[RING_SUB_RZERO;RING_0]
);;

let x_truncreverse_poly_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n c.
  x_truncreverse r n (poly_const r c)
  = const_x_pow r c n
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_x_truncreverse] THEN
  rw[coeff_const_x_pow] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_const] THEN
  case `d = n:num` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `n <= n:num` THEN
    num_linear_fact `n - n = 0:num` THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    num_linear_fact `~(d = n) ==> ~(d <= n) \/ ~(n - d = 0)` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let x_truncreverse_0_poly_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  x_truncreverse r 0 (poly_const r c)
  = poly_const r c
`,
  rw[x_truncreverse_poly_const;const_x_pow_0]
);;

let x_truncreverse_poly_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  x_truncreverse r n (poly_1 r)
  = x_pow r n
`,
  rw[poly_1;x_truncreverse_poly_const;x_pow]
);;

let x_truncreverse_poly_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  x_truncreverse r n (poly_0 r)
  = poly_0 r
`,
  rw[poly_0;x_truncreverse_poly_const;const_0_x_pow]
);;

let x_truncreverse_poly_sum = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n p:X->(1->num)->R S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries r (p s)) ==>
  x_truncreverse r n (poly_sum r S p)
  = poly_sum r S (\s. x_truncreverse r n (p s))
`,
  rw[poly_sum] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;GSYM x_series_use;x_truncreverse_poly_0]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `p(x:X) IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_truncreverse r n (p(x:X)))` [x_truncreverse_series] THEN
    have `x_truncreverse r n (p(x:X)) IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[GSYM x_series_use] THEN
    simp[x_truncreverse_poly_add]
  ]
);;

let x_truncreverse_const_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n c.
  x_truncreverse r n (const_x_pow r c n)
  = poly_const r c
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_x_truncreverse] THEN
  rw[coeff_const_x_pow] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_const] THEN
  case `d = 0:num` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `0 <= n:num` THEN
    num_linear_fact `n-0 = n:num` THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    num_linear_fact `~(d = 0) ==> ~(d <= n) \/ ~(n - d = n)` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let x_truncreverse_x_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n.
  x_truncreverse r n (x_pow r n)
  = poly_1 r
`,
  rw[x_pow;x_truncreverse_const_x_pow;poly_1]
);;

let x_truncreverse_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  x_truncreverse r 1 (x_minus_const r c)
  = one_minus_constx r c
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_minus_const;one_minus_constx] THEN
  rw[x_truncreverse_poly_sub] THEN
  rw[x_truncreverse_x_pow] THEN
  rw[x_truncreverse_poly_const] THEN
  rw[x_pow_0]
);;

let x_truncreverse_one_minus_constx = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c.
  x_truncreverse r 1 (one_minus_constx r c)
  = x_minus_const r c
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_minus_const;one_minus_constx] THEN
  rw[x_truncreverse_poly_sub] THEN
  rw[x_pow_0] THEN
  rw[x_truncreverse_poly_1] THEN
  rw[x_truncreverse_const_x_pow]
);;

let x_truncreverse_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m p n q.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  poly_deg r p <= m ==>
  poly_deg r q <= n ==>
  x_truncreverse r (m+n) (poly_mul r p q)
  = poly_mul r (x_truncreverse r m p) (x_truncreverse r n q)
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex;coeff_x_truncreverse] THEN
  have `!d. ~(coeff d p = ring_0(r:R ring)) ==> d <= m` [coeff_deg_le] THEN
  have `!d. ~(coeff d q = ring_0(r:R ring)) ==> d <= n` [coeff_deg_le] THEN
  case `m+n < d:num` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `m+n < d:num ==> ~(d <= m+n)`] THEN
    sufficesby(GSYM RING_SUM_EQ_0) THEN
    intro THEN
    case `a <= m:num` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `a <= m:num /\ m+n < d ==> ~(d-a <= n)` THEN
      qed[coeff_poly_in_ring;RING_MUL_RZERO]
    ;
      qed[coeff_poly_in_ring;RING_0;RING_MUL_LZERO]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `~(m+n < d:num) ==> d <= m+n`] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`(m+n)-d:num`;`\a. ring_mul(r:R ring) (coeff a p) (coeff ((m + n) - d - a) q)`]ring_sum_numseg_le_reflect THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`(m+n)-d:num`;`d:num`;`\a. ring_mul(r:R ring) (coeff ((m + n) - d - a) p) (coeff ((m + n) - d - ((m + n) - d - a)) q)`]ring_sum_numseg_le_offset THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `~(m+n < d:num) ==> (m+n)-d+d = m+n`] THEN
  num_linear_fact `m+n <= m+n+d:num` THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`m+n:num`;`m+n+d:num`;`\b. if d <= b then ring_mul r (coeff ((m + n) - d - (b - d)) p) (coeff ((m + n) - d - ((m + n) - d - (b - d))) q) else ring_0(r:R ring)`]ring_sum_numseg_le_expand THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`d:num`;`n:num`;`\a. ring_mul(r:R ring) (if a <= m then coeff (m - a) p else ring_0 r) (if d - a <= n then coeff (n - (d - a)) q else ring_0 r)`]ring_sum_numseg_le_offset THEN
  num_linear_fact `d+n <= m+n+d:num` THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`d+n:num`;`m+n+d:num`;`\b. if n <= b then ring_mul r (if b - n <= m then coeff (m - (b - n)) p else ring_0 r) (if d - (b - n) <= n then coeff (n - (d - (b - n))) q else ring_0 r) else ring_0(r:R ring)`]ring_sum_numseg_le_expand THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  case `a < n:num` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `a < n:num ==> ~(n <= a)`] THEN
    case `d <= a:num` THENL [
      simp[ARITH_RULE `a < n:num ==> a <= m+n`] THEN
      num_linear_fact `a < n:num ==> d <= a ==> ~((m+n)-d-(a-d) <= m)` THEN
      have `coeff ((m+n)-d-(a-d)) p = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
      simp[] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;coeff_poly_in_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    qed[COND_ID]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `~(a < n:num) ==> n <= a`] THEN
  case `a <= m+n:num` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `a <= m+n:num ==> a-n <= m`] THEN
    case `d <= a:num` THENL [
      simp[ARITH_RULE `~(a < n) ==> d <= a:num ==> d-(a-n) <= n`] THEN
      simp[ARITH_RULE `~(a < n) ==> d <= a:num ==> (m+n)-d-(a-d) = m-(a-n)`] THEN
      simp[ARITH_RULE `a <= m+n ==> ~(a < n) ==> d <= a:num ==> (m+n)-d-(m-(a-n)) = a-d`] THEN
      case `a <= d+n:num` THENL [
        simp[ARITH_RULE `d <= a ==> ~(a < n) ==> a <= d+n ==> a-d = n-(d-(a-n)):num`]
      ; num_linear_fact `d <= a:num ==> ~(a <= d+n) ==> ~(a-d <= n)` THEN
        have `coeff (a-d) q = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
        simp[] THEN
        qed[RING_MUL_RZERO;coeff_poly_in_ring]
      ]
    ; case `a <= d+n:num` THENL [
        simp[ARITH_RULE `~(d <= a) ==> ~(a < n) ==> ~(d-(a-n) <= n:num)`] THEN
        qed[RING_MUL_RZERO;coeff_poly_in_ring]
      ; simp[]
      ]
    ]
  ; simp[ARITH_RULE `~(a <= m+n) ==> ~(a-n <= m:num)`] THEN
    qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;coeff_poly_in_ring]
  ]
);;

let x_truncreverse_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n p S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> poly_deg r (p s) <= (n s)) ==>
  x_truncreverse r (nsum S n) (poly_product r S p)
  = poly_product r S (\s. x_truncreverse r (n s) (p s))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[x_truncreverse_0_poly_const;poly_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (x_truncreverse r (n x) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R))` [x_truncreverse_series] THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_product r S (p:X->(1->num)->R))` [poly_product_poly] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (p(x:X):(1->num)->R) <= n x` [] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S:X->bool) p) <= nsum S n` [poly_deg_product_le] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`n(x:X):num`;`p(x:X):(1->num)->R`;`nsum (S:X->bool) n`;`poly_product(r:R ring) (S:X->bool) p`]x_truncreverse_mul THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let x_truncreverse_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p d n.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  poly_deg r p <= d ==>
  x_truncreverse r (n*d) (poly_pow r p n)
  = poly_pow r (x_truncreverse r d p) n
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (x_truncreverse r d (p:(1->num)->R))` [x_truncreverse_series] THEN
  simp[poly_pow_is_product] THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `CARD (1..n) = n` [CARD_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `(n+1)-1 = n`] THEN
  have `nsum (1..n) (\i. d) = CARD(1..n) * d` [NSUM_CONST] THEN
  have `nsum (1..n) (\i. d) = n * d` [] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial r (p:(1->num)->R)` [] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> poly_deg r (p:(1->num)->R) <= d` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\i:num. d:num`;`\i:num. p:(1->num)->R`;`1..n`]x_truncreverse_product THEN
  qed[]
);;

let deg_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_deg r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
  = if ring_1 r = ring_0 r then 0 else CARD S
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[monic_vanishing_at_empty;POLY_DEG_1;card_empty] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    simp[monic_vanishing_at_insert;card_insert] THEN
    have `c(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (x_minus_const(r:R ring) (c(x:X)))` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (monic_vanishing_at(r:R ring) S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
    have `monic r (x_minus_const(r:R ring) (c(x:X)))` [monic_x_minus_const] THEN
    have `monic r (monic_vanishing_at(r:R ring) S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_monic] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (x_minus_const r (c(x:X))) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) = poly_deg r (x_minus_const r (c x)) + poly_deg r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)` [deg_monic_poly_mul] THEN
    proven_if `ring_1 r = ring_0(r:R ring)` [deg_zero_ring;ring_polynomial;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c(x:X))) = 1` [deg_x_minus_const] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) = CARD S` [] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `C + 1 = 1 + C`]
  ]
);;

let deg_monic_vanishing_at_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_deg r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
  <= CARD S
`,
  simp[deg_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let topcoeff_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  coeff (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) = ring_1 r
`,
  intro THEN
  case `ring_1 r = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
    have `trivial_ring(r:R ring)` [TRIVIAL_RING_10] THEN
    have `ring_carrier(r:R ring) = {ring_0 r}` [trivial_ring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
    have `coeff (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) IN ring_carrier r` [coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
    qed[IN_SING]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `monic r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_monic] THEN
  have `CARD S = poly_deg(r:R ring) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [deg_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  qed[monic]
);;

(* could use HAS_SIZE, RESTRICTED_POWERSET, etc. *)
let coeff_monic_vanishing_at_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S t n.
  FINITE S ==>
  ~(t IN S) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN t INSERT S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ~(n = 0) ==>
  n <= CARD S ==>
  ring_add r (
    ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U c)
  ) (
    ring_mul r (c t) (
      ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} (\U. ring_product r U c)
    )
  ) =
  ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U c)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `c(t:X):R IN ring_carrier r` [IN_INSERT] THEN
  specialize[`S:X->bool`;`n-1`]finite_subsets_card THEN
  specialize[`S:X->bool`;`n:num`]finite_subsets_card THEN
  subgoal `FINITE {U:X->bool | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ t IN U /\ CARD U = n}` THENL [
    set_fact `{U:X->bool | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ t IN U /\ CARD U = n} SUBSET {U:X->bool | U SUBSET t INSERT S}` THEN
    have `FINITE ((t:X) INSERT S)` [FINITE_INSERT] THEN
    specialize[`(t:X) INSERT S`]FINITE_POWERSET THEN
    qed[FINITE_SUBSET]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `DISJOINT {U:X->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} {U | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ t IN U /\ CARD U = n}` THENL [
    rw[DISJOINT;INTER;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM;EMPTY] THEN
    qed[SUBSET]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R)`;
    `{U:X->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n}`;
    `{U:X->bool | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ t IN U /\ CARD U = n}`
  ]RING_SUM_UNION THEN
  subgoal `{U:X->bool | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ CARD U = n} = {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} UNION {U | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ t IN U /\ CARD U = n}` THENL [
    rw[UNION;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    SET_TAC[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul r (c(t:X):R) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} (\U. ring_product r U c)) = ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ t IN U /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U c)` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ t IN U /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R)) = ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} (\U. ring_mul r (c t) (ring_product r U c))` THENL [
      subgoal `!A B. A IN {U:X->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} ==> B IN {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} ==> t INSERT A = t INSERT B ==> A = B` THENL [
        rw[IN_ELIM_THM;EXTENSION;SUBSET;IN_INSERT] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `{U | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ t IN U /\ CARD U = n} = IMAGE (\A. t INSERT A) {U:X->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1}` THENL [
        rw[IMAGE;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        splitiff THENL [
          intro THEN
          witness `x DELETE (t:X)` THEN
          intro THENL [
            qed[SUBSET_INSERT_DELETE]
          ;
            qed[CARD_DELETE;FINITE_INSERT;FINITE_SUBSET]
          ;
            qed[IN_INSERT;IN_DELETE]
          ]
        ;
          intro THENL [
            qed[SUBSET;IN_INSERT]
          ;
            qed[IN_INSERT]
          ;
            have `FINITE(x':X->bool)` [FINITE_SUBSET] THEN
            have `~((t:X) IN x')` [SUBSET] THEN
            have `CARD((t:X) INSERT x') = (n-1)+1` [card_insert] THEN
            num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> n = (n-1)+1` THEN
            have `CARD((t:X) INSERT x') = n` [] THEN
            qed[EXTENSION]
          ]
        ]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `\A:X->bool. t INSERT A`;
        `\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R)`;
        `{U:X->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1}`
      ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} ((\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R)) o (\A. t INSERT A)) = ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} (\U. ring_mul r (c t) (ring_product r U c))` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        intro THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        rw[o_THM] THEN
        set_fact `a IN {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} ==> (a:X->bool) SUBSET S` THEN
        have `FINITE(a:X->bool)` [FINITE_SUBSET] THEN
        have `~((t:X) IN a)` [SUBSET] THEN
        specialize[
          `r:R ring`;
          `t:X`;
          `c:X->R`;
          `a:X->bool`
        ](CONJUNCT2 RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES) THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R)`;
      `c(t:X):R`;
      `{U:X->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1}`
    ]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
    have `(!a. a IN {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} ==> ring_product r a (c:X->R) IN ring_carrier r)` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let coeff_monic_vanishing_at_lemma2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S t n.
  FINITE S ==>
  ~(t IN S) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN t INSERT S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ~(n = 0) ==>
  n <= CARD S ==>
  ring_sub r (
    ring_mul r (
      ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n
    ) (
      ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U c)
    )
  ) (
    ring_mul r (c t) (
      ring_mul r (
        ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) (n - 1)
      ) (
        ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} (\U. ring_product r U c)
      )
    )
  ) =
  ring_mul r (
    ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n
  ) (
    ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET t INSERT S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U c)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[GSYM coeff_monic_vanishing_at_lemma] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> (n-1)+1 = n` THEN
  have `ring_pow(r:R ring) (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n = ring_neg r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) (n-1))` [ring_pow_neg_1_plus1] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `c(t:X):R`;
    `ring_pow(r:R ring) (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) (n - 1)`;
    `ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R))`;
    `ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n - 1} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R))`
  ](GENL[
    `r:R ring`;`C:R`;`M:R`;`N:R`;`N1:R`
  ](RING_RULE `
    ring_sub(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_neg r (M)) (N)) (ring_mul r (C) (ring_mul r (M) (N1))) = ring_mul r (ring_neg r (M)) (ring_add r (N) (ring_mul r (C) (N1)))
  `)) THEN
  qed[RING_1;RING_NEG;RING_POW;RING_SUM;IN_INSERT]
);;

let coeff_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  !n.
  n <= CARD S ==>
  coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
  = ring_mul r (
    ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n
  ) (
    ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U c)
  )
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    have `CARD({}:X->bool) = 0` [card_empty] THEN
    have `n = 0` [ARITH_RULE `n <= 0 ==> n = 0`] THEN
    simp[ARITH_RULE `0 - 0 = 0`;monic_vanishing_at;poly_product_empty] THEN
    have `{U | U SUBSET {} /\ CARD U = 0} = {{}:X->bool}` [subsets_full_card_empty] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_SING;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_1;RING_POW_0;coeff_poly_1;RING_MUL_LID;RING_1]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `n = 0` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `x - 0 = x`] THEN
    simp[topcoeff_monic_vanishing_at;subsets_card_0;FINITE_INSERT] THEN
    rw[RING_SUM_SING;RING_PRODUCT;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_1] THEN
    RING_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
  simp[card_insert;monic_vanishing_at_insert] THEN
  have `c(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_series] THEN
  simp[coeff_x_minus_const_times] THEN
  case `n = CARD(S:X->bool) + 1` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `x - x = 0`] THEN
    have `{U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = CARD S} = {S:X->bool}` [subsets_full_card] THEN
    have `coeff (CARD S - CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) (CARD S)) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = CARD S} (\U. ring_product r U c))` [LE_REFL] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) (CARD S)) (ring_sum r {S} (\U. ring_product r U c))` [ARITH_RULE `x - x = 0`] THEN
    have `ring_sum r {S} (\U. ring_product r U c) = ring_product r S (c:X->R)` [RING_PRODUCT;RING_SUM_SING] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) (CARD S)) (ring_product r S c)` [] THEN
    have `{U | U SUBSET x INSERT S /\ CARD U = CARD(x INSERT S)} = {x INSERT S:X->bool}` [subsets_full_card;FINITE_INSERT] THEN
    have `{U | U SUBSET x INSERT S /\ CARD U = CARD S + 1} = {x INSERT S:X->bool}` [card_insert] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_SING;RING_PRODUCT] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[ring_pow_neg_1_plus1] THEN
    RING_TAC THEN
    qed[coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly;RING_PRODUCT;RING_SUM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `n <= CARD(S:X->bool) + 1` [card_insert] THEN
  num_linear_fact `n <= CARD(S:X->bool) + 1 ==> ~(n = CARD S + 1) ==> n <= CARD S` THEN
  num_linear_fact `n <= CARD(S:X->bool) + 1 ==> ~(n = CARD S + 1) ==> ~((CARD S + 1) - n = 0)` THEN
  num_linear_fact `n <= CARD(S:X->bool) + 1 ==> ~(n = CARD S + 1) ==> (CARD S + 1) - n - 1 = CARD S - n` THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> n <= CARD(S:X->bool) + 1 ==> ~(n = CARD S + 1) ==> (CARD S + 1) - n = CARD S - (n - 1)` THEN
  num_linear_fact `n <= CARD(S:X->bool) ==> n-1 <= CARD S` THEN
  simp[] THEN
  qed[coeff_monic_vanishing_at_lemma2]
);;

let x_truncreverse_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  x_truncreverse r (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
  = poly_product r S (\s. one_minus_constx r (c s))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[monic_vanishing_at_empty;poly_product_empty;card_empty;poly_1;x_truncreverse_0_poly_const]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    simp[monic_vanishing_at_insert;poly_product_insert;card_insert] THEN
    have `c(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (x_minus_const(r:R ring) (c(x:X)))` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (one_minus_constx(r:R ring) (c(x:X)))` [one_minus_constx_series] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (monic_vanishing_at(r:R ring) S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (x_minus_const r (c(x:X))) <= 1` [deg_x_minus_const_le] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) <= CARD S` [deg_monic_vanishing_at_le] THEN
    num_linear_fact `CARD (S:X->bool) + 1 = 1 + CARD S` THEN
    simp[x_truncreverse_mul] THEN
    rw[x_truncreverse_x_minus_const]
  ]
);;

let x_truncreverse_derivative_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S c:X->R.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  x_truncreverse r (CARD S - 1)
    (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S c))
  = poly_sum r S
      (\s. poly_product r (S DELETE s) (\s. one_minus_constx r (c s)))
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[x_derivative_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> FINITE(S DELETE s)` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. !t:X. t IN (S DELETE s) ==> t IN S` THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (monic_vanishing_at r (S DELETE s) c)` [monic_vanishing_at_series] THEN
  simp[x_truncreverse_poly_sum] THEN
  sufficesby poly_sum_eq THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `CARD(S DELETE (s:X)) = CARD S - 1` [CARD_DELETE] THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN (S DELETE s) ==> c t IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  qed[x_truncreverse_monic_vanishing_at]
);;

let x_truncreverse_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G n (p:(1->num)->R).
  x_truncreverse (subring_generated r G) n p
  = x_truncreverse r n p
`,
  rw[x_truncreverse;SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let botcoeff1_if_x_truncreverse_monic = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  monic r p ==>
  coeff 0 (x_truncreverse r (poly_deg r p) p) = ring_1 r
`,
  rw[monic;coeff_x_truncreverse;ARITH_RULE `0 <= d`;ARITH_RULE `d - 0 = d`]
);;

let nonzero_if_x_truncreverse_monic = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  ~(ring_1 r = ring_0 r) ==>
  monic r p ==>
  ~(x_truncreverse r (poly_deg r p) p = poly_0 r)
`,
  qed[botcoeff1_if_x_truncreverse_monic;coeff_poly_0]
);;

(* ===== newton identities *)

(* (prod_i x_i) sum_i 1/x_i = sum_i prod_(j!=i) x_i *)
let product_times_sum_reciprocals = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) (f:X->R) (g:X->R) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> g s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_mul r (f s) (g s) = ring_1 r) ==>
  ring_mul r
    (ring_product r S (\s. f s))
    (ring_sum r S (\s. g s))
  = ring_sum r S (\t. ring_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. f s))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[RING_0;RING_MUL_LID]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> g s IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  set_fact `~(x IN S) ==> ((x:X) INSERT S) DELETE x = S` THEN
  have `((x:X) INSERT S) DELETE x = S` [] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(x IN S) ==> (x INSERT S) DELETE s = x INSERT (S DELETE s)` THEN
  have `f(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `g(x:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `ring_product r S (\s:X. f s) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
  have `ring_sum r S (\s:X. g s) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_SUM] THEN
  simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
  simp[RING_RULE `ring_mul(r:R ring) F0 G0 = ring_1 r ==> ring_mul r (ring_mul r F0 F1) (ring_add r G0 G1) = ring_add r F1 (ring_mul r F0 (ring_mul r F1 G1))`] THEN
  have `!a:X. a IN S ==> ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE a) (\s. f s) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\t:X. ring_product(r:R ring) (S DELETE t) (\s. f s)`;`f(x:X):R`;`S:X->bool`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) S (\x':X. ring_mul r (f x) (ring_product r (S DELETE x') (\s. f s))) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_SUM] THEN
  have `ring_sum(r:R ring) S (\a:X. ring_product r (x INSERT (S DELETE a)) (\s. f s)) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_SUM] THEN
  simp[RING_ADD_LCANCEL] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `FINITE (S DELETE a:X)` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(x IN S) ==> ~(x IN S DELETE s)` THEN
  simp[CONJUNCT2 RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES]
);;

let newton_identities_natural = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_mul r
    (poly_product r S (\s. one_minus_constx r (c s)))
    (poly_sum r S (\s. infinite_geometric_series r (c s)))
  = poly_sum r S (\t. poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. one_minus_constx r (c s)))
`,
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  rw[poly_product;poly_sum] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c s))` [one_minus_constx_series] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> one_minus_constx r (c s) IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_carrier;SET_RULE `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) ==> p IN {q | ring_powerseries r q}`] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (infinite_geometric_series r (c s))` [infinite_geometric_series_powerseries] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> infinite_geometric_series r (c s) IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_carrier;SET_RULE `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) ==> p IN {q | ring_powerseries r q}`] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_mul (x_series(r:R ring)) (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (infinite_geometric_series r (c s)) = ring_1 (x_series r)` [infinite_geometric_series_inverse;x_series_use] THEN
  specialize[`x_series(r:R ring)`;`\s:X. one_minus_constx(r:R ring) (c s)`;`\s:X. infinite_geometric_series(r:R ring) (c s)`;`S:X->bool`]product_times_sum_reciprocals THEN
  qed[]
);;

let newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_mul r
    (x_truncreverse r (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))
    (poly_sum r S (\s. infinite_geometric_series r (c s)))
  = x_truncreverse r (CARD S - 1)
      (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S c))
`,
  simp[x_truncreverse_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  simp[x_truncreverse_derivative_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  qed[newton_identities_natural]
);;

(* maybe the most canonical form *)
let newton_identities = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S d.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_sum r (0..d)
    (\a. ring_mul r
      (if a <= CARD S then coeff(CARD S-a) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r)
      (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (d-a)))
    )
  = if d <= CARD S-1 then coeff(CARD S-1-d) (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) else ring_0 r
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`c:X->R`;`S:X->bool`]newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`d:num`;`x_truncreverse(r:R ring) (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))`;`poly_sum(r:R ring) S (\s:X. infinite_geometric_series r (c s))`](GSYM coeff_poly_mul_oneindex) THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`CARD(S:X->bool)`;`monic_vanishing_at(r:R ring) S (c:X->R)`](GSYM coeff_x_truncreverse) THEN
  recall(GSYM coeff_infinite_geometric_series) THEN
  subgoal `!a:num. ring_sum(r:R ring) S (\s:X. coeff (d - a) (infinite_geometric_series r (c s))) = coeff (d - a) (poly_sum r S (\s. infinite_geometric_series r (c s)))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (infinite_geometric_series r (c s))` [infinite_geometric_series_powerseries] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`\s:X. infinite_geometric_series (r:R ring) (c s)`;`d-a:num`;`S:X->bool`]coeff_poly_sum THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  qed[coeff_x_truncreverse]
);;

(* pulling out the leading 1 *)
let newton_identities_recurrence = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S d.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) d)
  = ring_sub r
      (if d <= CARD S-1 then coeff(CARD S-1-d) (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) else ring_0 r)
      (ring_sum r (1..d)
        (\a. ring_mul r
          (if a <= CARD S then coeff(CARD S-a) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r)
          (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (d-a)))
        )
      )
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`c:X->R`;`S:X->bool`;`d:num`](GSYM newton_identities) THEN
  simp[] THEN
  num_linear_fact `0 <= d` THEN
  have `FINITE (0..d)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `0 IN 0..d` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
  have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (if 0 <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - 0) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s) (d - 0))) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL;RING_SUM;coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly;RING_0] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\a. ring_mul(r:R ring) (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s) (d - a)))`;`0..d`;`0:num`]RING_SUM_DELETE THEN
  subgoal `1..d = (0..d) DELETE 0` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;IN_DELETE;IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `ring_sum r (0..d) (\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s) (d - a)))) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_SUM] THEN
  have `ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - 0) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s) (d - 0))) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_SUM;RING_MUL;monic_vanishing_at_poly;coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
  simp[RING_RULE `ring_sub(r:R ring) x (ring_sub r x y) = y`] THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `x - 0 = x`] THEN
  simp[topcoeff_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL_LID;RING_SUM]
);;

let powersums_subring_if_poly_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S c:X->R d.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!n. coeff n (monic_vanishing_at r S c) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) d) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby num_WF THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`c:X->R`;`S:X->bool`;`d:num`]newton_identities_recurrence THEN
  have `ring_0(r:R ring) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_0;SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)`;`CARD(S:X->bool) - 1 - d`]coeff_x_derivative THEN
  have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (CARD(S:X->bool)-1-d+1) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_OF_NUM;RING_OF_NUM_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  have `coeff (CARD S-1-d+1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
  specialize[`subring_generated(r:R ring) G`;`ring_of_num(r:R ring) (CARD(S:X->bool) - 1 - d + 1)`;`coeff (CARD S - 1 - d + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))`]RING_MUL THEN
  have `ring_mul (subring_generated r G) (ring_of_num r (CARD S - 1 - d + 1)) (coeff (CARD S - 1 - d + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - 1 - d + 1)) (coeff (CARD S - 1 - d + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)))` [SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  have `ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - 1 - d + 1)) (coeff (CARD S - 1 - d + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
  have `coeff(CARD S - 1 - d) (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_MUL] THEN
  subgoal `!a. a IN (1..d) ==> ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s) (d - a))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) G)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `!m. m < d ==> ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s:R) m) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
    have `1 <= a` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    have `a <= d:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    num_linear_fact `1 <= a /\ a <= d ==> d-a < d` THEN
    have `ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s:R) (d-a)) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
    have `(if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
    specialize[`subring_generated(r:R ring) G`;`(if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r)`;`ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s:R) (d - a))`]RING_MUL THEN
    qed[SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`G:R->bool`;`1..d`;`\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (d - a)))`](GSYM ring_sum_subring_generated_v2) THEN
  specialize[`subring_generated(r:R ring) G`;`1..d`;`\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (d - a)))`]RING_SUM THEN
  have `(if d <= CARD S - 1 then coeff (CARD S - 1 - d) (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
  specialize[`subring_generated(r:R ring) G`;`if d <= CARD S - 1 then coeff (CARD S - 1 - d) (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r`;`ring_sum (subring_generated r G) (1..d) (\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (d - a))))`]RING_SUB THEN
  have `ring_sub r (if d <= CARD S - 1 then coeff (CARD S - 1 - d) (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum (subring_generated r G) (1..d) (\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (d - a))))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [RING_SUB_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  have `ring_sub r (if d <= CARD S - 1 then coeff (CARD S - 1 - d) (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r (1..d) (\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (d - a))))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* the D=1 case boils down to powersums_subring_if_poly_subring_denominators *)
(* but giving shorter proof of that case feels better *)
let powersums_subring_if_poly_subring_denominators_waterfall = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S c:X->R D.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  D IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!i. ring_mul r
         (ring_pow r D i)
         (coeff (CARD S - i) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))
       IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  !j.
  ring_mul r
    (ring_pow r D j)
    (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) j))
  IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  sufficesby num_WF THEN
  intro THEN
  case `j = 0` THENL [
    simp[RING_POW_0;ring_sum_1] THEN
    simp[RING_MUL_LID;RING_OF_NUM] THEN
    qed[RING_OF_NUM_SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_OF_NUM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  labelspecialize "newton" [`r:R ring`;`c:X->R`;`S:X->bool`;`j:num`] newton_identities_recurrence THEN
  (ASM once_rw)[] THEN
  removelabeled "newton" THEN
  rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
  have `coeff (CARD S-1-j+1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) IN ring_carrier r` [coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
  have `ring_pow r D j IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_POW] THEN
  have `(if j <= CARD S - 1 then ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - 1 - j + 1)) (coeff (CARD S - 1 - j + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL;RING_OF_NUM;RING_0] THEN
  have `ring_sum r (1..j) (\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - a)))) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_SUM] THEN
  labelspecialize "distrib" [`r:R ring`;`ring_pow(r:R ring) D j`;`if j <= CARD S - 1 then ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - 1 - j + 1)) (coeff (CARD S - 1 - j + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r`;`ring_sum r (1..j) (\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - a))))`]RING_SUB_LDISTRIB THEN
  simp[] THEN
  removelabeled "distrib" THEN
  have `FINITE (1..j)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!a. a IN (1..j) ==> ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - a))) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL;coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly;RING_SUM;RING_0] THEN
  labelspecialize "distrib2" [`r:R ring`;`\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - a)))`;`ring_pow(r:R ring) D j`;`1..j`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
  simp[] THEN
  removelabeled "distrib2" THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (if j <= CARD S - 1 then ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - 1 - j + 1)) (coeff (CARD S - 1 - j + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` THENL [
    case `j <= CARD(S:X->bool) - 1` THENL [
      have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (CARD(S:X->bool)-1-j+1) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_OF_NUM] THEN
      simp[RING_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
      simp[RING_MUL_SYM] THEN
      simp[GSYM RING_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
      have `ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (coeff (CARD S - j) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
      num_linear_fact `~(j = 0) ==> j <= CARD(S:X->bool) - 1 ==> CARD S - 1 - j + 1 = CARD S - j` THEN
      have `ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (coeff (CARD S - j) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
      have `ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (coeff (CARD S - 1 - j + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
      have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (CARD(S:X->bool) - 1 - j + 1) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_OF_NUM_SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_OF_NUM] THEN
      qed[SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_MUL]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_pow r D j) (ring_0 r) = ring_0 r` [RING_MUL_RZERO;RING_POW] THEN
    qed[RING_0;SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum r (1..j) (\x. ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (ring_mul r (if x <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - x) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - x))))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` THENL [
    subgoal `!x. x IN 1..j ==> ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (ring_mul r (if x <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - x) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - x)))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` THENL [
      intro THEN
      case `x <= CARD(S:X->bool)` THENL [
        have `x <= j:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
        num_linear_fact `x <= j:num ==> x + (j-x) = j` THEN
        have `ring_pow(r:R ring) D j = ring_mul r (ring_pow r D x) (ring_pow r D (j-x))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
        simp[] THEN
        have `ring_pow(r:R ring) D x IN ring_carrier r` [RING_POW] THEN
        have `ring_pow(r:R ring) D (j-x) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_POW] THEN
        have `ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s:R) (j-x)) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_SUM] THEN
        have `coeff (CARD S-x) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) IN ring_carrier r` [coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
        specialize[`r:R ring`
          ;`coeff(CARD S-x) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))`
          ;`ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s:R) (j - x))`
          ;`ring_pow(r:R ring) D x`
          ;`ring_pow(r:R ring) D (j-x)`;
        ](GENL[`r:R ring`;`a:R`;`b:R`;`x:R`;`y:R`](
          RING_RULE `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r x y) (ring_mul r a b) = ring_mul r (ring_mul r x a) (ring_mul r y b)`
        )) THEN
        simp[] THEN
        have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_pow r (c s:R) (j-x) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_POW] THEN
        have `1 <= x` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
        num_linear_fact `1 <= x ==> x <= j ==> j-x < j` THEN
        have `ring_mul r (ring_pow r D (j-x)) (ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s:R) (j-x))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
        have `ring_mul(subring_generated r G) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r D x) (coeff (CARD S - x) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)))) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r D (j - x)) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - x)))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [RING_MUL] THEN
        qed[SUBRING_GENERATED]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      simp[RING_MUL_LZERO;RING_SUM;RING_MUL_RZERO;RING_POW] THEN
      qed[RING_0;SUBRING_GENERATED]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`G:R->bool`;`1..j`;`\x. ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (ring_mul r (if x <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - x) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - x))))`](GSYM ring_sum_subring_generated_v2) THEN
    simp[] THEN
    qed[RING_SUM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_sub(subring_generated r G) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (if j <= CARD S - 1 then ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - 1 - j + 1)) (coeff (CARD S - 1 - j + 1) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r)) (ring_sum r (1..j) (\x. ring_mul r (ring_pow r D j) (ring_mul r (if x <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - x) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (j - x)))))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [RING_SUB] THEN
  qed[RING_SUB_SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let powersums_subring_if_poly_subring_denominators = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S c:X->R D j.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  D IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!i. ring_mul r
         (ring_pow r D i)
         (coeff (CARD S - i) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))
       IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_mul r
    (ring_pow r D j)
    (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) j))
  IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  qed[powersums_subring_if_poly_subring_denominators_waterfall]
);;

(* ===== reverse Newton recurrence: coeffs from power sums *)

let newton_identities_reverse = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S n.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  n <= CARD S ==>
  ring_mul r (
    ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n)
  ) (
    coeff(CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
  )
  =
  ring_sum r (1..n) (\a.
    ring_mul r (
      coeff(CARD S - (n - a)) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
    ) (
      ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) a)
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
  case `n = 0` THENL [
    have `1..n = {}` [EMPTY_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `0 < 1`] THEN
    simp[RING_OF_NUM_0;RING_NEG_0;RING_SUM_CLAUSES;RING_MUL_LZERO;coeff_poly_in_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`c:X->R`;`S:X->bool`;`n:num`]newton_identities THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum r (0..n) (\a. ring_mul r (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (n - a)))) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))` THENL [
    subgoal `(if n <= CARD S - 1 then coeff (CARD S - 1 - n) (x_derivative r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) else ring_0 r) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))` THENL [
      rw[coeff_x_derivative] THEN
      case `n = CARD(S:X->bool):num` THENL [
        num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> n = CARD(S:X->bool) ==> ~(n <= CARD S - 1)` THEN
        have `ring_polynomial r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
        simp[ARITH_RULE `CARD(S:X->bool) - CARD S = 0`;RING_OF_NUM_0;RING_NEG_0;RING_SUM_CLAUSES;RING_MUL_LZERO;coeff_poly_in_ring]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> ~(n = CARD(S:X->bool)) ==> n <= CARD S ==> n <= CARD S - 1` THEN
      num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> ~(n = CARD(S:X->bool)) ==> n <= CARD S ==> CARD S - 1 - n + 1 = CARD S - n` THEN
      simp[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum r (0..n) (\b. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) b))) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))` THENL [
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `n:num`;
      `\a. ring_mul(r:R ring) (if a <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - a) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_pow r (c s) (n - a)))`
    ]ring_sum_numseg_le_reflect THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum r (0..n) (\b. ring_mul r (if n - b <= CARD S then coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) else ring_0 r) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (n - (n - b))))) = ring_sum r (0..n) (\b. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) (b))))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c(s:X):R) (n - (n - a))) = ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) a)` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        intro THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        have `a <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
        num_linear_fact `a <= n: num ==> n - (n - a) = a` THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      num_linear_fact `n <= CARD S ==> n - a <= CARD(S:X->bool)` THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_add r (ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - 0)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) 0))) (ring_sum r (0 + 1..n) (\b. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) b)))) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `0 <= n` THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `\b. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) b))`;
      `0`;
      `n:num`;
    ]RING_SUM_CLAUSES_LEFT THEN
    have `ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - 0)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) 0)) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL;coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly;RING_SUM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_add r (ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_of_num r (CARD S))) (ring_sum r (1..n) (\b. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) b)))) = ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_add r (ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - 0)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) 0))) (ring_sum r (0 + 1..n) (\b. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) b)))) = ring_add r (ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_of_num r (CARD S))) (ring_sum r (1..n) (\b. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) b))))` THENL [
      rw[ARITH_RULE `0 + 1 = 1`] THEN
      rw[ARITH_RULE `n - 0 = n`] THEN
      rw[RING_POW_0] THEN
      simp[ring_sum_1]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_add r (ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_of_num r (CARD S))) (ring_sum r (1..n) (\b. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - b)) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) b)))) = ring_add r (ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_of_num r (CARD S))) (ring_mul r (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)))` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) = ring_add r (ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)) (ring_of_num r (CARD S))) (ring_mul r (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r (n))) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)))` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `n <= CARD(S:X->bool) ==> CARD S = (CARD S - n) + n` THEN
      have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (CARD(S:X->bool)) = ring_add r (ring_of_num r (CARD S - n)) (ring_of_num r n)` [RING_OF_NUM_ADD] THEN
      simp[] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `r:R ring`;
        `coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))`;
        `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (CARD(S:X->bool) - n)`;
        `ring_of_num(r:R ring) n`;
      ](GENL[
        `r:R ring`;`C:R`;`Sn:R`;`n:R`
      ](RING_RULE `
        ring_mul(r:R ring) Sn C = ring_add r (ring_mul r C (ring_add r Sn n)) (ring_mul r (ring_neg r n) C)
      `)) THEN
      qed[RING_OF_NUM;coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_of_num r (CARD S))`;
    `ring_mul r (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)))`;
    `ring_sum r (1..n) (\a. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - a)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) a)))`
  ]RING_ADD_LCANCEL THEN
  qed[RING_OF_NUM;coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly;RING_MUL;RING_SUM;RING_NEG]
);;

let coeff_poly_subring_if_powersums_subring_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S c:X->R.
  ring_hasQ(subring_generated r G) ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!d. ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) d) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  !n.
  n <= CARD S ==>
  coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  sufficesby num_WF THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul r (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` THENL [
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`c:X->R`;`S:X->bool`;`n:num`]newton_identities_reverse THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum r (1..n) (\a. ring_mul r (coeff (CARD S - (n - a)) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))) (ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) a))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` THENL [
      sufficesby ring_sum_in_subring THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      sufficesby RING_MUL_IN_SUBRING_GENERATED THEN
      have `1 <= s` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
      have `s <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
      num_linear_fact `1 <= s ==> s <= n ==> n - s < n` THEN
      num_linear_fact `n - s < n ==> n <= CARD(S:X->bool) ==> n - s <= CARD S` THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `n = 0` THENL [
    have `monic r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_monic] THEN
    have `ring_char(r:R ring) = 0` [RING_CHAR_SUBRING_GENERATED;ring_hasQ] THEN
    have `CARD S = poly_deg r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [deg_monic_vanishing_at;TRIVIAL_RING_10;RING_CHAR_EQ_1;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`] THEN
    num_linear_fact `n = 0 ==> CARD(S:X->bool) - n = CARD S` THEN
    have `coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) = ring_1 r` [monic] THEN
    qed[SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_1]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n) = ring_neg(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (ring_of_num(subring_generated r G) n)` [RING_OF_NUM_SUBRING_GENERATED;SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  have `ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) G)` [RING_OF_NUM;RING_NEG] THEN
  have `ring_unit(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n))` [ring_hasQ_neg] THEN
  choose `v:R` `v IN ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) /\ ring_mul(subring_generated r G) (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n)) v = ring_1(subring_generated r G)` [ring_unit] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))`;
    `ring_neg(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r n)`;
    `v:R`
  ](GENL[
    `r:R ring`;`c:R`;`u:R`;`v:R`
  ](RING_RULE `
    ring_mul(r:R ring) u v = ring_1 r ==>
    c = ring_mul r v (ring_mul r u c)
  `)) THEN
  have `coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) = ring_mul r v (ring_mul r (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)))` [coeff_poly_in_ring;monic_vanishing_at_poly;RING_CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED_SUBSET;SUBSET;SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  have `ring_mul(subring_generated r G) v (ring_mul r (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_MUL] THEN
  have `ring_mul r v (ring_mul r (ring_neg r (ring_of_num r n)) (coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let coeff_poly_subring_if_powersums_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S c:X->R.
  ring_hasQ(subring_generated r G) ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!d. ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) d) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  !n.
  coeff n (monic_vanishing_at r S c) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  intro THEN
  case `n <= CARD(S:X->bool)` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `n <= CARD(S:X->bool) ==> CARD S - (CARD S - n) = n` THEN
    num_linear_fact `CARD S - n <= CARD(S:X->bool)` THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `G:R->bool`;
      `S:X->bool`;
      `c:X->R`
    ]coeff_poly_subring_if_powersums_subring_lemma THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  proven_if `coeff n (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) = ring_0 r` [RING_0;SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
  have `poly_deg r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) <= CARD S` [deg_monic_vanishing_at_le] THEN
  qed[coeff_deg_le]
);;

let poly_subring_if_powersums_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S c:X->R.
  ring_hasQ(subring_generated r G) ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!d. ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) d) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (monic_vanishing_at r S c)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!n. coeff n (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [coeff_poly_subring_if_powersums_subring] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R))` [monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
  qed[ring_polynomial_subring_if_coeffs]
);;

let symfun_subring_if_powersums_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S c:X->R n.
  ring_hasQ(subring_generated r G) ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!d. ring_sum r S (\s. ring_pow r (c s) d) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U c)
  IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  intro THEN
  case `n <= CARD(S:X->bool)` THENL [
    have `coeff (CARD S - n) (monic_vanishing_at r S (c:X->R)) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [coeff_poly_subring_if_powersums_subring] THEN
    have `ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [coeff_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`n:num`]ring_pow_neg_1_mul_refl THEN
    subgoal `ring_mul r (ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n) (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n)) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` THENL [
      have `ring_pow(subring_generated r G) (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n:R IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_POW;SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_NEG;RING_1] THEN
      have `ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n:R IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
      have `ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R)))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [RING_MUL;SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
      have `ring_mul r (ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n) (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n)) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R))) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) n) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R))))` [RING_MUL_ASSOC;RING_POW;RING_NEG;RING_1;RING_SUM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_mul r (ring_1 r) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = n} (\U. ring_product r U (c:X->R))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [ring_pow_neg_1_mul_refl] THEN
    qed[RING_MUL_LID;RING_SUM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[subsets_card_toobig] THEN
  rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
  qed[SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_0]
);;

(* ===== generalized Newton identities for 1/(1-cx)^(e+1) *)
(* note: the e=0 case is given somewhat shorter proofs above *)

let pow_newton_identities_natural = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_mul r
    (poly_product r S (\s.
       poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)
    ))
    (poly_sum r S (\s.
       series_from_coeffs (\n.
         ring_mul r
           (ring_of_num r (binom(n+e,e)))
           (ring_pow r (c s) n)
       )
    ))
  = poly_sum r S (\t.
      poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s.
        poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)
      )
    )
`,
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  rw[poly_product;poly_sum] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c s))` [one_minus_constx_series] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> one_minus_constx r (c s) IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_carrier;SET_RULE `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) ==> p IN {q | ring_powerseries r q}`] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1) IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_use_pow;RING_POW] THEN
  def `q:X->(1->num)->R` `\s:X. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n))` THEN
  have `!s:X n:num. s IN S ==> ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_OF_NUM;RING_POW;RING_MUL] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (q s:(1->num)->R)` [series_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> q s IN ring_carrier(x_series(r:R ring))` [x_series_carrier;SET_RULE `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R) ==> p IN {q | ring_powerseries r q}`] THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> poly_mul(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)) (q s) = poly_1 r` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `c(s:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`c(s:X):R`;`e:num`]pow_infinite_geometric_series_inverse THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_mul (x_series(r:R ring)) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)) (q s) = ring_1(x_series r)` [x_series_use] THEN
  specialize[`x_series(r:R ring)`;`\s:X. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx(r:R ring) (c s)) (e+1)`;`q:X->(1->num)->R`;`S:X->bool`](product_times_sum_reciprocals) THEN
  qed[RING_SUM_EQ]
);;

let pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_mul r
    (poly_pow r
      (x_truncreverse r (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))
      (e+1)
    )
    (poly_sum r S (\s.
       series_from_coeffs (\n.
         ring_mul r
           (ring_of_num r (binom(n+e,e)))
           (ring_pow r (c s) n)
       )
    ))
  = poly_sum r S (\t.
      poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s.
        poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)
      )
    )
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[x_truncreverse_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c s))` [one_minus_constx_series] THEN
  simp[poly_product_pow] THEN
  qed[pow_newton_identities_natural]
);;

let scaled_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_mul r (
    const_x_pow r (ring_of_num r (FACT(e))) e
  ) (
    poly_sum r S (\s.
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        ring_mul r
          (ring_of_num r (binom(n+e,e)))
          (ring_pow r (c s) n)
      )
    )
  )
  = poly_sum r S (\s.
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        ring_mul r
          (ring_of_num r (FACT(e) * binom(n,e)))
          (ring_pow r (c s) (n-e))
      )
    )
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  have `ring_of_num r (FACT e) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  have `!s:X n. s IN S ==> ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_POW;RING_OF_NUM;RING_MUL] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n)))` [series_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (poly_sum r S (\s:X. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n))))` [poly_sum_series] THEN
  simp[coeff_const_x_pow_times] THEN
  have `!s:X n. s IN S ==> ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (FACT e * binom (n,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) (n - e)) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_POW;RING_OF_NUM;RING_MUL] THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (FACT e * binom (n,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) (n - e))))` THENL [
    simp[series_series_from_coeffs]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_sum] THEN
  rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  case `d < e:num` THENL [
    simp[BINOM_LT;MULT_0;RING_OF_NUM_0;RING_MUL_LZERO;RING_POW] THEN
    qed[RING_SUM_0]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(d < e:num) ==> d-e+e = d` THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `ring_of_num(r:R ring) (FACT e) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (binom(d,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) (d-e)) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_OF_NUM;RING_POW;RING_MUL] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\a:X. ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (binom (d,e))) (ring_pow r (c a) (d - e))`;`ring_of_num(r:R ring) (FACT e)`;`S:X->bool`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[] THEN
  simp[RING_MUL_ASSOC;RING_OF_NUM;RING_POW] THEN
  rw[RING_OF_NUM_MUL]
);;

let scaled_pow_newton_rightside = new_definition `
  scaled_pow_newton_rightside (r:R ring) (c:X->R) (S:X->bool) (e:num)
  = poly_mul r (
      const_x_pow r (ring_of_num r (FACT(e))) e
    ) (
      poly_sum r S (\t.
        poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s.
          poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)
        )
      )
    )
`;;

let scaled_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_mul r
    (poly_pow r
      (x_truncreverse r (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r S c))
      (e+1)
    )
    (poly_sum r S (\s.
       series_from_coeffs (\n.
         ring_mul r
           (ring_of_num r (FACT(e) * binom(n,e)))
           (ring_pow r (c s) (n-e))
       )
    ))
  = scaled_pow_newton_rightside r c S e
`,
  rw[scaled_pow_newton_rightside] THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[GSYM pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  simp[GSYM scaled_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at_lemma] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r (ring_of_num r (FACT e)) e)` [const_x_pow_series;RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (x_truncreverse r (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r (S:X->bool) c)) (e + 1))` [monic_vanishing_at_series;x_truncreverse_series;poly_pow_series] THEN
  have `!s:X n. s IN S ==> ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [RING_MUL;RING_OF_NUM;RING_POW] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (poly_sum r S (\s:X. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n))))` [poly_sum_series;series_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`
    ;`const_x_pow(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (FACT e)) e`
    ;`poly_pow(r:R ring) (x_truncreverse r (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r (S:X->bool) c)) (e + 1)`
    ;`poly_sum(r:R ring) S (\s:X. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n)))`
  ]POLY_MUL_ASSOC THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`
    ;`const_x_pow(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (FACT e)) e`
    ;`poly_pow(r:R ring) (x_truncreverse r (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r (S:X->bool) c)) (e + 1)`
  ]POLY_MUL_SYM THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`
    ;`poly_pow(r:R ring) (x_truncreverse r (CARD S) (monic_vanishing_at r (S:X->bool) c)) (e + 1)`
    ;`const_x_pow(r:R ring) (ring_of_num r (FACT e)) e`
    ;`poly_sum(r:R ring) S (\s:X. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul r (ring_of_num r (binom (n + e,e))) (ring_pow r (c s) n)))`
  ]POLY_MUL_ASSOC THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e t.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  t IN S ==>
  ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e + 1)))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE (t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  set_fact `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> s IN S` THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c s))` [one_minus_constx_poly] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e + 1))` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1))` [] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\s:X. poly_pow(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)`;`S DELETE (t:X)`]poly_product_poly THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_polynomial r (
    poly_sum r S (\t.
      poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s.
        poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)
      )
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  set_fact `!s t:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> s IN S` THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN S ==> !s. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c s))` [one_minus_constx_poly] THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN S ==> !s. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e + 1))` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN S ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e + 1)))` [poly_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at_lemma] THEN
  qed[poly_sum_poly]
);;

let poly_scaled_pow_newton_rightside = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ring_polynomial r (scaled_pow_newton_rightside r c S e)
`,
  rw[scaled_pow_newton_rightside] THEN
  qed[poly_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at;RING_OF_NUM;const_x_pow_poly;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
);;

let deg_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e t.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  t IN S ==>
  poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e + 1))) <= (CARD S - 1) * (e+1)
`,
  intro THEN
  set_fact `!s t:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> s IN S` THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c s))` [one_minus_constx_poly] THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)) <= e+1` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c(s:X))) <= 1` [deg_one_minus_constx_le] THEN
    have `(e+1) * poly_deg(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c(s:X))) <= (e+1)*1` [LE_MULT_LCANCEL] THEN
    have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c(s:X))) (e+1)) <= (e+1) * poly_deg r (one_minus_constx r (c(s:X)))` [poly_deg_pow_le] THEN
    qed[LE_TRANS;ARITH_RULE `(e+1)*1 = e+1`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE (t:X))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1))` [poly_pow_poly;one_minus_constx_poly] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)) <= e+1` [poly_pow_poly;one_minus_constx_poly] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`\s:X. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s:R)) (e+1)`;`e+1`;`S DELETE (t:X)`]poly_deg_product_each_le THEN
  qed[CARD_DELETE]
);;

let deg_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_deg r (
    poly_sum r S (\t.
      poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s.
        poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)
      )
    )
  )
  <= (CARD S - 1) * (e+1)
`,
  intro THEN
  set_fact `!s t:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> s IN S` THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN S ==> !s. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (one_minus_constx r (c s))` [one_minus_constx_poly] THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN S ==> !s. s IN S DELETE t ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e + 1))` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN S ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e + 1)))` [poly_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at_lemma] THEN
  have `!t:X. t IN S ==> poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e + 1))) <= (CARD S - 1) * (e+1)` [deg_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at_lemma] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`(\t:X. poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s:R)) (e + 1)))`;`(CARD(S:X->bool)-1)*(e+1)`;`S:X->bool`]poly_deg_sum_le THEN
  qed[]
);;

let deg_scaled_pow_newton_rightside = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) c:X->R S e.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_deg r (scaled_pow_newton_rightside r c S e)
  <= e + (CARD S - 1) * (e+1)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[scaled_pow_newton_rightside] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r (ring_of_num r (FACT(e))) e)` [const_x_pow_poly;RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (const_x_pow r (ring_of_num r (FACT(e))) e) <= e` [deg_const_x_pow_le;RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_sum r S (\t:X. poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1))))` [poly_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `poly_deg(r:R ring) (poly_sum r S (\t:X. poly_product r (S DELETE t) (\s. poly_pow r (one_minus_constx r (c s)) (e+1)))) <= (CARD S - 1) * (e+1)` [deg_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  qed[POLY_DEG_MUL_LE;ARITH_RULE `d <= d1 + d2 /\ d1 <= e:num /\ d2 <= C ==> d <= e + C`]
);;

(* ===== the ring of complex numbers *)

let complex_ring = new_definition `
  complex_ring = ring((:complex),Cx(&0),Cx(&1),( -- ),( + ),( * ))
`;;

let complex_of_num = new_definition `
  complex_of_num(n:num) = Cx(real_of_num n)
`;;

let complex_of_int = new_definition `
  complex_of_int(n:int) = Cx(real_of_int n)
`;;

let complex_ring_clauses = prove
 (`ring_carrier complex_ring = (:complex) /\
   ring_0 complex_ring = Cx(&0) /\
   ring_1 complex_ring = Cx(&1) /\
   ring_neg complex_ring = ( -- ) /\
   ring_add complex_ring = ( + ) /\
   ring_mul complex_ring = ( * )`,
  PURE_REWRITE_TAC
   [GSYM PAIR_EQ; ring_carrier; ring_0; ring_1; ring_neg; ring_add; ring_mul;
    BETA_THM; PAIR] THEN
  PURE_REWRITE_TAC[complex_ring; GSYM(CONJUNCT2 ring_tybij)] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[IN_UNIV] THEN CONV_TAC COMPLEX_RING);;

let in_complex_ring = prove(`
  !z.
  z IN ring_carrier complex_ring
`,
  qed[complex_ring_clauses;IN_UNIV]
);;

let field_complex = prove(`
  field complex_ring
`,
  rw[field;complex_ring_clauses;IN_UNIV] THEN
  qed[CX_INJ;COMPLEX_MUL_RINV;REAL_ARITH `~(&1 = &0:real)`]
);;

let integral_domain_complex = prove(`
  integral_domain complex_ring
`,
  qed[field_complex;FIELD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN]
);;

let ring_of_num_complex = prove(`
  ring_of_num complex_ring = complex_of_num
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM;complex_of_num] THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THEN
  simp[ring_of_num;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[GSYM CX_ADD;REAL_OF_NUM_SUC]
);;

let ring_of_int_complex = prove(`
  ring_of_int complex_ring = complex_of_int
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  rw[FORALL_INT_CASES;RING_OF_INT_CASES] THEN
  rw[ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num] THEN
  rw[complex_of_int;int_of_num_th;int_neg_th;CX_NEG] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let ring_char_complex = prove(`
  ring_char complex_ring = 0
`,
  rw[RING_CHAR_EQ_0;ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num;complex_ring_clauses;CX_INJ;REAL_OF_NUM_EQ]
);;

let ring_sub_complex = prove(`
  ring_sub complex_ring = (-)
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM;ring_sub;complex_ring_clauses;complex_sub]
);;

(* from Complex/complexnumbers.ml *)
let COMPLEX_MUL_RINV_UNIQ = prove
 (`!w z. w * z = Cx(&1) ==> inv w = z`,
  CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD);;

let ring_inv_complex = prove(`
  ring_inv complex_ring = inv
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM;ring_inv;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[FIELD_UNIT;field_complex;complex_ring_clauses;IN_UNIV;COND_SWAP] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `x = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    qed[COMPLEX_INV_0]
  ;
    qed[COMPLEX_MUL_RINV;COMPLEX_MUL_RINV_UNIQ]
  ]
);;

let ring_div_complex = prove(`
  ring_div complex_ring = (/)
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM;ring_div;complex_ring_clauses;ring_inv_complex;complex_div]
);;

let ring_pow_complex = prove(`
  ring_pow complex_ring = (pow)
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THEN
  simp[ring_pow;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  qed[complex_pow]
);;

let complex_field_clauses = prove
 (`ring_carrier complex_ring = (:complex) /\
   ring_0 complex_ring = Cx(&0) /\
   ring_1 complex_ring = Cx(&1) /\
   ring_neg complex_ring = ( -- ) /\
   ring_add complex_ring = ( + ) /\
   ring_mul complex_ring = ( * ) /\
   ring_of_num complex_ring = complex_of_num /\
   ring_sub complex_ring = (-) /\
   ring_inv complex_ring = inv /\
   ring_div complex_ring = (/) /\
   ring_pow complex_ring = (pow)`,
  rw[complex_ring_clauses;ring_of_num_complex;ring_sub_complex;ring_inv_complex;ring_div_complex;ring_pow_complex]);;

let vsum_ring_sum_complex = prove(`
  !(f:X->complex) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  vsum S f =
  ring_sum complex_ring S f
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[VSUM_CLAUSES;RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses;COMPLEX_VEC_0]
  ;
    simp[VSUM_CLAUSES;RING_SUM_CLAUSES;in_complex_ring] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses]
  ]
);;

let cproduct_ring_product_complex = prove(`
  !(f:X->complex) S.
  FINITE S ==>
  cproduct S f =
  ring_product complex_ring S f
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[CPRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses]
  ;
    simp[CPRODUCT_CLAUSES;RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;in_complex_ring] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses]
  ]
);;

let vsum_delta_complex = prove(`
  !(S:X->bool) t a.
  FINITE S ==>
  vsum S (\s. if s = t then a else Cx(&0))
  = if t IN S then a else Cx(&0)
`,
  rw[GSYM COMPLEX_VEC_0] THEN
  qed[VSUM_DELTA]
);;

let ring_1_0_complex = prove(`
  ~(ring_1 complex_ring = ring_0 complex_ring)
`,
  qed[integral_domain_complex;integral_domain]
);;

(* ===== \C[x] *)

let series_complex = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex).
  ring_powerseries complex_ring p
`,
  rw[ring_powerseries;in_complex_ring] THEN
  qed[FINITE_MONOMIAL_VARS_1;INFINITE]
);;

let complex_coeff_x_pow_times = prove(`
  !d p e.
  coeff e (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring d) p)
  = if e < d then Cx(&0) else coeff (e - d) p
`,
  qed[coeff_x_pow_times;series_complex;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let poly_1_0_complex = prove(`
  ~(poly_1 complex_ring = poly_0 complex_ring:(V->num)->complex)
`,
  rw[poly_1;poly_0;POLY_CONST_EQ] THEN
  qed[ring_1_0_complex]
);;

(* ===== copy of \Z inside \C *)

let ZinC = new_definition `
  ZinC = {z:complex | ?i:int. z = complex_of_int i}
`;;

let ZinC_ring = new_definition `
  ZinC_ring = ring(ZinC,Cx(&0),Cx(&1),( -- ),( + ),( * ))
`;;

let ii_not_in_ZinC = prove(`
  ~(ii IN ZinC)
`,
  rw[ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM;complex_of_int] THEN
  rw[ii;COMPLEX_EQ;CX_DEF;IM] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let half_not_in_ZinC = prove(`
  ~(Cx(&1 / &2) IN ZinC)
`,
  rw[ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM;complex_of_int] THEN
  rw[CX_INJ] THEN
  intro THEN
  int_linear_fact `&1 / &2 = real_of_int i ==> &1 = &2 * (real_of_int i)` THEN
  have `&1 = real_of_int(&1)` [REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
  have `&2 = real_of_int(&2)` [REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
  have `real_of_int(&1) = real_of_int(&2) * real_of_int i` [] THEN
  have `real_of_int(&1) = real_of_int(&2 * i)` [REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
  have `&1 = &2 * i:int` [REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
  DISJ_CASES_TAC(SPEC `i:int` INT_IMAGE) THENL [
    choose `n:num` `i:int = &n` [] THEN
    have `&1 = &2 * &n:int` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `&1 = &2 * &n:int ==> 1 = 2 * n` THEN
    have `EVEN 1` [EVEN_EXISTS] THEN
    num_linear_fact `1 = SUC(2 * 0)` THEN
    have `ODD 1` [ODD_EXISTS] THEN
    qed[NOT_EVEN]
  ;
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ]
);;

let num_in_ZinC = prove(`
  !d. Cx(&d) IN ZinC
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM;complex_of_int] THEN
  witness `&d:int` THEN
  rw[int_of_num_th]
);;

let int_in_ZinC = prove(`
  !i. complex_of_int i IN ZinC
`,
  SET_TAC[ZinC]
);;

let ZinC_0 = prove(`
  Cx(&0) IN ZinC
`,
  qed[num_in_ZinC]
);;

let ZinC_1 = prove(`
  Cx(&1) IN ZinC
`,
  qed[num_in_ZinC]
);;

let neg_in_ZinC = prove(`
  !x:complex.
  x IN ZinC ==> --x IN ZinC
`,
  rw[ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM;complex_of_int] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `int_neg i` THEN
  rw[GSYM REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES;CX_NEG] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let add_in_ZinC = prove(`
  !x:complex y:complex.
  x IN ZinC /\ y IN ZinC ==> x+y IN ZinC
`,
  rw[ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM;complex_of_int] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `i+i':int` THEN
  rw[GSYM REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES;CX_ADD] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let mul_in_ZinC = prove(`
  !x:complex y:complex.
  x IN ZinC /\ y IN ZinC ==> x*y IN ZinC
`,
  rw[ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM;complex_of_int] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `i*i':int` THEN
  rw[GSYM REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES;CX_MUL] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ZinC_ring_clauses = prove(`
  ring_carrier ZinC_ring = ZinC /\
  ring_0 ZinC_ring = Cx(&0) /\
  ring_1 ZinC_ring = Cx(&1) /\
  ring_neg ZinC_ring = ( -- ) /\
  ring_add ZinC_ring = ( + ) /\
  ring_mul ZinC_ring = ( * )
`,
  rw[ring_carrier;ring_0;ring_1;ring_neg;ring_add;ring_mul;GSYM PAIR_EQ] THEN
  rw[ZinC_ring] THEN
  rw[GSYM(CONJUNCT2 ring_tybij)] THEN
  rw[ZinC_0;ZinC_1;neg_in_ZinC;add_in_ZinC;mul_in_ZinC] THEN
  qed[COMPLEX_ADD_SYM;COMPLEX_ADD_ASSOC;COMPLEX_ADD_LID;COMPLEX_ADD_LINV;COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC;COMPLEX_MUL_SYM;COMPLEX_MUL_LID;COMPLEX_ADD_LDISTRIB]
);;

let ZinC_subring_complex = prove(`
  ZinC subring_of complex_ring
`,
  rw[subring_of] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[ZinC_0;ZinC_1;neg_in_ZinC;add_in_ZinC;mul_in_ZinC;SUBSET_UNIV]
);; 

let ZinC_subring_generated_carrier = prove(`
  ZinC = INTERS {S | S subring_of complex_ring}
`,
  rw[INTERS] THEN
  rw[ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM;EXTENSION] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    rw[GSYM ring_of_int_complex] THEN
    qed[int_in_subring]
  ;
    intro THEN
    have `ZinC subring_of complex_ring` [ZinC_subring_complex] THEN
    have `x IN ZinC` [] THEN
    have `x IN {z | ?i. z = complex_of_int i}` [ZinC] THEN
    set_fact `x IN {z | ?i. z = complex_of_int i} ==> ?i. x = complex_of_int i` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let subring_complex_empty_lemma = prove(`
  INTERS {S | S subring_of complex_ring /\ (:complex) INTER {} SUBSET S} = ZinC
`,
  rw[ZinC_subring_generated_carrier] THEN
  SET_TAC []
);;

let subring_complex_empty = prove(`
  subring_generated complex_ring {} = ZinC_ring
`,
  rw[subring_generated] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[ZinC_ring;subring_complex_empty_lemma]
);;

let ring_char_ZinC = prove(`
  ring_char ZinC_ring = 0
`,
  recall ring_char_complex THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`{}:complex->bool`]RING_CHAR_SUBRING_GENERATED THEN
  qed[subring_complex_empty]
);;

let subring_complex_ZinC_lemma = prove(`
  INTERS {S | S subring_of complex_ring /\ (:complex) INTER ZinC SUBSET S} = ZinC
`,
  rw[ZinC_subring_generated_carrier] THEN
  SET_TAC []
);;

let subring_complex_ZinC = prove(`
  subring_generated complex_ring ZinC = ZinC_ring
`,
  rw[subring_generated] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[ZinC_ring;subring_complex_ZinC_lemma]
);;

let ring_of_num_ZinC = prove(`
  ring_of_num ZinC_ring = complex_of_num
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM;complex_of_num] THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THEN
  simp[ring_of_num;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[GSYM CX_ADD;REAL_OF_NUM_SUC]
);;

let ring_pow_ZinC = prove(`
  ring_pow ZinC_ring = (pow)
`,
  qed[RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED;ring_pow_complex;subring_complex_empty]
);;

let integral_domain_ZinC = prove(`
  integral_domain ZinC_ring
`,
  qed[integral_domain_complex;INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_SUBRING_GENERATED;subring_complex_empty]
);;

(* ===== \Z[x] *)

let poly_complex_if_poly_ZinC = prove(`
  !p:(V->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial ZinC_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  rw[ring_powerseries] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  qed[IN_UNIV]
);;

let poly_0_ZinC_eq_poly_0_complex = prove(`
  poly_0 ZinC_ring = (poly_0 complex_ring):(V->num)->complex
`,
  rw[poly_0;poly_const] THEN
  rw[ZinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let zero_if_ZinC_norm_lt1 = prove(`
  !z.
  z IN ZinC ==>
  norm z < &1 ==>
  z = Cx(&0)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `z IN {z | ?i. z = complex_of_int i}` [ZinC] THEN
  set_fact `z IN {z | ?i. z = complex_of_int i} ==> ?i. z = complex_of_int i` THEN
  choose `i:int` `z = complex_of_int i` [ZinC] THEN
  have `z = Cx(real_of_int i)` [complex_of_int] THEN
  have `norm(z:complex) = abs(real_of_int i)` [COMPLEX_NORM_CX] THEN
  choose `n:num` `abs(real_of_int i) = &n` [INTEGER_REAL_OF_INT;integer] THEN
  proven_if `n = 0` [REAL_ABS_ZERO] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> 1 <= n` THEN
  have `&1 <= &n:real` [REAL_OF_NUM_LE] THEN
  have `norm(z:complex) < norm z` [REAL_LTE_TRANS] THEN
  qed[REAL_LT_REFL]
);;

let zero_if_ZinC_scale_bound = prove(`
  !(c:complex) (r:real) z.
  ~(c = Cx(&0)) ==>
  c * z IN ZinC ==>
  norm z <= r ==>
  norm c * r < &1 ==>
  z = Cx(&0)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `norm (c*z) < &1` THENL [
    rw[COMPLEX_NORM_MUL] THEN
    qed[REAL_LE_LMUL;NORM_POS_LE;REAL_LET_TRANS]
  ;
    have `c*z = Cx(&0)` [zero_if_ZinC_norm_lt1] THEN
    complex_field_fact `~(c = Cx(&0)) ==> c*z = Cx(&0) ==> z = Cx(&0)` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

(* ===== copy of \Q inside \C *)

let QinC = new_definition `
  QinC = {z:complex | ?i:int d:num. ~(d = 0) /\ Cx(&d) * z = complex_of_int i}
`;;

let QinC_ring = new_definition `
  QinC_ring = ring(QinC,Cx(&0),Cx(&1),( -- ),( + ),( * ))
`;;

let ZinC_in_QinC = prove(`
  !z. z IN ZinC ==> z IN QinC
`,
  rw[ZinC;QinC;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `i:int` THEN
  witness `1` THEN
  simp[COMPLEX_MUL_LID] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`]
);;

let ZinC_subset_QinC = prove(`
  ZinC SUBSET QinC
`,
  SET_TAC[ZinC_in_QinC]
);;

let QinC_0 = prove(`
  Cx(&0) IN QinC
`,
  SET_TAC[ZinC_in_QinC;ZinC_0]
);;

let QinC_1 = prove(`
  Cx(&1) IN QinC
`,
  SET_TAC[ZinC_in_QinC;ZinC_1]
);;

let neg_in_QinC = prove(`
  !z. z IN QinC ==> --z IN QinC
`,
  rw[QinC;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  rw[complex_of_int] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `--i:int` THEN
  witness `d:num` THEN
  rw[GSYM REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
  rw[CX_NEG] THEN
  qed[COMPLEX_MUL_RNEG]
);;

let add_in_QinC = prove(`
  !y z.
  y IN QinC /\ z IN QinC ==>
  y+z IN QinC
`,
  rw[QinC;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  rw[complex_of_int] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `i * &d'+i' * &d:int` THEN
  witness `d*d':num` THEN
  have `~(d * d' = 0)` [MULT_EQ_0] THEN
  rw[int_add_th] THEN
  rw[int_mul_th] THEN
  rw[GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
  rw[CX_MUL;CX_ADD] THEN
  rw[GSYM REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
  complex_field_fact `(Cx(&d) * Cx(&d'))*(y+z) = (Cx(&d)*y)*Cx(&d') + (Cx(&d')*z)*Cx(&d)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let mul_in_QinC = prove(`
  !y z.
  y IN QinC /\ z IN QinC ==>
  y*z IN QinC
`,
  rw[QinC;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  rw[complex_of_int] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `i*i':int` THEN
  witness `d*d':num` THEN
  have `~(d*d' = 0)` [MULT_EQ_0] THEN
  rw[int_mul_th] THEN
  rw[GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
  rw[CX_MUL] THEN
  complex_field_fact `(Cx(&d)*Cx(&d'))*(y*z) = (Cx(&d)*y)*(Cx(&d')*z)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let QinC_ring_clauses = prove(`
  ring_carrier QinC_ring = QinC /\
  ring_0 QinC_ring = Cx(&0) /\
  ring_1 QinC_ring = Cx(&1) /\
  ring_neg QinC_ring = ( -- ) /\
  ring_add QinC_ring = ( + ) /\
  ring_mul QinC_ring = ( * )
`,
  rw[ring_carrier;ring_0;ring_1;ring_neg;ring_add;ring_mul;GSYM PAIR_EQ] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring] THEN
  rw[GSYM(CONJUNCT2 ring_tybij)] THEN
  rw[QinC_0;QinC_1;neg_in_QinC;add_in_QinC;mul_in_QinC] THEN
  qed[COMPLEX_ADD_SYM;COMPLEX_ADD_ASSOC;COMPLEX_ADD_LID;COMPLEX_ADD_LINV;COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC;COMPLEX_MUL_SYM;COMPLEX_MUL_LID;COMPLEX_ADD_LDISTRIB]
);;

let ZinC_subring_QinC = prove(`
  ZinC subring_of QinC_ring
`,
  rw[subring_of] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[ZinC_0;ZinC_1;neg_in_ZinC;add_in_ZinC;mul_in_ZinC;ZinC_subset_QinC]
);;

let QinC_subring_complex = prove(`
  QinC subring_of complex_ring
`,
  rw[subring_of] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[QinC_0;QinC_1;neg_in_QinC;add_in_QinC;mul_in_QinC;SUBSET_UNIV]
);;

let series_QinC_if_series_ZinC = prove(`
  !p:(V->num)->complex.
  ring_powerseries ZinC_ring p ==>
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring p
`,
  rw[ring_powerseries] THEN
  rw[ZinC_ring_clauses;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  qed[ZinC_in_QinC]
);;

let poly_QinC_if_poly_ZinC = prove(`
  !p:(V->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial ZinC_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  rw[ring_powerseries] THEN
  rw[ZinC_ring_clauses;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  qed[ZinC_in_QinC]
);;

let poly_complex_if_poly_QinC = prove(`
  !p:(V->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  rw[ring_powerseries] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  qed[IN_UNIV]
);;

let series_complex_if_series_QinC = prove(`
  !p:(V->num)->complex.
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_powerseries complex_ring p
`,
  rw[ring_powerseries] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  qed[IN_UNIV]
);;

let poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex = prove(`
  poly_0 QinC_ring = (poly_0 complex_ring):(V->num)->complex
`,
  rw[poly_0;poly_const] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let poly_1_QinC_eq_poly_1_complex = prove(`
  poly_1 QinC_ring = (poly_1 complex_ring):(V->num)->complex
`,
  rw[poly_1;poly_const] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let poly_neg_QinC_eq_poly_neg_complex = prove(`
  !p:(V->num)->complex.
  poly_neg QinC_ring p
  = poly_neg complex_ring p
`,
  rw[poly_neg] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let poly_add_QinC_eq_poly_add_complex = prove(`
  !p:(V->num)->complex q.
  poly_add QinC_ring p q
  = poly_add complex_ring p q
`,
  rw[poly_add] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let x_pow_QinC_eq_x_pow_complex = prove(`
  !n.
  x_pow QinC_ring n = x_pow complex_ring n
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  rw[coeff_x_pow;QinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let poly_0_ZinC_eq_poly_0_QinC = prove(`
  poly_0 ZinC_ring = (poly_0 QinC_ring):(V->num)->complex
`,
  qed[poly_0_ZinC_eq_poly_0_complex;poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex]
);;

let ring_of_num_QinC = prove(`
  ring_of_num QinC_ring = complex_of_num
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM;complex_of_num] THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THEN
  simp[ring_of_num;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[GSYM CX_ADD;REAL_OF_NUM_SUC]
);;

let num_in_QinC = prove(`
  !n. Cx(&n) IN QinC
`,
  rw[GSYM complex_of_num;GSYM ring_of_num_QinC;GSYM QinC_ring_clauses;RING_OF_NUM]
);;

let num_over_num_in_QinC = prove(`
  !n d. Cx(&n) / Cx(&d) IN QinC
`,
  rw[QinC;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `d = 0` THENL [
    witness `&0:int` THEN
    witness `1:num` THEN
    rw[complex_of_int;GSYM REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
    simp[complex_div] THEN
    rw[COMPLEX_INV_0] THEN
    rw[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`]
  ;
    witness `&n:int` THEN
    witness `d:num` THEN
    rw[complex_of_int;GSYM REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `~(d = 0) ==> ~(&d = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
    have `~(Cx(&d) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
    complex_field_fact `~(Cx (&d) = Cx (&0)) ==> Cx (&d) * Cx (&n) / Cx (&d) = Cx (&n)` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let neg_num_over_num_in_QinC = prove(`
  !n d. -- (Cx(&n) / Cx(&d)) IN QinC
`,
  qed[num_over_num_in_QinC;neg_in_QinC]
);;

let field_QinC = prove(`
  field QinC_ring
`,
  rw[field] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[CX_INJ;REAL_ARITH `~(&1 = &0:real)`]
  ;
    choose2 `i:int` `d:num` `~(d = 0) /\ Cx(&d) * x = complex_of_int i` [QinC;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    choose `n:num` `real_of_int i = &n \/ real_of_int i = -- &n` [dest_int_rep] THEN
    case `n = 0` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `-- &0 = &0:real` THEN
      have `real_of_int i = &0` [] THEN
      have `complex_of_int i = Cx(&0)` [complex_of_int] THEN
      have `Cx(&d) * x = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
      complex_field_fact `~(x = Cx(&0)) /\ Cx(&d) * x = Cx(&0) ==> Cx(&d) = Cx(&0)` THEN
      have `&d = &0:real` [CX_INJ] THEN
      qed[REAL_OF_NUM_EQ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `~(n = 0) ==> ~(&n = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
    have `~(Cx(&n) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
    case `real_of_int i = &n` THENL [
      have `complex_of_int i = Cx(&n)` [complex_of_int] THEN
      witness `Cx(&d) / Cx(&n)` THEN
      have `Cx(&d) * x = Cx(&n)` [] THEN
      complex_field_fact `Cx(&d)*x = Cx(&n) ==> ~(Cx(&n) = Cx(&0)) ==> x * Cx(&d) / Cx(&n) = Cx(&1)` THEN
      qed[num_over_num_in_QinC]
    ;
      have `real_of_int i = -- &n` [] THEN
      have `complex_of_int i = Cx(-- &n)` [complex_of_int] THEN
      witness `-- (Cx(&d) / Cx(&n))` THEN
      have `Cx(&d) * x = -- Cx(&n)` [CX_NEG] THEN
      complex_field_fact `Cx(&d)*x = -- Cx(&n) ==> ~(Cx(&n) = Cx(&0)) ==> x * -- (Cx(&d) / Cx(&n)) = Cx(&1)` THEN
      qed[neg_num_over_num_in_QinC]
    ]
  ]
);;

let integral_domain_QinC = prove(`
  integral_domain QinC_ring
`,
  qed[field_QinC;FIELD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN]
);;

let QinC_over_num = prove(`
  !z e.
  z IN QinC ==>
  ~(e = 0) ==>
  z / Cx(&e) IN QinC
`,
  rw[QinC;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `i:int` THEN
  witness `d*e:num` THEN
  rw[GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
  rw[CX_MUL] THEN
  have `~(e = 0) ==> ~(&e = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
  have `~(Cx(&e) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
  complex_field_fact `~(Cx(&e) = Cx(&0)) ==> (Cx(&d) * Cx(&e)) * z / Cx(&e) = Cx(&d) * z` THEN
  have `~(d * e = 0)` [MULT_EQ_0] THEN
  simp[]
);;

let div_in_QinC = prove(`
  !y z.
  y IN QinC /\ z IN QinC /\ ~(z = Cx(&0)) ==>
  y/z IN QinC
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `zinv:complex` `zinv IN ring_carrier QinC_ring /\ ring_mul QinC_ring z zinv = ring_1 QinC_ring` [field;QinC_ring_clauses;field_QinC] THEN
  have `z * zinv = Cx(&1)` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  complex_field_fact `~(z = Cx(&0)) ==> z * zinv = Cx(&1) ==> y / z = y * zinv` THEN
  qed[RING_MUL;QinC_ring_clauses]
);;

let QinC_to_ZinC = prove(`
  !z.
  z IN QinC ==>
  ?d. (~(d = 0) /\ Cx(&d) * z IN ZinC)
`,
  rw[QinC;ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let multi_QinC_to_ZinC = prove(`
  !S f:X->complex.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> f s IN QinC) ==>
  ?d. (~(d = 0) /\ !s. s IN S ==> Cx(&d) * f s IN ZinC)
`,
  intro THEN
  witness `nproduct S (\s:X. @d. ~(d = 0) /\ Cx(&d) * f s IN ZinC)` THEN
  conjunction THENL [
    simp[NPRODUCT_EQ_0] THEN
    rw[NOT_EXISTS_THM] THEN
    qed[QinC_to_ZinC]
  ;
    intro THEN
    specialize[`\t:X. @d. ~(d = 0) /\ Cx (&d) * f t IN ZinC`;`S:X->bool`;`s:X`](GSYM NPRODUCT_DELETE) THEN
    simp[] THEN
    once_rw[MULT_SYM] THEN
    simp[prove(`&(m*n):real = &m * &n`,qed[REAL_OF_NUM_CLAUSES])] THEN
    rw[CX_MUL;GSYM COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
    have `(Cx (&(@u:num. ~(u = 0) /\ Cx (&u) * f(s:X) IN ZinC))) * f s IN ZinC` [QinC_ring_clauses;QinC_to_ZinC] THEN
    qed[mul_in_ZinC;ZinC_ring_clauses;num_in_ZinC]
  ]
);;

let subring_complex_QinC_lemma = prove(`
  INTERS {S | S subring_of complex_ring /\ (:complex) INTER QinC SUBSET S} = QinC
`,
  havetac `QinC IN {S | S subring_of complex_ring /\ (:complex) INTER QinC SUBSET S}` (
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[QinC_subring_complex;INTER_UNIV;SUBSET_REFL]
  ) THEN
  set_fact `!x. x IN {S | S subring_of complex_ring /\ (:complex) INTER QinC SUBSET S} ==> QinC SUBSET x` THEN
  qed[is_inters]
);;

let subring_complex_QinC = prove(`
  subring_generated complex_ring QinC = QinC_ring
`,
  rw[subring_generated] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring;subring_complex_QinC_lemma]
);;

let ring_char_QinC = prove(`
  ring_char QinC_ring = 0
`,
  qed[ring_char_complex;RING_CHAR_SUBRING_GENERATED;subring_complex_QinC]
);;

let ring_hasQ_QinC = prove(`
  ring_hasQ QinC_ring
`,
  rw[ring_hasQ;ring_char_QinC] THEN
  rw[ring_of_num_QinC;complex_of_num;ring_unit] THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  have `Cx(&n) IN ring_carrier QinC_ring` [num_in_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `~(Cx(&n) = ring_0 QinC_ring)` [CX_INJ;REAL_OF_NUM_EQ;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  qed[field;field_QinC]
);;

let ring_sub_QinC = prove(`
  ring_sub QinC_ring = (-)
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM;ring_sub;QinC_ring_clauses;complex_sub]
);;

let x_minus_const_QinC_eq_x_minus_const_complex = prove(`
  !c.
  x_minus_const QinC_ring c = x_minus_const complex_ring c
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_minus_const] THEN
  rw[poly_sub;poly_const] THEN
  rw[ring_sub_QinC;ring_sub_complex] THEN
  rw[x_pow_QinC_eq_x_pow_complex] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let subring_QinC_empty_lemma = prove(`
  INTERS {S | S subring_of QinC_ring /\ QinC INTER {} SUBSET S} = ZinC
`,
  subgoal `ZinC IN {S | S subring_of QinC_ring /\ QinC INTER {} SUBSET S}` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    rw[ZinC_subring_QinC;INTER_EMPTY;EMPTY_SUBSET]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!x. x IN {S | S subring_of QinC_ring /\ QinC INTER {} SUBSET S} ==> ZinC SUBSET x` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `x subring_of complex_ring` [subring_complex_QinC;SUBRING_OF_SUBRING_GENERATED_EQ] THEN
    set_fact `x subring_of complex_ring ==> INTERS {S | S subring_of complex_ring} SUBSET x` THEN
    qed[ZinC_subring_generated_carrier]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[is_inters]
);;

let subring_QinC_empty = prove(`
  subring_generated QinC_ring {} = ZinC_ring
`,
  rw[subring_generated] THEN
  rw[QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[ZinC_ring;subring_QinC_empty_lemma]
);;

let ring_1_0_QinC = prove(`
  ~(ring_1 QinC_ring = ring_0 QinC_ring)
`,
  qed[integral_domain_QinC;integral_domain]
);;

let ring_pow_QinC = prove(`
  ring_pow QinC_ring = (pow)
`,
  qed[RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED;ring_pow_complex;subring_complex_QinC]
);;

let sum_QinC_eq_sum_complex = prove(`
  !S f.
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN QinC) ==>
  ring_sum QinC_ring S f
  = ring_sum complex_ring S f
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> f s IN ring_carrier(subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [subring_complex_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `ring_sum(subring_generated complex_ring QinC) S (f:X->complex) = ring_sum complex_ring S f` [ring_sum_subring_generated_v2] THEN
  qed[subring_complex_QinC]
);;

let poly_mul_QinC_eq_poly_mul_complex = prove(`
  !p:(V->num)->complex q.
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring q ==>
  poly_mul QinC_ring p q
  = poly_mul complex_ring p q
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_mul;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum QinC_ring {m1,m2 | !y. monomial_mul m1 m2 y = x y} (\(m1,m2). ring_mul QinC_ring (p(m1:V->num)) (q m2)) = ring_sum QinC_ring {m1,m2 | !y. monomial_mul m1 m2 y = x y} (\(m1,m2). ring_mul complex_ring (p m1) (q m2))` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[LAMBDA_PAIR;BETA_THM] THEN
    qed[QinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby sum_QinC_eq_sum_complex THEN
  rw[IN_ELIM_THM;LAMBDA_PAIR] THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[FST;SND] THEN
  have `p(m1:V->num) IN ring_carrier(QinC_ring)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
  have `q(m2:V->num) IN ring_carrier(QinC_ring)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL;QinC_ring_clauses;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let ring_divides_poly_complex_if_ring_divides_poly_QinC = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q.
  ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) p q ==>
  ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) p q
`,
  rw[ring_divides] THEN
  rw[GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[poly_complex_if_poly_QinC]
  ;
    qed[poly_complex_if_poly_QinC]
  ;
    witness `x:(1->num)->complex` THEN
    qed[ring_polynomial;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC;poly_mul_QinC_eq_poly_mul_complex]
  ]
);;

(* ===== \Q[x] *)

let PID_x_poly_QinC = prove(`
  PID (x_poly QinC_ring)
`,
  qed[field_QinC;PID_x_poly_field]
);;

let integral_domain_x_poly_QinC = prove(`
  integral_domain (x_poly QinC_ring)
`,
  qed[PID_x_poly_QinC;PID_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN;x_poly]
);;

let UFD_x_poly_QinC = prove(`
  UFD (x_poly QinC_ring)
`,
  qed[PID_x_poly_QinC;PID_IMP_UFD;x_poly]
);;

let x_poly_mul_in_QinC_eq_0 = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) (q:(1->num)->complex).
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring q ==>
  (poly_mul QinC_ring p q = poly_0 QinC_ring
   <=> p = poly_0 QinC_ring \/ q = poly_0 QinC_ring)
`,
  rw[x_poly_use] THEN
  qed[integral_domain_x_poly_QinC;INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_MUL_EQ_0]
);;

let x_poly_ZinC_denominator_is_QinC = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) e.
  ring_polynomial ZinC_ring p ==>
  ~(e = 0) ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring
    (series_from_coeffs (\n. (coeff n p) / Cx(&e)))
`,
  rw[poly_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  intro THENL [
    have `coeff d p IN ring_carrier ZinC_ring` [coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
    have `coeff d p IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `coeff d p IN QinC` [ZinC_in_QinC] THEN
    rw[QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[QinC_over_num]
  ;
    specialize[`ZinC_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]finite_coeff THEN
    subgoal `!d. ~(coeff d p / Cx(&e) = ring_0 QinC_ring) ==> ~(coeff d p = ring_0 ZinC_ring)` THENL [
      simp[QinC_ring_clauses;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
      CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    set_fact `(!d. ~(coeff d p / Cx(&e) = ring_0 QinC_ring) ==> ~(coeff d p = ring_0 ZinC_ring)) ==> {d | ~(coeff d p / Cx(&e) = ring_0 QinC_ring)} SUBSET {d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0 ZinC_ring)}` THEN
    qed[FINITE_SUBSET]
  ]
);;

let x_poly_ZinC_denominator_is_QinC_v2_lemma = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) e.
  series_from_coeffs (\n. (coeff n p) / Cx(&e))
  = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (Cx(&1) / Cx(&e))) p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [series_complex] THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  have `Cx(&1) / Cx(&e) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_const_times] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
);;

let poly_const_QinC = prove(`
  !c.
  c IN QinC <=>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring c:(V->num)->complex)
`,
  rw[RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST] THEN
  qed[QinC_ring_clauses]
);;

let poly_const_QinC_poly_const_complex = prove(`
  !c.
  poly_const QinC_ring c
  = poly_const complex_ring c:(V->num)->complex
`,
  qed[poly_const_subring;subring_complex_QinC]
);;

let poly_mul_QinC_poly_mul_complex = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) (q:(1->num)->complex).
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring q ==>
  poly_mul QinC_ring p q
  = poly_mul complex_ring p q
`,
  qed[poly_mul_subring;subring_complex_QinC]
);;

let x_poly_ZinC_denominator_is_QinC_v2_lemma2 = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) e.
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring p ==>
  series_from_coeffs (\n. (coeff n p) / Cx(&e))
  = poly_mul QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&1) / Cx(&e))) p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `Cx(&1) / Cx(&e) IN QinC` [num_over_num_in_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&1) / Cx(&e)):(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[poly_mul_QinC_poly_mul_complex] THEN
  simp[poly_const_QinC_poly_const_complex] THEN
  qed[x_poly_ZinC_denominator_is_QinC_v2_lemma]
);;

let x_poly_ZinC_denominator_is_QinC_v2 = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) e.
  ring_polynomial ZinC_ring p ==>
  ~(e = 0) ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring
    (poly_mul QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&1) / Cx(&e))) p)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries ZinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [series_QinC_if_series_ZinC] THEN
  qed[x_poly_ZinC_denominator_is_QinC;x_poly_ZinC_denominator_is_QinC_v2_lemma2]
);;

(* XXX: should factor proof through multi_QinC_to_ZinC *)
let x_poly_QinC_is_ZinC_denominator = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ?e. (~(e = 0) /\
       ring_polynomial ZinC_ring
         (series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx(&e) * coeff n p))
      )
`,
  intro THEN
  witness `nproduct (0..poly_deg QinC_ring p) (\n. @d. ~(d = 0) /\ Cx(&d) * coeff n p IN ZinC)` THEN
  conjunction THENL [
    rw[NPRODUCT_EQ_0_NUMSEG] THEN
    qed[coeff_poly_in_ring;QinC_ring_clauses;QinC_to_ZinC]
  ;
    rw[poly_series_from_coeffs] THEN
    intro THENL [
      case `d <= poly_deg QinC_ring(p:(1->num)->complex)` THENL [
        have `d IN (0..poly_deg QinC_ring(p:(1->num)->complex))` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
        have `FINITE (0..poly_deg QinC_ring(p:(1->num)->complex))` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
        specialize[`\n. @d. ~(d = 0) /\ Cx (&d) * coeff n p IN ZinC`;`0..poly_deg QinC_ring(p:(1->num)->complex)`;`d:num`](GSYM NPRODUCT_DELETE) THEN
        simp[] THEN
        once_rw[MULT_SYM] THEN
        simp[prove(`&(m*n):real = &m * &n`,qed[REAL_OF_NUM_CLAUSES])] THEN
        rw[CX_MUL;GSYM COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
        have `(Cx (&(@u:num. ~(u = 0) /\ Cx (&u) * coeff d p IN ZinC))) * coeff d p IN ZinC` [coeff_poly_in_ring;QinC_ring_clauses;QinC_to_ZinC] THEN
        qed[mul_in_ZinC;ZinC_ring_clauses;num_in_ZinC]
      ;
        have `coeff d p = ring_0 QinC_ring` [coeff_le_deg] THEN
        have `ring_0 QinC_ring = Cx(&0)` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
        simp[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
        qed[ZinC_0]
      ]
    ;
      specialize[`QinC_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]finite_coeff THEN
      subgoal `{d | ~(Cx (&(nproduct (0..poly_deg QinC_ring p) (\n. @d. ~(d = 0) /\ Cx (&d) * coeff n p IN ZinC))) * coeff d p = ring_0 ZinC_ring)} SUBSET {d | ~(coeff d p = ring_0 QinC_ring)}` THENL [
        rw[SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        rw[ZinC_ring_clauses;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
        qed[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO]
      ;
        qed[FINITE_SUBSET]
      ]
    ]
  ]
);;

let x_poly_QinC_is_ZinC_denominator_v2_lemma = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) e.
  series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx(&e) * coeff n p)
  = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (Cx(&e))) p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [series_complex] THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  have `Cx(&e) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_const_times] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let x_poly_QinC_is_ZinC_denominator_v2_lemma2 = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) e.
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring p ==>
  series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx(&e) * coeff n p)
  = poly_mul QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&e))) p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `Cx(&e) IN QinC` [num_in_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&e)):(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POWERSERIES_CONST;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[poly_mul_QinC_poly_mul_complex] THEN
  simp[poly_const_QinC_poly_const_complex] THEN
  qed[x_poly_QinC_is_ZinC_denominator_v2_lemma]
);;

let x_poly_QinC_is_ZinC_denominator_v2 = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ?e. (~(e = 0) /\
       ring_polynomial ZinC_ring
         (poly_mul QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&e))) p)
      )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  simp[GSYM x_poly_QinC_is_ZinC_denominator_v2_lemma2] THEN
  qed[x_poly_QinC_is_ZinC_denominator]
);;

let ring_hasQ_subring_series_complex = prove(`
  ring_hasQ (
    subring_generated (
      x_series complex_ring
    ) (
      ring_carrier (x_series QinC_ring)
    )
  )
`,
  rw[ring_hasQ] THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_CHAR_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
    rw[ring_char_x_series] THEN
    rw[ring_char_complex]
  ;
    rw[ring_unit] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[RING_OF_NUM]
    ;
      witness `poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&1) / Cx(&n)):(1->num)->complex` THEN
      intro THENL [
        have `Cx(&1) / Cx(&n) IN QinC` [num_over_num_in_QinC] THEN
        have `Cx(&1) / Cx(&n) IN ring_carrier(QinC_ring)` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
        have `poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&1) / Cx(&n)) IN ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)` [x_series_use;RING_POWERSERIES_CONST] THEN
        have `ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring) SUBSET ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use;series_complex_if_series_QinC;SUBSET] THEN
        have `ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring) SUBSET ring_carrier (subring_generated (x_series complex_ring) (ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)))` [SUBSET_CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED;SUBSET_REFL] THEN
        qed[SUBSET]
      ;
        rw[RING_OF_NUM_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
        rw[SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
        rw[ring_of_num_x_series] THEN
        rw[GSYM x_series_use] THEN
        rw[poly_const_QinC_poly_const_complex] THEN
        rw[ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num] THEN
        simp[GSYM POLY_CONST_MUL;in_complex_ring] THEN
        rw[complex_ring_clauses;poly_1] THEN
        have `~(&n = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
        have `~(Cx(&n) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
        complex_field_fact `~(Cx(&n) = Cx(&0)) ==> Cx (&n) * Cx (&1) / Cx (&n) = Cx(&1)` THEN
        qed[]
      ]
    ]
  ]
);;

(* ===== algebraic numbers *)

let algebraic_number = new_definition `
  algebraic_number (z:complex)
  <=> ?p. (ring_polynomial ZinC_ring p
           /\ ~(p = poly_0 ZinC_ring)
           /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
          )
`;;

let algebraic_number_ZinC_explicit = prove(`
  !z.
  z IN ZinC ==> (
    ring_polynomial ZinC_ring (x_minus_const ZinC_ring z) /\
    ~((x_minus_const ZinC_ring z) = poly_0 ZinC_ring) /\
    poly_eval complex_ring (x_minus_const ZinC_ring z) z = Cx(&0)
  )
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `z IN ring_carrier(ZinC_ring)` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[x_minus_const_poly]
  ;
    have `coeff 1 (x_minus_const ZinC_ring z) = ring_1 ZinC_ring` [coeff_x_minus_const] THEN
    have `coeff 1 (poly_0 ZinC_ring) = ring_0 ZinC_ring` [coeff_poly_0] THEN
    have `ring_1 ZinC_ring = Cx(&1)` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `ring_0 ZinC_ring = Cx(&0)` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `Cx(&1) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    qed[CX_INJ;REAL_ARITH `~(&1 = &0:real)`]
  ;
    have `ZinC subring_of complex_ring` [ZinC_subring_complex] THEN
    have `z IN ring_carrier(ZinC_ring)` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(subring_generated complex_ring ZinC) (x_minus_const ZinC_ring z)` [x_minus_const_series;subring_complex_ZinC] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`ZinC`;`x_minus_const ZinC_ring z`;`z:complex`]poly_eval_subring THEN
    simp[] THEN
    qed[eval_x_minus_const_refl;subring_complex_ZinC;ZinC_0;ZinC_ring_clauses]
  ]
);;

let algebraic_number_ZinC = prove(`
  !z.
  z IN ZinC ==> algebraic_number z
`,
  rw[algebraic_number] THEN
  qed[algebraic_number_ZinC_explicit]
);;

let algebraic_number_ii = prove(`
  algebraic_number ii
`,
  rw[algebraic_number] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `poly_add ZinC_ring (x_pow ZinC_ring 2) (x_pow ZinC_ring 0)` THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[x_pow_poly;RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD]
  ;
    have `coeff 0 (x_pow ZinC_ring 2) = ring_0 ZinC_ring` [coeff_x_pow;ARITH_RULE `~(2 = 0)`] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (x_pow ZinC_ring 0) = ring_1 ZinC_ring` [coeff_x_pow] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (poly_add ZinC_ring (x_pow ZinC_ring 2) (x_pow ZinC_ring 0)) = ring_add ZinC_ring (ring_0 ZinC_ring) (ring_1 ZinC_ring)` [coeff_poly_add] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (poly_add ZinC_ring (x_pow ZinC_ring 2) (x_pow ZinC_ring 0)) = ring_1 ZinC_ring` [RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_1] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (poly_0 ZinC_ring) = ring_0 ZinC_ring` [coeff_poly_0] THEN
    have `ring_1 ZinC_ring = Cx(&1)` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `ring_0 ZinC_ring = Cx(&0)` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `Cx(&1) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    qed[CX_INJ;REAL_ARITH `~(&1 = &0:real)`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `x_pow ZinC_ring 2 = x_pow complex_ring 2` [subring_x_pow;subring_complex_empty] THEN
  have `x_pow ZinC_ring 0 = x_pow complex_ring 0` [subring_x_pow;subring_complex_empty] THEN
  simp[poly_add_subring;GSYM subring_complex_empty] THEN
  have `ii IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) <= 2` [deg_x_pow_le] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 0) <= 2` [deg_x_pow_le;ARITH_RULE `d <= 0 ==> d <= 2`] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2)` [x_pow_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 0)` [x_pow_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_add complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (x_pow complex_ring 0))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_add complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (x_pow complex_ring 0)) <= MAX (poly_deg complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2)) (poly_deg complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 0))` [POLY_DEG_ADD_LE] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_add complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (x_pow complex_ring 0)) <= 2` [ARITH_RULE `d <= 2 /\ e <= 2 /\ c <= MAX d e ==> c <= 2`] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`poly_add complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (x_pow complex_ring 0)`;`ii`;`2`]poly_eval_expand_coeff THEN
  simp[] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_add;coeff_x_pow] THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES_RIGHT;
    ARITH_RULE `0 < 2 /\ 0 <= 2`;ARITH_RULE `2 - 1 = 1`;ARITH_RULE `~(2 = 0)`;
    ARITH_RULE `0 < 1 /\ 0 <= 1`;ARITH_RULE `1 - 1 = 0`;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 2)`;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`;
    RING_CLAUSES] THEN
  once_rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES_NUMSEG] THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 2)`;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`;
    RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_ADD_RZERO;RING_MUL_LID;RING_MUL_LZERO;
    RING_CLAUSES] THEN
  rw[ring_pow_complex;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[COMPLEX_POW_II_2;complex_pow] THEN
  CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
);;

let algebraic_number_half = prove(`
  algebraic_number (Cx(&1 / &2))
`,
  rw[algebraic_number] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `poly_sub ZinC_ring (const_x_pow ZinC_ring (Cx(&2)) 1) (x_pow ZinC_ring 0)` THEN
  intro THENL [
    have `Cx(&2) IN ring_carrier ZinC_ring` [complex_of_num;RING_OF_NUM;ring_of_num_ZinC] THEN
    qed[x_pow_poly;const_x_pow_poly;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB]
  ;
    have `coeff 0 (const_x_pow ZinC_ring (Cx(&2)) 1) = ring_0 ZinC_ring` [coeff_const_x_pow;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (x_pow ZinC_ring 0) = ring_1 ZinC_ring` [coeff_x_pow] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (poly_sub ZinC_ring (const_x_pow ZinC_ring (Cx(&2)) 1) (x_pow ZinC_ring 0)) = ring_sub ZinC_ring (ring_0 ZinC_ring) (ring_1 ZinC_ring)` [coeff_poly_sub] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (poly_sub ZinC_ring (const_x_pow ZinC_ring (Cx(&2)) 1) (x_pow ZinC_ring 0)) = ring_neg ZinC_ring (ring_1 ZinC_ring)` [RING_SUB_LZERO;RING_1] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (poly_0 ZinC_ring) = ring_0 ZinC_ring` [coeff_poly_0] THEN
    have `ring_1 ZinC_ring = Cx(&1)` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `ring_0 ZinC_ring = Cx(&0)` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `ring_neg ZinC_ring = ( -- )` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `-- Cx(&1) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    have `Cx(&0) + Cx(&1) = Cx(&0)` [COMPLEX_LNEG_UNIQ] THEN
    have `Cx(&0 + &1) = Cx(&0)` [CX_ADD] THEN
    qed[CX_INJ;REAL_ARITH `~(&0 + &1 = &0:real)`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `const_x_pow ZinC_ring (Cx(&2)) 1 = const_x_pow complex_ring (Cx(&2)) 1` [subring_const_x_pow;subring_complex_empty] THEN
  have `x_pow ZinC_ring 0 = x_pow complex_ring 0` [subring_x_pow;subring_complex_empty] THEN
  simp[poly_sub_subring;GSYM subring_complex_empty] THEN
  have `Cx(&1 / &2) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `Cx(&2) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (const_x_pow complex_ring (Cx(&2)) 1) <= 1` [deg_const_x_pow_le] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 0) <= 1` [deg_x_pow_le;ARITH_RULE `d <= 0 ==> d <= 1`] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (const_x_pow complex_ring (Cx(&2)) 1)` [const_x_pow_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 0)` [x_pow_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (const_x_pow complex_ring (Cx(&2)) 1) (x_pow complex_ring 0))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (const_x_pow complex_ring (Cx(&2)) 1) (x_pow complex_ring 0)) <= 1` [POLY_DEG_SUB_LE;ARITH_RULE `d <= 1 /\ e <= 1 /\ c <= MAX d e ==> c <= 1`] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`poly_sub complex_ring (const_x_pow complex_ring (Cx(&2)) 1) (x_pow complex_ring 0)`;`Cx(&1 / &2)`;`1`]poly_eval_expand_coeff THEN
  simp[] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_sub;coeff_const_x_pow;coeff_x_pow] THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES_RIGHT;
    ARITH_RULE `0 < 1 /\ 0 <= 1`;ARITH_RULE `1 - 1 = 0`;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`;
    RING_CLAUSES] THEN
  once_rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES_NUMSEG] THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`;
    RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_ADD_RZERO;RING_MUL_LID;RING_MUL_LZERO;
    RING_CLAUSES] THEN
  rw[ring_pow_complex;complex_ring_clauses;ring_sub_complex] THEN
  simp[complex_pow;COMPLEX_POW_1] THEN
  CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
);;

let algebraic_number_if_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !S (c:X->complex) s.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_polynomial ZinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) ==>
  s IN S ==>
  algebraic_number (c s)
`,
  rw[algebraic_number] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex)` THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[]
  ;
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `monic complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (S:X->bool) c)` [monic_vanishing_at_monic] THEN
    have `monic complex_ring (poly_0 ZinC_ring)` [] THEN
    have `monic complex_ring (poly_0 complex_ring)` [poly_0_ZinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
    have `ring_1 complex_ring = ring_0 complex_ring` [monic_poly_0] THEN
    qed[field_complex;field]
  ;
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    simp[eval_monic_vanishing_at_refl] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses]
  ]
);;

(* ===== algebraic numbers via \Q[x] *)

let algebraic_number_root_QinC_poly = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  algebraic_number z
  <=> ?p. (ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
           /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
           /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
          )
`,
  rw[algebraic_number] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    witness `p:(1->num)->complex` THEN
    qed[poly_QinC_if_poly_ZinC;poly_0_ZinC_eq_poly_0_QinC]
  ;
    intro THEN
    choose `e:num` `~(e = 0) /\ ring_polynomial ZinC_ring (poly_mul QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx (&e))) (p:(1->num)->complex))` [x_poly_QinC_is_ZinC_denominator_v2] THEN
    witness `poly_mul QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx (&e))) (p:(1->num)->complex)` THEN
    rw[poly_0_ZinC_eq_poly_0_QinC] THEN
    intro THENL [
      simp[]
    ;
      have `Cx(&e) IN QinC` [num_in_QinC] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&e)):(1->num)->complex)` [poly_const_QinC] THEN
      have `(poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&e)):(1->num)->complex) = poly_0 QinC_ring` [x_poly_mul_in_QinC_eq_0] THEN
      have `Cx(&e) = ring_0 QinC_ring` [poly_0;POLY_CONST_EQ] THEN
      have `Cx(&e) = Cx(&0)` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
      have `&e = &0:real` [CX_INJ] THEN
      qed[REAL_OF_NUM_EQ]
    ;
      have `Cx(&e) IN QinC` [num_in_QinC] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&e)):(1->num)->complex)` [poly_const_QinC] THEN
      have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&e)):(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
      have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
      simp[poly_mul_QinC_poly_mul_complex] THEN
      have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_const QinC_ring (Cx(&e)):(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
      simp[POLY_EVAL_MUL;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      qed[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO;POLY_EVAL]
    ]
  ]
);;

let algebraic_number_if_monic_vanishing_at_QinC = prove(`
  !S (c:X->complex) s.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) ==>
  s IN S ==>
  algebraic_number (c s)
`,
  rw[algebraic_number_root_QinC_poly] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex)` THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[]
  ;
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `monic complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (S:X->bool) c)` [monic_vanishing_at_monic] THEN
    have `monic complex_ring (poly_0 QinC_ring)` [] THEN
    have `monic complex_ring (poly_0 complex_ring)` [poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
    have `ring_1 complex_ring = ring_0 complex_ring` [monic_poly_0] THEN
    qed[field_complex;field]
  ;
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    simp[eval_monic_vanishing_at_refl] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses]
  ]
);;

let algebraic_number_if_root_irreducible_QinC_poly = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  (?p. (ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
        /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
        /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
       )
  ) ==> algebraic_number z
`,
  rw[algebraic_number_root_QinC_poly] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `p:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  have `~(p = ring_0(x_poly QinC_ring))` [ring_irreducible] THEN
  qed[x_poly_use]
);;

let algebraic_number_is_root_irreducible_QinC_poly = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  algebraic_number z
  ==> ?p. (ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
           /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
           /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
           /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
          )
`,
  rw[algebraic_number_root_QinC_poly] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `UFD(x_poly QinC_ring)` [UFD_x_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(p = ring_0(x_poly QinC_ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
  choose2 `n:num` `q:num->(1->num)->complex` `(!i. 1 <= i /\ i <= n ==> ring_prime(x_poly QinC_ring) (q i)) /\ ring_associates(x_poly QinC_ring) (ring_product(x_poly QinC_ring) (1..n) q) p` [UFD_EQ_PRIMEFACT] THEN
  def `qprod:(1->num)->complex` `(ring_product(x_poly QinC_ring) (1..n) q)` THEN
  have `ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) p qprod` [ring_associates] THEN
  choose `c:(1->num)->complex` `c IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring) /\ qprod = ring_mul(x_poly QinC_ring) p c` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `(qprod:(1->num)->complex) = poly_mul QinC_ring p c` [x_poly;POLY_RING_CLAUSES] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `qprod IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [RING_MUL] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (qprod:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (qprod:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `c IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (c:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (c:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `(qprod:(1->num)->complex) = poly_mul complex_ring p c` [poly_mul_QinC_poly_mul_complex] THEN
  have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (c:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring qprod z = ring_mul complex_ring (poly_eval complex_ring p z) (poly_eval complex_ring c z)` [POLY_EVAL_MUL] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring qprod z = ring_mul complex_ring (ring_0 complex_ring) (poly_eval complex_ring c z)` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring qprod z = ring_0 complex_ring` [RING_MUL_LZERO;POLY_EVAL] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring qprod z = Cx(&0)` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> 1 <= i /\ i <= n` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> q i IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (q i:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (q i:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (q i:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_powerseries (subring_generated complex_ring QinC) (q i:(1->num)->complex)` [subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`q:num->(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`;`1..n`]eval_poly_product THEN
  have `qprod = poly_product QinC_ring (1..n) q` [poly_product_ring_product_x_poly] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`QinC`;`q:num->(1->num)->complex`;`1..n`]poly_product_subring THEN
  have `qprod = poly_product complex_ring (1..n) q` [subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_product complex_ring (1..n) (\i. poly_eval complex_ring (q i) z) = ring_0 complex_ring` [] THEN
  have `integral_domain complex_ring` [integral_domain_complex] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`1..n`;`\i. poly_eval complex_ring (q(i:num)) z`]INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0 THEN
  choose `i:num` `i IN 1..n /\ poly_eval complex_ring (q i) z = ring_0 complex_ring` [] THEN
  witness `q(i:num):(1->num)->complex` THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_poly QinC_ring)` [integral_domain_x_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) (q(i:num))` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRIME_IMP_IRREDUCIBLE] THEN
  have `(q(i:num)) IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [ring_irreducible] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(QinC_ring) (q(i:num):(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~((q(i:num):(1->num)->complex) = ring_0(x_poly QinC_ring))` [ring_irreducible] THEN
  have `~((q(i:num):(1->num)->complex) = poly_0 QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let algebraic_number_root_irreducible_QinC_poly = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  algebraic_number z
  <=> ?p. (ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
           /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
           /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
           /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
          )
`,
  qed[
    algebraic_number_if_root_irreducible_QinC_poly;
    algebraic_number_is_root_irreducible_QinC_poly
  ]
);;

let algebraic_number_is_root_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  algebraic_number z
  ==> ?p. (ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
           /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
           /\ monic QinC_ring p
           /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
           /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
          )
`,
  rw[algebraic_number_root_irreducible_QinC_poly] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `field QinC_ring` [field_QinC] THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial QinC_ring q /\ monic QinC_ring (q:(1->num)->complex) /\ ring_associates(x_poly QinC_ring) p q` [x_poly_field_monic_associate] THEN
  witness `q:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  have `~((q:(1->num)->complex) = poly_0 QinC_ring)` [monic_poly_0;field] THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_poly QinC_ring)` [integral_domain_x_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible (x_poly QinC_ring) q` [RING_ASSOCIATES_IRREDUCIBLE] THEN
  choose `w:(1->num)->complex` `w IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring) /\ q = ring_mul(x_poly QinC_ring) p w` [ring_associates;ring_divides] THEN
  have `(q:(1->num)->complex) = poly_mul QinC_ring p w` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (w:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `(q:(1->num)->complex) = poly_mul complex_ring p w` [poly_mul_subring;subring_complex_QinC;ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (w:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`w:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
  qed[COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let coprimes_sharing_root = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) s G p q z.
  s = subring_generated r G ==>
  field s ==>
  ring_polynomial s p ==>
  ring_polynomial s q ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 s) ==>
  ~(q = poly_0 s) ==>
  ring_irreducible(x_poly s) p ==>
  ring_irreducible(x_poly s) q ==>
  z IN ring_carrier r ==>
  poly_eval r p z = ring_0 r ==>
  poly_eval r q z = ring_0 r ==>
  ring_associates(x_poly s) p q
`,
  intro THEN
  def `g:(1->num)->R` `ring_gcd(x_poly(s:R ring)) (p,q)` THEN
  case `ring_unit(x_poly(s:R ring)) g` THENL [
    have `g IN ring_carrier(x_poly(s:R ring))` [RING_GCD] THEN
    choose `ginv:(1->num)->R` `ginv IN ring_carrier(x_poly(s:R ring)) /\ ring_mul(x_poly s) g ginv = ring_1(x_poly s)` [ring_unit] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(s:R ring) (ginv:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(s:R ring) (g:(1->num)->R)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    specialize[`s:R ring`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`q:(1->num)->R`]gcd_poly_linear_combination THEN
    choose2 `u:(1->num)->R` `v:(1->num)->R` `ring_polynomial s u /\ ring_polynomial s v /\ poly_add s (poly_mul s p u) (poly_mul s q v) = g:(1->num)->R` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(s:R ring) (poly_mul s (p:(1->num)->R) (u:(1->num)->R))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(s:R ring) (poly_mul s (q:(1->num)->R) (v:(1->num)->R))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (g:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (ginv:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (p:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (q:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (u:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (v:(1->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `poly_mul(s:R ring) g ginv:(1->num)->R = poly_1 s` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `poly_mul(r:R ring) g ginv:(1->num)->R = poly_1 r` [poly_mul_subring;ring_polynomial;poly_1_subring] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`g:(1->num)->R`;`ginv:(1->num)->R`;`z:R`]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`p:(1->num)->R`;`u:(1->num)->R`;`z:R`]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`q:(1->num)->R`;`v:(1->num)->R`;`z:R`]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
    have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (poly_eval r g z) (poly_eval r ginv z) = ring_1 r` [POLY_EVAL_1] THEN
    have `poly_eval(r:R ring) (poly_mul r p u) z = ring_0 r` [RING_MUL_LZERO;POLY_EVAL] THEN
    have `poly_eval(r:R ring) (poly_mul r q v) z = ring_0 r` [RING_MUL_LZERO;POLY_EVAL] THEN
    have `poly_mul(r:R ring) p u:(1->num)->R = poly_mul s p u` [poly_mul_subring;ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `poly_mul(r:R ring) q v:(1->num)->R = poly_mul s q v` [poly_mul_subring;ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (p:(1->num)->R) (u:(1->num)->R))` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (q:(1->num)->R) (v:(1->num)->R))` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `poly_add(r:R ring) (poly_mul r p u) (poly_mul r q v:(1->num)->R) = poly_add s (poly_mul s p u) (poly_mul s q v)` [poly_add_subring;ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `poly_add(r:R ring) (poly_mul r p u) (poly_mul r q v:(1->num)->R) = g` [] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`poly_mul r (p:(1->num)->R) (u:(1->num)->R)`;`poly_mul r (q:(1->num)->R) (v:(1->num)->R)`;`z:R`]POLY_EVAL_ADD THEN
    have `poly_eval(r:R ring) g z = ring_add r (ring_0 r) (ring_0 r)` [] THEN
    have `poly_eval(r:R ring) g z = ring_0 r` [RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_0] THEN
    have `poly_eval(r:R ring) (poly_1 r) z = ring_mul r (ring_0 r) (poly_eval r ginv z)` [] THEN
    have `ring_1(r:R ring) = ring_0 r` [POLY_EVAL_1;RING_MUL_LZERO;POLY_EVAL] THEN
    have `ring_1(s:R ring) = ring_0 s` [SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
    qed[field]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_divides(x_poly s) (g:(1->num)->R) p` [RING_GCD_DIVIDES;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_divides(x_poly s) (g:(1->num)->R) q` [RING_GCD_DIVIDES;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_associates(x_poly s) (g:(1->num)->R) p` [RING_NONUNIT_DIVIDES_IRREDUCIBLE] THEN
  have `ring_associates(x_poly s) (g:(1->num)->R) q` [RING_NONUNIT_DIVIDES_IRREDUCIBLE] THEN
  qed[RING_ASSOCIATES_SYM;RING_ASSOCIATES_TRANS]
);;

let algebraic_number_is_root_unique_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly_lemma = prove(`
  !(z:complex) p q.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
  /\ ring_polynomial QinC_ring q
  /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
  /\ ~(q = poly_0 QinC_ring)
  /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
  /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) q
  /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
  /\ poly_eval complex_ring q z = Cx(&0)
  ==> ring_associates(x_poly QinC_ring) p q
`,
  intro THEN
  have `QinC_ring = subring_generated complex_ring QinC` [subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `field QinC_ring` [field_QinC] THEN
  have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring p z = ring_0 complex_ring` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring q z = ring_0 complex_ring` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`QinC_ring`;`QinC`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`q:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`]coprimes_sharing_root THEN
  qed[]
);;

let algebraic_number_is_root_unique_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly_simple = prove(`
  !(z:complex) p q.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
  /\ ring_polynomial QinC_ring q
  /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
  /\ ~(q = poly_0 QinC_ring)
  /\ monic QinC_ring p
  /\ monic QinC_ring q
  /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
  /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) q
  /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
  /\ poly_eval complex_ring q z = Cx(&0)
  ==> p = q
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_associates(x_poly QinC_ring) p q` [algebraic_number_is_root_unique_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly_lemma] THEN
  qed[monic_associates;field_QinC]
);;

let algebraic_number_is_root_unique_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  algebraic_number z
  ==> ?!p. (ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
            /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
            /\ monic QinC_ring p
            /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
            /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
           )
`,
  qed[EXISTS_UNIQUE_THM;
    algebraic_number_is_root_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly;
    algebraic_number_is_root_unique_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly_simple
  ]
);;

let algebraic_number_QinC_explicit = prove(`
  !z.
  z IN QinC ==> (
    ring_polynomial QinC_ring (x_minus_const QinC_ring z) /\
    ~((x_minus_const QinC_ring z) = poly_0 QinC_ring) /\
    monic QinC_ring (x_minus_const QinC_ring z) /\
    ring_irreducible (x_poly QinC_ring) (x_minus_const QinC_ring z) /\
    poly_eval complex_ring (x_minus_const QinC_ring z) z = Cx(&0)
  )
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `z IN ring_carrier(QinC_ring)` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[x_minus_const_poly]
  ;
    have `coeff 1 (x_minus_const QinC_ring z) = ring_1 QinC_ring` [coeff_x_minus_const] THEN
    have `coeff 1 (poly_0 QinC_ring) = ring_0 QinC_ring` [coeff_poly_0] THEN
    have `ring_1 QinC_ring = Cx(&1)` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `ring_0 QinC_ring = Cx(&0)` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `Cx(&1) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    qed[CX_INJ;REAL_ARITH `~(&1 = &0:real)`]
  ;
    qed[monic_x_minus_const]
  ;
    qed[irred_x_minus_const;field_QinC]
  ;
    have `QinC subring_of complex_ring` [QinC_subring_complex] THEN
    have `z IN ring_carrier(QinC_ring)` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries(subring_generated complex_ring QinC) (x_minus_const QinC_ring z)` [x_minus_const_series;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`QinC`;`x_minus_const QinC_ring z`;`z:complex`]poly_eval_subring THEN
    simp[] THEN
    qed[eval_x_minus_const_refl;subring_complex_QinC;QinC_0;QinC_ring_clauses]
  ]
);;

let algebraic_number_QinC = prove(`
  !z.
  z IN QinC ==> algebraic_number z
`,
  rw[algebraic_number_root_QinC_poly] THEN
  qed[algebraic_number_QinC_explicit]
);;

(* ===== minimal polynomials *)

let minimal_polynomial = new_definition `
  minimal_polynomial (z:complex) =
  if algebraic_number z
  then (@p. (ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
             /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
             /\ monic QinC_ring p
             /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
             /\ poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
            ))
  else poly_0 QinC_ring
`;;

let algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  algebraic_number z ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial z)
  /\ ~((minimal_polynomial z) = poly_0 QinC_ring)
  /\ monic QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial z)
  /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z)
  /\ poly_eval complex_ring (minimal_polynomial z) z = Cx(&0)
`,
  qed[minimal_polynomial;algebraic_number_is_root_unique_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly]
);;

let maybe_algebraic_minimal_polynomial = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial z)
  /\ poly_eval complex_ring (minimal_polynomial z) z = Cx(&0)
`,
  intro THEN
  case `algebraic_number z` THENL [
    qed[algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial]
  ;
    have `minimal_polynomial z = poly_0 QinC_ring` [minimal_polynomial] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_0]
  ;
    qed[algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial]
  ;
    have `minimal_polynomial z = poly_0 QinC_ring` [minimal_polynomial] THEN
    qed[POLY_EVAL_0;complex_ring_clauses;poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex]
  ]
);;

let minimal_polynomial_QinC = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  z IN QinC ==>
  minimal_polynomial z = x_minus_const QinC_ring z
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[minimal_polynomial] THEN
  simp[algebraic_number_QinC] THEN
  specialize[`z:complex`]algebraic_number_QinC_explicit THEN
  sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
  qed[algebraic_number_is_root_unique_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly_simple]
);;

(* ===== using fundamental theorem of algebra *)

let poly_eval_vsum_lemma = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) z n.
  vsum (0..n) (\i. coeff i p * z pow i)
  = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n)
      (\d. ring_mul complex_ring (coeff d p) (ring_pow complex_ring z d))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE (0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses;ring_pow_complex]
);;

let poly_eval_vsum = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) z n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  poly_deg complex_ring p <= n ==>
  vsum (0..n) (\i. coeff i p * z pow i)
  = poly_eval complex_ring p z
`,
  have `!y. y IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  simp[poly_eval_expand_coeff] THEN
  qed[poly_eval_vsum_lemma]
);;

let nonconstant_complex_root = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  1 <= poly_deg complex_ring p ==>
  ?z. poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
`,
  intro THEN
  def `n:num` `poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` THEN
  subgoal `~(!i. i IN 1..n ==> coeff i p = Cx(&0))` THENL [
    rw[NOT_FORALL_THM] THEN
    witness `n:num` THEN
    have `n IN 1..n` [IN_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `n <= n:num`] THEN
    have `~(p = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [POLY_DEG_0;ARITH_RULE `~(1 <= 0)`] THEN
    have `~(coeff n p = ring_0 complex_ring)` [topcoeff_nonzero] THEN
    qed[complex_ring_clauses]
  ;
    specialize_assuming[`\i. coeff i p:complex`;`n:num`]FTA THEN
    choose `z:complex` `vsum(0..n) (\i. coeff i p * z pow i) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    witness `z:complex` THEN
    qed[poly_eval_vsum;ARITH_RULE `n <= n:num`]
  ]
);;

let nonconstant_complex_x_minus_root = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  1 <= poly_deg complex_ring p ==>
  ?z q. ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\ p = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `z:complex` `poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)` [nonconstant_complex_root] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring p z = ring_0 complex_ring` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring complex_ring (:1))` [x_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`z:complex`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]POLY_DIVIDES_X_MINUS_ROOT THEN
  have `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_var complex_ring one) (poly_const complex_ring z) = x_minus_const complex_ring z` [x_minus_const;x_pow_1] THEN
  have `ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) p` [x_poly] THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->complex` `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring) /\ (p:(1->num)->complex) = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q` [ring_divides] THEN
  witness `z:complex` THEN
  witness `q:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  qed[x_poly_use]
);;

let associates_monic_vanishing_at_if_complex_lemma = prove(`
  !n (p:(1->num)->complex).
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  poly_deg complex_ring p = n ==>
  ?c. ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring)
        p
        (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} c)
`,
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    intro THEN
    witness `\i:num. Cx(&0)` THEN
    rw[NUMSEG_LT] THEN
    rw[monic_vanishing_at_empty] THEN
    choose `c:complex` `c IN ring_carrier complex_ring /\ p = poly_const complex_ring c:(1->num)->complex` [POLY_DEG_EQ_0] THEN
    have `~(c = ring_0 complex_ring)` [poly_0] THEN
    have `field complex_ring` [field_complex] THEN
    have `ring_unit complex_ring c` [FIELD_UNIT] THEN
    have `ring_unit(x_poly complex_ring) p` [RING_UNIT_POLY_CONST;x_poly] THEN
    have `ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) p (ring_1(x_poly complex_ring))` [RING_ASSOCIATES_1] THEN
    qed[x_poly_use]
  ;
    intro THEN
    num_linear_fact `poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = SUC n ==> 1 <= poly_deg complex_ring p` THEN
    choose2 `z:complex` `q:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\ p = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q` [nonconstant_complex_x_minus_root] THEN
    have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
    have `integral_domain complex_ring` [integral_domain_complex] THEN
    have `~(x_minus_const complex_ring z = poly_0 complex_ring)` [x_minus_const_nonzero;integral_domain] THEN
    have `~(q = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [POLY_MUL_0;x_poly_use;x_minus_const_poly] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`x_minus_const complex_ring z`;`q:(1->num)->complex`]POLY_DEG_MUL THEN
    have `poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = poly_deg complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) + poly_deg complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [integral_domain_complex;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `SUC n = 1 + poly_deg complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [deg_x_minus_const;integral_domain] THEN
    num_linear_fact `SUC n = 1 + poly_deg complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex) ==> poly_deg complex_ring q = n` THEN
    have `x_minus_const complex_ring z IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    choose `d:num->complex` `ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) q (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} d)` [] THEN
    def `c:num->complex` `\i:num. if i = n then z:complex else d i` THEN
    have `c(n:num) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n+1} c = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring (c n)) (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} c)` [monic_vanishing_at_plus1] THEN
    set_fact_using `!i:num. i IN {i | i < n} ==> ~(i = n)` [ARITH_RULE `~(n < n:num)`] THEN
    have `!i:num. i IN {i | i < n} ==> c i = d i:complex` [] THEN
    have `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} c = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} d` [monic_vanishing_at_eq] THEN
    have `ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_REFL;x_minus_const_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q) (ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} d))` [RING_ASSOCIATES_MUL] THEN
    have `ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} d))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) p (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} d))` [RING_ASSOCIATES_MUL;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) p (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n} c))` [] THEN
    have `ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) p (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < n+1} c)` [] THEN
    witness `c:num->complex` THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n+1`]
  ]
);;

let associates_monic_vanishing_at_if_complex = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  ?c. ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring)
        p
        (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i:num | i < poly_deg complex_ring p} c)
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]associates_monic_vanishing_at_if_complex_lemma THEN
  qed[]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_if_monic_complex = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  monic complex_ring p ==>
  ?c. p = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i | i < poly_deg complex_ring p} c
`,
  intro THEN
  have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 complex_ring)` [monic_poly_0;field_complex;field] THEN
  specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`]associates_monic_vanishing_at_if_complex THEN
  choose `c:num->complex` `ring_associates (x_poly complex_ring) p (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i | i < poly_deg complex_ring p} c)` [] THEN
  have `!i. i IN {i | i < poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)} ==> c i IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)`]FINITE_NUMSEG_LT THEN
  have `monic complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i | i < poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)} c)` [monic_vanishing_at_monic] THEN
  qed[monic_associates;field_complex]
);;

let monic_QinC_squarefree_complex_squarefree_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) C p qpd qp'd D:(1->num)->R.
  ring_polynomial r C ==>
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r qpd ==>
  ring_polynomial r qp'd ==>
  ring_polynomial r D ==>
  p = poly_mul r C qpd ==>
  poly_mul r C qp'd = poly_add r qpd (poly_mul r C D) ==>
  p = poly_mul r (poly_mul r C C) (poly_sub r qp'd D)
`,
  rw[x_poly_use;x_poly_sub_use] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[`x_poly(r:R ring)`
    ;`C:(1->num)->R`
    ;`D:(1->num)->R`
    ;`p:(1->num)->R`
    ;`qp'd:(1->num)->R`
    ;`qpd:(1->num)->R`](
    GENL[`r:R ring`;`C:R`;`D:R`;`p:R`;`qp'd:R`;`qpd:R`](
      RING_RULE `
        p = ring_mul(r:R ring) C qpd ==>
        ring_mul r C qp'd = ring_add r qpd (ring_mul r C D) ==>
        p = ring_mul r (ring_mul r C C) (ring_sub r qp'd D)
      `
    )) THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* XXX: should write this for more general field extensions *)
(* XXX: and should do more elementary proof via gcd computation being preserved by field extensions *)
(* XXX: e.g., formulate via resultants *)
let monic_QinC_squarefree_complex_squarefree = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  (ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p <=>
   ring_squarefree(x_poly complex_ring) p)
`,
  intro THEN
  recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `monic complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_subring] THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    recall field_QinC THEN
    recall ring_char_QinC THEN
    have `~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_poly_0;field] THEN
    specialize[`QinC_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]coprime_derivative_if_squarefree THEN
    specialize[`QinC_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`x_derivative QinC_ring p`]linear_combination_if_coprime_poly THEN
    choose2 `x:(1->num)->complex` `y:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial QinC_ring x /\ ring_polynomial QinC_ring y /\ poly_add QinC_ring (poly_mul QinC_ring p x) (poly_mul QinC_ring (x_derivative QinC_ring p) y) = poly_1 QinC_ring` [] THEN
    have `poly_mul QinC_ring p x = poly_mul complex_ring p x:(1->num)->complex` [poly_mul_subring;ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (x_derivative QinC_ring p)` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `poly_mul QinC_ring (x_derivative QinC_ring p) y = poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative QinC_ring p) y:(1->num)->complex` [poly_mul_subring;ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `poly_add QinC_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p x) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative QinC_ring p) y) = poly_1 complex_ring` [poly_1_subring] THEN
    have `poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p x) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative QinC_ring p) y) = poly_1 complex_ring` [poly_add_subring] THEN
    have `poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p x) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring p) y) = poly_1 complex_ring` [x_derivative_subring] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`x_derivative complex_ring p:(1->num)->complex`;`x:(1->num)->complex`;`y:(1->num)->complex`]coprime_poly_if_linear_combination THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [series_complex] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex))` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (y:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
    have `ring_coprime (x_poly complex_ring) (p,x_derivative complex_ring p)` [] THEN
    qed[squarefree_if_coprime_derivative;field_complex]
  ;
    intro THEN
    proven_if `ring_coprime(x_poly QinC_ring) (p,x_derivative QinC_ring p)` [squarefree_if_coprime_derivative;field_QinC] THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `x_derivative QinC_ring p IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_derivative_polynomial;x_poly_use] THEN
    choose `d:(1->num)->complex` `ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) d p /\ ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) d (x_derivative QinC_ring p) /\ ~(ring_unit(x_poly QinC_ring) d)` [ring_coprime] THEN
    case `poly_deg QinC_ring (d:(1->num)->complex) = 0` THENL [
      have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (d:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_divides;x_poly_use] THEN
      choose `c:complex` `c IN ring_carrier(QinC_ring) /\ d = poly_const QinC_ring c:(1->num)->complex` [POLY_DEG_EQ_0] THEN
      case `c = ring_0 QinC_ring` THENL [
        have `d = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex` [poly_0] THEN
        have `p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex` [x_poly_use;RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
        qed[monic_poly_0;field;field_QinC]
      ;
        have `c IN QinC` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
        choose `d:complex` `d IN ring_carrier QinC_ring /\ ring_mul QinC_ring c d = ring_1 QinC_ring` [field;field_QinC] THEN
        have `ring_unit QinC_ring c` [ring_unit] THEN
        qed[RING_UNIT_POLY_CONST;x_poly]
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(poly_deg QinC_ring (d:(1->num)->complex) = 0) ==> 1 <= poly_deg QinC_ring (d:(1->num)->complex)` THEN
    have `1 <= poly_deg complex_ring (d:(1->num)->complex)` [POLY_DEG_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
    have `d IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (d:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (d:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (d:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `d IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    choose2 `z:complex` `q:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\ d = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q` [nonconstant_complex_x_minus_root] THEN
    have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [series_complex] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [series_complex] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) d` [x_poly_use;ring_divides] THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    choose `pd:(1->num)->complex` `pd IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring) /\ p = ring_mul(x_poly QinC_ring) d pd` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `p = poly_mul QinC_ring d pd:(1->num)->complex` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (pd:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (pd:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (pd:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (pd:(1->num)->complex)` [series_complex] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`QinC`;`d:(1->num)->complex`;`pd:(1->num)->complex`]poly_mul_subring THEN
    have `p = poly_mul complex_ring d pd:(1->num)->complex` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    def `qpd:(1->num)->complex` `poly_mul complex_ring q pd:(1->num)->complex` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (qpd:(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (qpd:(1->num)->complex)` [series_complex] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring qpd)` [x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) qpd` [POLY_MUL_ASSOC;ring_polynomial;RING_MUL] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring p = poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)) qpd) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_derivative complex_ring qpd))` [x_derivative_mul] THEN
    choose `p'd:(1->num)->complex` `p'd IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring) /\ x_derivative QinC_ring p = ring_mul(x_poly QinC_ring) d p'd` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `p'd IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring p = x_derivative QinC_ring p` [x_derivative_subring] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring p = ring_mul(x_poly QinC_ring) d p'd` [] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring p = poly_mul QinC_ring d p'd` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p'd:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (p'd:(1->num)->complex)` [series_complex] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (p'd:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use;ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring p = poly_mul complex_ring d p'd` [poly_mul_subring] THEN
    def `qp'd:(1->num)->complex` `poly_mul complex_ring q p'd:(1->num)->complex` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (qp'd:(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (qp'd:(1->num)->complex)` [series_complex] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring p = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) qp'd` [POLY_MUL_ASSOC;ring_polynomial;RING_MUL] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) qp'd = poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)) qpd) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_derivative complex_ring qpd))` [] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) qp'd = poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) qpd) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_derivative complex_ring qpd))` [x_derivative_x_minus_const] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) qp'd = poly_add complex_ring qpd (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_derivative complex_ring qpd))` [POLY_MUL_LID] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`x_minus_const complex_ring z`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`qpd:(1->num)->complex`;`qp'd:(1->num)->complex`;`x_derivative complex_ring qpd:(1->num)->complex`]monic_QinC_squarefree_complex_squarefree_lemma THEN
    have `pd IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) d pd` [ring_polynomial;x_poly_use;poly_mul_subring] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) d p` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) p` [RING_DIVIDES_TRANS] THEN
    have `x_derivative QinC_ring p IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `x_derivative QinC_ring p = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) d p'd` [ring_polynomial;x_poly_use;poly_mul_subring] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) d (x_derivative QinC_ring p)` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_derivative QinC_ring p)` [RING_DIVIDES_TRANS] THEN
    have `integral_domain(x_poly complex_ring)` [integral_domain_x_poly_field;field_complex] THEN
    have `~(monic complex_ring (poly_0 complex_ring))` [monic_poly_0;field;field_complex] THEN
    have `~(p = ring_0(x_poly complex_ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `x_minus_const complex_ring z IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have  `~ring_unit(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [x_minus_const_not_unit;integral_domain_complex] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`x_poly complex_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`x_minus_const complex_ring z:(1->num)->complex`]not_squarefree_if_divisible_by_square THEN
    have `p = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_minus_const complex_ring z)) (poly_sub complex_ring qp'd (x_derivative complex_ring qpd))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_minus_const complex_ring z)) (poly_sub complex_ring qp'd (x_derivative complex_ring qpd))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_minus_const complex_ring z)) (ring_sub(x_poly complex_ring) qp'd (x_derivative complex_ring qpd))` [x_poly_sub_use] THEN
    subgoal `ring_divides (x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (x_minus_const complex_ring z)) p` THENL [
      rw[ring_divides] THEN
      intro THENL [
        qed[RING_MUL;x_minus_const_poly;x_poly_use]
      ;
        qed[]
      ;
        witness `ring_sub (x_poly complex_ring) qp'd (x_derivative complex_ring qpd)` THEN
        qed[RING_SUB;x_poly_use]
      ]
      ;
        qed[]
    ]
  ]
);;

let monic_squarefree_complex_roots = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly complex_ring) p ==>
  monic complex_ring p ==>
  ?S. FINITE S /\ p = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `c:num->complex` `p = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {i | i < poly_deg complex_ring p} c` [monic_vanishing_at_if_monic_complex] THEN
  def `S:num->bool` `{i | i < poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)}` THEN
  have `p = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (S:num->bool) c` [] THEN
  witness `IMAGE (c:num->complex) S` THEN
  subgoal `!e f:num. e IN S ==> f IN S ==> c e = (c f:complex) ==> e = f` THENL [
    intro THEN
    def `d:num->(1->num)->complex` `\j:num. if j = e then x_minus_const complex_ring (c e) else if j = f then x_minus_const complex_ring (c e) else ring_1(x_poly complex_ring)` THEN
    specialize[`poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)`]FINITE_NUMSEG_LT THEN
    have `FINITE (S:num->bool)` [] THEN
    have `c(e:num) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `x_minus_const complex_ring (c(e:num)) IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;x_minus_const_poly] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly complex_ring`;`S:num->bool`;`e:num`;`f:num`;`x_minus_const complex_ring (c(e:num))`;`x_minus_const complex_ring (c(e:num))`]ring_product_delta_delta THEN
    have `ring_product (x_poly complex_ring) (S:num->bool) d = (if e = f:num then x_minus_const complex_ring (c e) else ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring (c e)) (x_minus_const complex_ring (c e)))` [] THEN
    subgoal `!s:num. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (d s) (x_minus_const complex_ring (c s))` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `c(s:num) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring (c(s:num)))` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
      have `x_minus_const complex_ring (c(s:num)) IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
      case `s = e:num \/ s = f:num` THENL [
        have `d(s:num) = x_minus_const complex_ring (c s)` [] THEN
        specialize[`x_poly complex_ring`;`x_minus_const complex_ring (c(s:num))`]RING_DIVIDES_REFL THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `d(s:num) = ring_1(x_poly complex_ring)` [] THEN
      specialize[`x_poly complex_ring`;`x_minus_const complex_ring (c(s:num))`]RING_DIVIDES_1 THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly complex_ring`;`d:num->(1->num)->complex`;`\i:num. x_minus_const complex_ring (c i):(1->num)->complex`;`S:num->bool`]ring_product_divides_factor_by_factor THEN
    have `integral_domain(x_poly complex_ring)` [integral_domain_x_poly_field;field_complex] THEN
    have `~(monic complex_ring (poly_0 complex_ring))` [monic_poly_0;field;field_complex] THEN
    have `~(p = ring_0(x_poly complex_ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `~ring_unit(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring (c(e:num)))` [x_minus_const_not_unit;integral_domain_complex] THEN
    proven_if `e = f:num` [] THEN
    have `ring_product (x_poly complex_ring) (S:num->bool) d = ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring (c e)) (x_minus_const complex_ring (c(e:num)))` [] THEN
    have `!s:num. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `!s:num. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring (c s))` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`\i:num. x_minus_const complex_ring (c i)`;`S:num->bool`]poly_product_ring_product_x_poly THEN
    specialize_assuming[`S:num->bool`;`complex_ring`;`c:num->complex`]monic_vanishing_at THEN
    have `p = poly_product complex_ring S (\s:num. x_minus_const complex_ring (c s))` [] THEN
    have `ring_product (x_poly complex_ring) (S:num->bool) (\i. x_minus_const complex_ring (c i)) = p` [monic_vanishing_at] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring (c e)) (x_minus_const complex_ring (c(e:num)))) p` [] THEN
    specialize[`x_poly complex_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`x_minus_const complex_ring (c(e:num))`]not_squarefree_if_divisible_by_square THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)`]FINITE_NUMSEG_LT THEN
  have `FINITE (S:num->bool)` [] THEN
  have `FINITE (IMAGE (c:num->complex) S)` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`S:num->bool`;`c:num->complex`;`I:complex->complex`]monic_vanishing_at_image THEN
  qed[monic_vanishing_at_image;I_O_ID]
);;

let QinC_monic_irreducible_complex_roots = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  ?S. FINITE S /\ p = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I
`,
  intro THEN
  have `UFD(x_poly QinC_ring)` [UFD_x_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_prime(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [UFD_IRREDUCIBLE_EQ_PRIME] THEN
  have `ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [ring_squarefree_if_prime] THEN
  have `ring_squarefree(x_poly complex_ring) p` [monic_QinC_squarefree_complex_squarefree] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `monic complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  qed[monic_squarefree_complex_roots]
);;

(* ===== complex_root *)

let complex_root = new_definition `
  complex_root p (z:complex)
  <=> poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)
`;;

let complex_root_ring = prove(`
  !p z.
  complex_root p z
  <=> poly_eval complex_ring p z = ring_0 complex_ring
`,
  qed[complex_root;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let complex_root_divides = prove(`
  !p q.
  ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) p q
  ==> complex_root p SUBSET complex_root q
`,
  rw[SUBSET;IN;complex_root_ring] THEN
  intro THEN
  choose `u:(1->num)->complex` `u IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring) /\ q = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) p u` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (u:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `x IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`u:(1->num)->complex`;`x:complex`]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
  simp[] THEN
  rw[GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;POLY_EVAL]
);;

let complex_root_associates = prove(`
  !p q.
  ring_associates(x_poly complex_ring) p q
  ==> complex_root p = complex_root q
`,
  qed[ring_associates;complex_root_divides;SUBSET_ANTISYM]
);;

let complex_root_le_deg = prove(`
  !p.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  (FINITE(complex_root p)
   /\ CARD(complex_root p) <= poly_deg complex_ring p
  )
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  recall integral_domain_complex THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring complex_ring (:1))` [x_poly_use;x_poly] THEN
  have `~(p = ring_0(poly_ring complex_ring (:1)))` [x_poly_use;x_poly] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]POLY_ROOT_BOUND THEN
  subgoal `complex_root p = { x | x IN ring_carrier complex_ring /\ poly_eval complex_ring p x = ring_0 complex_ring}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;IN;IN_ELIM_THM;complex_root_ring] THEN
    qed[complex_ring_clauses;UNIV]
  ; qed[]
  ]
);;

let complex_root_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  complex_root (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I) = S
`,
  rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  rw[complex_root_ring] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `x IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `!s. s IN S ==> I s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`S:complex->bool`;`I:complex->complex`;`x:complex`]eval_monic_vanishing_at THEN
    recall integral_domain_complex THEN
    have `ring_product complex_ring S (\s. ring_sub complex_ring x (I s)) = ring_0 complex_ring` [] THEN
    choose `s:complex` `s IN S /\ ring_sub complex_ring x (I s) = ring_0 complex_ring` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0] THEN
    have `x = I s:complex` [RING_SUB_EQ_0;in_complex_ring] THEN
    qed[IN;I_DEF]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `x:complex IN S` [IN] THEN
  have `!s. s IN S ==> I s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`S:complex->bool`;`I:complex->complex`;`x:complex`]eval_monic_vanishing_at_refl THEN
  qed[I_DEF]
);;

let monic_vanishing_at_complex_root = prove(`
  !p.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly complex_ring) p ==>
  monic complex_ring p ==>
  monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I = p
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `S:complex->bool` `FINITE S /\ p = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I` [monic_squarefree_complex_roots] THEN
  qed[complex_root_monic_vanishing_at]
);;

let complex_root_if_x_minus_const_divides = prove(`
  !p z.
  ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) p ==>
  complex_root p z
`,
  intro THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [ring_divides] THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->complex` `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring) /\ p = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`x_minus_const complex_ring z`;`q:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring p z = ring_mul complex_ring (poly_eval complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) z) (poly_eval complex_ring q z)` [in_complex_ring;x_poly_use] THEN
  simp[complex_root] THEN
  simp[eval_x_minus_const_refl;in_complex_ring] THEN
  simp[RING_MUL_LZERO;POLY_EVAL] THEN
  qed[complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let complex_root_x_pow = prove(`
  !n.
  complex_root(x_pow QinC_ring n)
  = if n = 0 then {} else {Cx(&0)}
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_pow_QinC_eq_x_pow_complex] THEN
  case `n = 0` THENL [
    simp[EXTENSION;EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM;IN;complex_root] THEN
    simp[eval_x_pow;in_complex_ring;RING_POW_0] THEN
    qed[ring_1_0_complex;complex_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[EXTENSION;IN_SING] THEN
  simp[IN;complex_root] THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[eval_x_pow;in_complex_ring] THEN
  qed[COMPLEX_POW_EQ_0;ring_pow_complex]
);;

let complex_root_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !c.
  complex_root(x_minus_const complex_ring c)
  = {c}
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[EXTENSION;IN_SING;IN;complex_root] THEN
  intro THEN
  simp[eval_x_minus_const;in_complex_ring;complex_ring_clauses;ring_sub_complex] THEN
  CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
);;

let not_coprime_QinC_if_shared_complex_root = prove(`
  !z:complex p q.
  complex_root p z ==>
  complex_root q z ==>
  ~(ring_coprime(x_poly QinC_ring) (p,q))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `PID(x_poly QinC_ring)` [PID_x_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `bezout_ring(x_poly QinC_ring)` [PID_IMP_BEZOUT_RING] THEN
  choose2 `x:(1->num)->complex` `y:(1->num)->complex` `x IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring) /\ y IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring) /\ ring_add(x_poly QinC_ring) (ring_mul(x_poly QinC_ring) p x) (ring_mul(x_poly QinC_ring) q y) = ring_1(x_poly QinC_ring)` [BEZOUT_RING_COPRIME] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (x:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (y:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_coprime;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_coprime;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (y:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p x:(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring q y:(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `p:(1->num)->complex`;
    `x:(1->num)->complex`;
    `z:complex`
  ]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p x) z = Cx(&0)` [complex_root;complex_ring_clauses;COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `q:(1->num)->complex`;
    `y:(1->num)->complex`;
    `z:complex`
  ]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring q y) z = Cx(&0)` [complex_root;complex_ring_clauses;COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `poly_mul complex_ring p x:(1->num)->complex`;
    `poly_mul complex_ring q y:(1->num)->complex`;
    `z:complex`
  ]POLY_EVAL_ADD THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring (poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p x) (poly_mul complex_ring q y)) z = Cx(&0)` [COMPLEX_ADD_LID;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring p x = poly_mul QinC_ring p x:(1->num)->complex` [poly_mul_subring;subring_complex_QinC;ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring q y = poly_mul QinC_ring q y:(1->num)->complex` [poly_mul_subring;subring_complex_QinC;ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p x) (poly_mul complex_ring q y) = poly_add QinC_ring (poly_mul QinC_ring p x) (poly_mul QinC_ring q y):(1->num)->complex` [poly_add_subring;subring_complex_QinC;ring_polynomial] THEN
  subgoal `poly_add QinC_ring (poly_mul QinC_ring p x) (poly_mul QinC_ring q y):(1->num)->complex = poly_1 complex_ring` THENL [
    rw[GSYM poly_1_QinC_eq_poly_1_complex] THEN
    rw[x_poly_use] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) z = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) z = Cx(&1)` [POLY_EVAL_1;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  complex_field_fact `~(Cx(&0) = Cx(&1))` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let complex_root_minimal_polynomial_refl = prove(`
  !z:complex.
  complex_root (minimal_polynomial z) z
`,
  rw[complex_root] THEN
  qed[maybe_algebraic_minimal_polynomial]
);;

let minimal_polynomial_divides = prove(`
  !z:complex p:(1->num)->complex.
  algebraic_number z ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ( ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z) p
    <=> complex_root p z
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    specialize[
      `minimal_polynomial z`;
      `p:(1->num)->complex`
    ]ring_divides_poly_complex_if_ring_divides_poly_QinC THEN
    have `complex_root (minimal_polynomial z) SUBSET complex_root p` [complex_root_divides] THEN
    qed[SUBSET;IN;complex_root_minimal_polynomial_refl]
  ;
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial z) /\ ~((minimal_polynomial z) = poly_0 QinC_ring) /\ monic QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial z) /\ ring_irreducible (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z) /\ poly_eval complex_ring (minimal_polynomial z) z = Cx (&0)` [algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
    have `~ring_coprime (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z,p)` [not_coprime_QinC_if_shared_complex_root;complex_root] THEN
    recall integral_domain_x_poly_QinC THEN
    have `minimal_polynomial z IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_prime(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z)` [prime_iff_irreducible_over_field;field_QinC] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_poly QinC_ring`;
      `minimal_polynomial z`;
      `p:(1->num)->complex`
    ]INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRIME_DIVIDES_OR_COPRIME THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

(* ===== complex_root_powersums: sum_{z:p(z)=0} z^n *)

let complex_root_powersums = new_definition `
  complex_root_powersums p n
  = ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. z pow n)
`;;

let complex_root_powersums_ring = prove(`
  !p n.
  complex_root_powersums p n
  = ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. ring_pow complex_ring z n)
`,
  rw[complex_root_powersums;ring_pow_complex]
);;

let complex_root_powersums_QinC_monic_irreducible_QinC = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) n.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  complex_root_powersums p n IN QinC
`,
  rw[complex_root_powersums_ring] THEN
  intro THEN
  recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
  have `!n. coeff n p IN ring_carrier(QinC_ring)` [coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
  choose `S:complex->bool` `FINITE S /\ p = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I` [QinC_monic_irreducible_complex_roots] THEN
  have `complex_root p = S` [complex_root_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p)` [] THEN
  have `!s. s IN complex_root p ==> I s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!n. coeff n (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`QinC`;`complex_root p`;`I:complex->complex`;`n:num`]powersums_subring_if_poly_subring THEN
  have `!z. z IN complex_root p ==> ring_pow complex_ring z n = ring_pow complex_ring (I z) n` [I_DEF] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`\z. ring_pow complex_ring z n`;`\z. ring_pow complex_ring (I z) n`;`complex_root p`]RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  qed[QinC_ring_clauses]
);;

(*
Another way to prove the following:
prove complex_root_powersums_ZinC_monic_irreducible_ZinC
(as in complex_root_powersums_ZinC_monic_irreducible_ZinC,
plus relating ZinC irreducibles to QinC irreducibles)
and then multiply each root by D to reduce to that case.

Alternatively, after proving this, can specialize to Z=1
to prove complex_root_powersums_ZinC_monic_irreducible_ZinC.

Yet another way,
after showing that algebraic integers form a ring:
Dz is an algebraic integer for each z
so sum_z (Dz)^n is an algebraic integer
but D^n sum_z z^n is rational, ergo integer.
This again boils down to Newton's identities.
*)
let complex_root_powersums_QinC_monic_irreducible_ZinC = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) D n.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  D pow n * complex_root_powersums p n IN ZinC
`,
  rw[complex_root_powersums_ring] THEN
  intro THEN
  recall subring_complex_empty THEN
  choose `S:complex->bool` `FINITE S /\ p = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I` [QinC_monic_irreducible_complex_roots] THEN
  have `complex_root p = S` [complex_root_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `~(ring_1 complex_ring = ring_0 complex_ring)` [field_complex;field] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
  have `monic complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_subring] THEN
  have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 complex_ring)` [monic_poly_0;field_complex;field] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p)` [complex_root_le_deg] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = CARD(S:complex->bool)` [deg_monic_vanishing_at;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!s. s IN complex_root p ==> I s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  subgoal `!n. ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring D n) (coeff (CARD(complex_root p) - n) (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I)) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated complex_ring {})` THENL [
    simp[complex_ring_clauses;ring_pow_complex;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `D IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`{}:complex->bool`;`complex_root p`;`I:complex->complex`;`D:complex`;`n:num`]powersums_subring_if_poly_subring_denominators THEN
  have `(D pow n) * (ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. ring_pow complex_ring (I s) n)) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated complex_ring {})` [complex_ring_clauses;ring_pow_complex] THEN
  have `(D pow n) * (ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. ring_pow complex_ring (I s) n)) IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `!s. ring_pow complex_ring (I s) n = ring_pow complex_ring s n` [I_DEF;ring_pow_complex] THEN
  qed[RING_SUM_EQ]
);;

(* ===== denominators of monic polys *)
(* meaning: D where all D^i p_(deg p - i) are integers *)
(* equivalently: Dz is algebraic integer for each root z *)

let denominator_if_monic_QinC = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex).
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  ?D. D IN ZinC /\
      ~(D = Cx(&0)) /\
      (!i. D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC)
`,
  intro THEN
  def `n:num` `poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` THEN
  have `FINITE (0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 0..n ==> coeff (n-i) p IN QinC` [coeff_poly_in_ring;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  specialize[`0..n`;`\i. coeff (n-i) p:complex`]multi_QinC_to_ZinC THEN
  choose `d:num` `~(d = 0) /\ !i. i IN 0..n ==> Cx(&d) * (coeff (n-i) p) IN ZinC` [] THEN
  witness `Cx(&d)` THEN
  have `Cx(&d) IN ZinC` [num_in_ZinC] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[]
  ;
    have `~(&d = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
    have `~(Cx(&d) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `i = 0` THENL [
    simp[complex_pow;COMPLEX_MUL_LID;ARITH_RULE `d - 0 = d`] THEN
    recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
    have `monic complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_subring] THEN
    have `coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = ring_1 complex_ring` [monic] THEN
    qed[complex_ring_clauses;ZinC_1]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(i = 0) ==> (i-1)+1 = i` THEN
  have `Cx(&d) pow i = Cx(&d) pow (i-1) * Cx(&d)` [COMPLEX_POW_ADD;COMPLEX_POW_1] THEN
  simp[GSYM COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
  have `Cx(&d) pow (i-1) IN ZinC` [ring_pow_ZinC;RING_POW;ring_pow_complex;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  subgoal `Cx(&d) * coeff(n-i) p IN ZinC` THENL [
    proven_if `i <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(i <= n) ==> n - i = n - n:num` THEN
    num_linear_fact `n <= n:num` THEN
    have `n IN 0..n` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[ZinC_ring_clauses;RING_MUL;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let denominator_reverse = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex).
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff i (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)) IN ZinC)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_x_truncreverse] THEN
  qed[QinC_ring_clauses;COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO;ZinC_0]
);;

let denominator_reverse_mul = prove(`
  !(p:(1->num)->complex) q D.
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring q ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff i p) IN ZinC) ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff i q) IN ZinC) ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff i (poly_mul QinC_ring p q)) IN ZinC)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  have `D pow i IN ZinC` [RING_POW;ring_pow_ZinC;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `D pow i IN QinC` [ZinC_in_QinC] THEN
  have `D pow i IN ring_carrier QinC_ring` [QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `FINITE (0..i)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!a. a IN 0..i ==> ring_mul QinC_ring (coeff a p) (coeff (i - a) q) IN ring_carrier QinC_ring` [coeff_series_in_ring;RING_MUL] THEN
  specialize[`QinC_ring`;`(\a. ring_mul QinC_ring (coeff a p) (coeff (i - a) q))`;`(D:complex) pow i`;`0..i`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
  simp[GSYM QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  subgoal `!s. s IN 0..i ==> ring_mul QinC_ring (D pow i) (ring_mul QinC_ring (coeff s p) (coeff (i - s) q)) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated QinC_ring {})` THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[subring_QinC_empty;QinC_ring_clauses;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `s <= i:num` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    num_linear_fact `s <= i:num ==> i = s + (i-s)` THEN
    have `(D:complex) pow i = D pow s * D pow (i-s)` [COMPLEX_POW_ADD] THEN
    complex_field_fact `((D:complex) pow s * D pow (i-s)) * coeff s p * coeff (i - s) q = (D pow s * coeff s p) * (D pow (i-s) * coeff (i-s) q)` THEN
    qed[mul_in_ZinC]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`QinC_ring`;`{}:complex->bool`;`0..i`;`\x. ring_mul QinC_ring (D pow i) (ring_mul QinC_ring (coeff x p) (coeff (i - x) q))`]ring_sum_in_subring THEN
  qed[subring_QinC_empty;ZinC_ring_clauses]
);;

let denominator_reverse_product = prove(`
  !p D (S:X->bool).
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (p s)) ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!s i. s IN S ==> D pow i * (coeff i (p s)) IN ZinC) ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff i (poly_product QinC_ring S p)) IN ZinC)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty] THEN
    rw[coeff_poly_1] THEN
    rw[QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `D pow i * Cx(&1) IN ZinC` [COMPLEX_MUL_RID;RING_POW;ring_pow_ZinC;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `D pow i * Cx(&0) IN ZinC` [COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO;ZinC_0] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (p(x:X):(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_product QinC_ring (S:X->bool) p)` [poly_product_series] THEN
    have `!i. D pow i * coeff i (p(x:X)) IN ZinC` [] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (p s:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `!s:X i. s IN S ==> D pow i * coeff i (p s) IN ZinC` [] THEN
    have `!i. D pow i * coeff i (poly_product QinC_ring (S:X->bool) p) IN ZinC` [] THEN
    specialize[`p(x:X):(1->num)->complex`;`poly_product QinC_ring (S:X->bool) p`;`D:complex`]denominator_reverse_mul THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let denominator_reverse_pow = prove(`
  !p D n.
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring p ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff i p) IN ZinC) ==>
  (!i. D pow i * (coeff i (poly_pow QinC_ring p n)) IN ZinC)
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[poly_pow_is_product] THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`\i:num. p:(1->num)->complex`;`D:complex`;`1..n`]denominator_reverse_product THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== distinct minpolys *)

let distinct_minpolys = new_definition `
  distinct_minpolys P <=>
  !p. p IN P ==>
  (ring_polynomial QinC_ring p
   /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p
   /\ monic QinC_ring p
  )
`;;

let polynomial_product_distinct_minpolys = prove(`
  !P.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (poly_product QinC_ring P I)
`,
  rw[distinct_minpolys] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (I p:(1->num)->complex)` [I_DEF] THEN
  qed[poly_product_poly]
);;

let monic_product_distinct_minpolys = prove(`
  !P.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  monic QinC_ring (poly_product QinC_ring P I)
`,
  rw[distinct_minpolys] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (I p:(1->num)->complex)` [I_DEF] THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> monic QinC_ring (I p)` [I_DEF] THEN
  qed[monic_poly_product]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_nonzero = prove(`
  !P p.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring)
`,
  qed[distinct_minpolys;monic_poly_0;field_QinC;field]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_reverse_nonzero = prove(`
  !P p.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  ~(x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = poly_0 complex_ring)
`,
  intro THEN
  recall integral_domain_QinC THEN
  have `~(ring_1 QinC_ring = ring_0 QinC_ring)` [integral_domain] THEN
  have `monic QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `poly_deg QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = poly_deg complex_ring p` [poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg QinC_ring p) p = poly_0 QinC_ring` [poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
  qed[nonzero_if_x_truncreverse_monic;integral_domain]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_total_deg = prove(`
  !P.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (P = {}
   <=> nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) = 0)
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    simp[NSUM_CLAUSES]
  ;
    rw[EXTENSION;EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `poly_deg complex_ring (x:(1->num)->complex) = 0` [NSUM_EQ_0_IFF] THEN
    have `poly_deg QinC_ring (x:(1->num)->complex) = 0` [poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    recall field_QinC THEN
    have `~(ring_prime(x_poly QinC_ring) x)` [deg_prime] THEN
    have `~(ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) x)` [prime_iff_irreducible_over_field] THEN
    qed[distinct_minpolys]
  ]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_monic_vanishing_at_simple = prove(`
  !p.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I = p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
  have `monic complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_subring] THEN
  have `ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [squarefree_if_irreducible_over_field;field_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_squarefree(x_poly complex_ring) p` [monic_QinC_squarefree_complex_squarefree] THEN
  qed[monic_vanishing_at_complex_root]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !P p.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I = p
`,
  qed[distinct_minpolys;distinct_minpolys_monic_vanishing_at_simple]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_deg_nonzero = prove(`
  !P p.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  ~(poly_deg complex_ring p = 0)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_prime(x_poly QinC_ring) (p:(1->num)->complex)` [prime_iff_irreducible_over_field;field_QinC] THEN
  have `~(poly_deg QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = 0)` [deg_prime;field_QinC] THEN
  qed[poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_QinC]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_finite_root_simple = prove(`
  !p.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  FINITE(complex_root p)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 QinC_ring)` [monic_poly_0;field_QinC;field] THEN
  recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
  have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 complex_ring)` [poly_0_subring] THEN
  qed[complex_root_le_deg]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_finite_root = prove(`
  !P p.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  FINITE(complex_root p)
`,
  qed[distinct_minpolys;distinct_minpolys_finite_root_simple]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_card_root = prove(`
  !P p.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  CARD(complex_root p) = poly_deg complex_ring p
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 QinC_ring)` [distinct_minpolys_nonzero] THEN
  recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
  have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 complex_ring)` [poly_0_subring] THEN
  have `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I = p` [distinct_minpolys_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `!c. c IN complex_root p ==> I c IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`I:complex->complex`;`complex_root p`]deg_monic_vanishing_at THEN
  qed[deg_monic_vanishing_at;field_complex;field]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_denominator = prove(`
  !P.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ?D. D IN ZinC /\
      ~(D = Cx(&0)) /\
      (!p. p IN P ==>
           !i. D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC
      )
`,
  rw[distinct_minpolys] THEN
  intro THEN
  def `denom:((1->num)->complex)->complex` `\p. @d. d IN ZinC /\ ~(d = Cx(&0)) /\ (!i. d pow i * (coeff(poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC)` THEN
  subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> denom p IN ZinC /\ ~(denom p = Cx(&0)) /\ (!i. (denom p) pow i * (coeff(poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `monic QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`]denominator_if_monic_QinC THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  def `D:complex` `ring_product ZinC_ring P (denom:((1->num)->complex)->complex)` THEN
  have `D IN ZinC` [RING_PRODUCT;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  witness `D:complex` THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0;integral_domain_ZinC;ZinC_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  def `q:complex` `ring_product ZinC_ring (P DELETE (p:(1->num)->complex)) denom` THEN
  have `denom (p:(1->num)->complex) IN ring_carrier ZinC_ring` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  specialize[`ZinC_ring`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`denom:((1->num)->complex)->complex`]ring_product_delete THEN
  have `D = (denom (p:(1->num)->complex)) * q:complex` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `D pow i = (denom (p:(1->num)->complex) pow i) * (q pow i):complex` [COMPLEX_POW_MUL] THEN
  have `q pow i IN ZinC` [RING_PRODUCT;RING_POW;ZinC_ring_clauses;ring_pow_ZinC] THEN
  have `q pow i * denom p pow i * coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p IN ZinC` [RING_MUL;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `(q pow i * denom p pow i) * coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p IN ZinC` [COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
  have `(denom p pow i * q pow i) * coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p IN ZinC` [COMPLEX_MUL_SYM] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let weighted_powersums_distinct_minpolys = prove(`
  !P D B n.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  D pow n *
  (ring_sum complex_ring P
     (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))
  IN ZinC
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!p. p IN P ==> D pow n * complex_root_powersums p n IN ZinC` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
    have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
    have `monic QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
    have `!i. D pow i * coeff(poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p IN ZinC` [] THEN
    specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`;`D:complex`;`n:num`]complex_root_powersums_QinC_monic_irreducible_ZinC THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> (complex_of_int(B p)) * (D pow n * complex_root_powersums p n) IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;int_in_ZinC;RING_MUL] THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> ((complex_of_int(B p)) * D pow n) * complex_root_powersums p n IN ZinC` [COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> (D pow n * (complex_of_int(B p))) * complex_root_powersums p n IN ZinC` [COMPLEX_MUL_SYM] THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> D pow n * ((complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n) IN ZinC` [COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
  have `D pow n IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n`;`(D pow n):complex`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
  have `(D pow n) * (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n)) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\x. (D pow n) * ((complex_of_int(B x)) * complex_root_powersums x n))` [complex_ring_clauses;RING_SUM_EQ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  recall subring_complex_empty THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> D pow n * (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n IN ring_carrier(subring_generated complex_ring {})` [ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`{}:complex->bool`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`\x. D pow n * (complex_of_int(B x)) * complex_root_powersums x n`]ring_sum_subring_generated_v2 THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring P (\x. D pow n * (complex_of_int(B x)) * complex_root_powersums x n) = ring_sum ZinC_ring P (\x. D pow n * (complex_of_int(B x)) * complex_root_powersums x n)` [] THEN
  qed[RING_SUM;ZinC_ring_clauses]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_distinct_roots = prove(`
  !P p q z.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  q IN P ==>
  ~(p = q) ==>
  complex_root p z ==>
  ~(complex_root q z)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `monic QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `monic QinC_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) q` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_irreducible;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(q = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_irreducible;x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) q` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring p z = Cx(&0)` [complex_root] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring q z = Cx(&0)` [complex_root] THEN
  qed[algebraic_number_is_root_unique_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly_simple]
);;

let distinct_minpolys_zero_root = prove(`
  !P q.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  q IN P ==>
  complex_root q (Cx(&0)) ==>
  q = x_pow QinC_ring 1
`,
  intro THEN
  def `S:((1->num)->complex)->bool` `\p. p = q \/ p = x_pow QinC_ring 1` THEN
  have `(q:(1->num)->complex) IN S` [IN] THEN
  have `x_pow QinC_ring 1 IN S` [IN] THEN
  subgoal `distinct_minpolys S` THENL [
    rw[distinct_minpolys] THEN
    GEN_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
    proven_if `p = q:(1->num)->complex` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
    have `p = x_pow QinC_ring 1` [IN] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [x_pow_poly] THEN
    have `poly_deg QinC_ring (x_pow QinC_ring 1) = 1` [deg_x_pow;ring_1_0_QinC] THEN
    have `ring_prime(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [prime_if_deg_1;field_QinC] THEN
    have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [prime_iff_irreducible_over_field;field_QinC] THEN
    qed[monic_x_pow]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `x_pow QinC_ring 1 = x_pow complex_ring 1` [x_pow_QinC_eq_x_pow_complex] THEN
  subgoal `complex_root (x_pow QinC_ring 1) (Cx(&0))` THENL [
    rw[complex_root] THEN
    simp[eval_x_pow;RING_POW_1;in_complex_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[distinct_minpolys_distinct_roots]
);;

let monic_factorization_distinct_minpolys = prove(`
  !f.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring f ==>
  monic QinC_ring f ==>
  ?P e. (
    FINITE P /\
    distinct_minpolys P /\
    (!p. p IN P ==> ~(e p = 0)) /\
    poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = f
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[distinct_minpolys] THEN
  recall field_QinC THEN
  specialize[`QinC_ring`;`f:(1->num)->complex`]monic_factorization_exponents THEN
  choose2 `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` `e:((1->num)->complex)->num` `FINITE P /\ (!p. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring p) /\ (!p. p IN P ==> monic QinC_ring p) /\ (!p. p IN P ==> ring_irreducible (x_poly QinC_ring) p) /\ (!p. p IN P ==> ~(e p = 0)) /\ poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = f` [] THEN
  witness `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` THEN
  witness `e:((1->num)->complex)->num` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let multi_monic_factorization_distinct_minpolys = prove(`
  !S f.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (f s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> monic QinC_ring (f s)) ==>
  ?P e. (
    FINITE P /\
    distinct_minpolys P /\
    (!s. s IN S ==>
         poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e s p)) = f s
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> ?P e. FINITE P /\ distinct_minpolys P /\ (!p. p IN P ==> ~(e p = 0)) /\ poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = f s` THENL [
    intro THEN
    specialize_assuming[`f(s:X):(1->num)->complex`]monic_factorization_distinct_minpolys THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  def `Q:X->((1->num)->complex)->bool` `\s:X. @P. ?e. FINITE P /\ distinct_minpolys P /\ (!p. p IN P ==> ~(e p = 0)) /\ poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = f s` THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> ?d. FINITE (Q s) /\ distinct_minpolys (Q s) /\ (!p. p IN (Q s) ==> ~(d p = 0)) /\ poly_product QinC_ring (Q s) (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)) = f s` THENL [
    specialize[
      `S:X->bool`;
      `\s:X P. (?d. FINITE P /\ distinct_minpolys P /\ (!p. p IN P ==> ~(d p = 0)) /\ poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)) = f s)`
    ]select_foreach THEN
    simp[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> FINITE (Q s:((1->num)->complex)->bool)` [] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> distinct_minpolys (Q s:((1->num)->complex)->bool)` [] THEN
  def `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` `UNIONS { Q s:((1->num)->complex)->bool| s:X IN S }` THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> ?e. poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = f s:(1->num)->complex` THENL [
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ?d. ((!p. p IN (Q s) ==> ~(d p = 0)) /\ poly_product QinC_ring (Q s) (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)) = f s)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `S:X->bool`;
      `\s:X d. (!p. p IN (Q s) ==> ~(d p = 0)) /\ poly_product QinC_ring (Q s) (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)) = f s`
    ]select_foreach THEN
    intro THEN
    choose `d:((1->num)->complex)->num` `poly_product QinC_ring (Q s) (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)) = f(s:X):(1->num)->complex` [] THEN
    witness `\p:(1->num)->complex. if p IN Q(s:X) then d p else 0` THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    subgoal `poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (if p IN Q(s:X) then d p else 0)) = poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. if p IN Q s then poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p) else poly_1 QinC_ring)` THENL [
      sufficesby poly_product_eq THEN
      qed[poly_pow_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    rw[know `poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (if p IN Q(s:X) then d p else 0)) = poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. if p IN Q s then poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p) else poly_1 QinC_ring)`] THEN
    set_fact_using `Q(s:X) SUBSET P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [know `s:X IN S`;know `P = UNIONS {Q s:((1->num)->complex)->bool | s:X IN S}`] THEN
    specialize[
      `QinC_ring`;
      `Q(s:X):((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)`
    ]poly_product_restrict_subset THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  def `e:X->((1->num)->complex)->num` `\s:X. @d. poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)) = f s:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  witness `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` THEN
  witness `e:X->((1->num)->complex)->num` THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[know `P = UNIONS {Q s:((1->num)->complex)->bool | s:X IN S}`] THEN
    rw[FINITE_UNIONS;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    once_rw[SIMPLE_IMAGE_GEN] THEN
    rw[IN_GSPEC] THEN
    specialize[
      `Q:X->((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `S:X->bool`
    ]FINITE_IMAGE THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    rw[distinct_minpolys] THEN
    rw[know `P = UNIONS {Q s:((1->num)->complex)->bool | s:X IN S}`] THEN
    rw[IN_UNIONS;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[distinct_minpolys]
  ;
    specialize[
      `S:X->bool`;
      `\s:X d. poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)) = f s`
    ]select_foreach THEN
    rw[know `e = (\s:X. @d. poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (d p)) = f s)`] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

(* ===== more on binomial coefficients *)

let binom_coeff = prove(`
  !n d.
  coeff d (
    poly_pow integer_ring (
      poly_add integer_ring
        (x_pow integer_ring 0)
        (x_pow integer_ring 1)
    ) n
  )
  = &(binom(n,d)):int
`,
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0] THEN
    rw[BINOM_0;coeff_poly_1] THEN
    rw[INTEGER_RING] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    intro THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = 1+n`] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;RING_POWERSERIES_ADD;x_pow_series] THEN
    rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_1;RING_POWERSERIES_ADD;x_pow_series] THEN
    rw[coeff_poly_add;coeff_x_pow] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum integer_ring (0..d) (\a. ring_mul integer_ring (ring_add integer_ring (if a = 0 then ring_1 integer_ring else ring_0 integer_ring) (if a = 1 then ring_1 integer_ring else ring_0 integer_ring)) (&(binom (n,d - a)))) = ring_sum integer_ring (0..d) (\a. if a = 0 then &(binom(n,d)) else if a = 1 then &(binom(n,d-1)) else ring_0 integer_ring)` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      case `a = 0` THENL [
        simp[ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
        simp[RING_ADD_RZERO;RING_1] THEN
        qed[RING_MUL_LID;RING_OF_NUM;INTEGER_RING_OF_NUM;ARITH_RULE `d - 0 = d`]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      case `a = 1` THENL [
        simp[RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_1] THEN
        qed[RING_MUL_LID;RING_OF_NUM;INTEGER_RING_OF_NUM]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      simp[RING_ADD_LZERO;RING_0] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;RING_OF_NUM;INTEGER_RING_OF_NUM]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    case `d = 0` THENL [
      subgoal `ring_sum integer_ring (0..d) (\a. if a = 0 then &(binom (n,d)) else if a = 1 then &(binom (n,d - 1)) else ring_0 integer_ring) = ring_sum integer_ring (0..d) (\a. if a = 0 then &(binom (n,d)) else ring_0 integer_ring)` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        intro THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        have `a <= d:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
        num_linear_fact `a <= d ==> d = 0 ==> ~(a = 1)` THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `0 IN 0..0` [IN_NUMSEG_0;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 0`] THEN
      have `&(binom (n,0)) IN ring_carrier integer_ring` [RING_OF_NUM;INTEGER_RING_OF_NUM] THEN
      simp[RING_SUM_DELTA] THEN
      qed[binom]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    num_linear_fact `0 <= d` THEN
    have `0 IN 0..d` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(d = 0) ==> 1 <= d` THEN
    have `FINITE (0..d)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    have `1 IN 0..d` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    have `&(binom (n,d)) IN ring_carrier integer_ring` [RING_OF_NUM;INTEGER_RING_OF_NUM] THEN
    have `&(binom (n,d-1)) IN ring_carrier integer_ring` [RING_OF_NUM;INTEGER_RING_OF_NUM] THEN
    simp[ring_sum_delta_delta;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
    rw[INTEGER_RING] THEN
    num_linear_fact `1+n = SUC n` THEN
    def `d1:num` `d-1` THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(d = 0) ==> d1 = d-1 ==> d = SUC d1` THEN
    rw[know `d = SUC d1`] THEN
    rw[know `1 + n = SUC n`] THEN
    rw[binom] THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC d1 - 1 = d1`] THEN
    qed[INT_OF_NUM_ADD]
  ]
);;

let binom_sum = prove(`
  !m n d.
  binom(m+n,d) = nsum(0..d) (\i. binom(m,i) * binom(n,d-i))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[GSYM INT_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
  rw[GSYM binom_coeff] THEN
  simp[poly_pow_add;RING_POWERSERIES_ADD;x_pow_series] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  have `FINITE (0..d)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  simp[int_of_num_sum] THEN
  simp[isum_integer_sum] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  rw[GSYM INT_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
  rw[GSYM binom_coeff] THEN
  rw[INTEGER_RING]
);;

let binom_rowsum = prove(`
  !m.
  nsum(0..m) (\i. binom(m,i)) = 2 EXP m
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`m:num`;`1`;`1`]BINOMIAL_THEOREM THEN
  subgoal `nsum (0..m) (\k. binom (m,k) * 1 EXP k * 1 EXP (m - k)) = nsum (0..m) (\k. binom (m,k))` THENL [
    sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    rw[EXP_ONE] THEN
    rw[MULT_CLAUSES]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `1+1 = 2`]
);;

let binom_rowsum_partial = prove(`
  !m k.
  nsum(0..k) (\i. binom(m,i)) <= 2 EXP m
`,
  intro THEN
  have `2 EXP m = nsum(0..m) (\i. binom(m,i))` [binom_rowsum] THEN
  case `k <= m:num` THENL [
    have `(0..k) SUBSET (0..m)` [SUBSET_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 0`] THEN
    qed[NSUM_SUBSET_SIMPLE;FINITE_NUMSEG]
  ;
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby NSUM_SUBSET THEN
    simp[FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    rw[IN_DIFF;IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    intro THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(0 <= x /\ x <= m) ==> m < x` THEN
    qed[BINOM_LT]
  ]
);;

(* ===== bounds on (reversed) coefficients in terms of roots *)

let coeff_root_bound_1 = prove(`
  !A:real d.
  norm(coeff d (poly_1 complex_ring))
  <= A pow d * &(binom(0,d))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_1] THEN
  case `d = 0` THENL [
    simp[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    rw[real_pow;binom;COMPLEX_NORM_CX] THEN
    real_field_fact `abs(&1) <= &1 * &1` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[COMPLEX_NORM_CX] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(d = 0) ==> 0 < d` THEN
  simp[BINOM_LT] THEN
  real_field_fact `abs(&0):real <= A pow d * &0` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let coeff_root_bound_one_minus_constx = prove(`
  !c:complex A:real d:num.
  norm(c) <= A ==>
  norm(coeff d (one_minus_constx complex_ring c))
  <= A pow d * &(binom(1,d))
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[coeff_one_minus_constx;in_complex_ring] THEN
  case `d = 0` THENL [
    simp[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    rw[real_pow;binom;COMPLEX_NORM_CX] THEN
    real_field_fact `abs(&1) <= &1 * &1` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `d = 1` THENL [
    simp[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    rw[REAL_POW_1;BINOM_REFL;NORM_NEG] THEN
    real_field_fact `A = A * &1:real` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[COMPLEX_NORM_CX] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(d = 0) ==> ~(d = 1) ==> 1 < d` THEN
  simp[BINOM_LT] THEN
  real_field_fact `abs(&0):real <= A pow d * &0` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let coeff_root_bound_mul = prove(`
  !p q (A:real) m n.
  (!d. norm(coeff d p) <= A pow d * &(binom(m,d))) ==>
  (!d. norm(coeff d q) <= A pow d * &(binom(n,d))) ==>
  (!d. norm(coeff d (poly_mul complex_ring p q)) <= A pow d * &(binom(m+n,d)))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  subgoal `!a. a IN (0..d) ==> norm(coeff a p * coeff (d-a) q) <= A pow d * &(binom(m,a)*binom(n,d-a))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
    have `norm(coeff a (p:(1->num)->complex) * coeff (d-a) (q:(1->num)->complex)) = norm(coeff a p) * norm(coeff (d-a) q)` [COMPLEX_NORM_MUL] THEN
    have `norm(coeff a (p:(1->num)->complex)) * norm(coeff (d-a) (q:(1->num)->complex)) <= (A pow a * &(binom(m,a))) * (A pow (d-a) * &(binom(n,d-a)))` [REAL_LE_MUL2;NORM_POS_LE] THEN
    have `a <= d:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    num_linear_fact `a <= d:num ==> d = a + (d-a)` THEN
    have `(A:real) pow d = A pow a * A pow (d-a)` [REAL_POW_ADD] THEN
    real_linear_fact `((A:real) pow a * &(binom (m,a))) * A pow (d - a) * &(binom (n,d - a)) = (A pow a * A pow (d-a)) * &(binom (m,a)) * &(binom (n,d - a))` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `norm(vsum(0..d) (\a. coeff a p * coeff (d - a) q)) <= sum(0..d) (\a. A pow d * &(binom (m,a) * binom (n,d - a)))` THENL [
    sufficesby VSUM_NORM_LE THEN
    qed[FINITE_NUMSEG]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`\a. &(binom (m,a) * binom (n,d - a)):real`;`(A:real) pow d`;`0..d`]SUM_LMUL THEN
  have `norm(vsum(0..d) (\a. coeff a p * coeff (d - a) q)) <= (A:real) pow d * sum(0..d) (\a. &(binom (m,a) * binom (n,d - a)))` [] THEN
  rw[binom_sum] THEN
  simp[REAL_OF_NUM_SUM;FINITE_NUMSEG]
);;

let coeff_root_bound_product = prove(`
  !p (A:real) m S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X d. s IN S ==> norm(coeff d (p s)) <= A pow d * &(binom(m s,d))) ==>
  (!d. norm(coeff d (poly_product complex_ring S p)) <= A pow d * &(binom(nsum S m,d)))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[coeff_root_bound_1]
  ;
    have `(!s:X. s IN x INSERT S ==> ring_powerseries complex_ring (p s:(1->num)->complex))` [series_complex] THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[coeff_root_bound_mul]
  ]
);;

(* or can prove this via coeff_root_bound_product *)
let coeff_root_bound_pow = prove(`
  !p (A:real) m n.
  ring_powerseries complex_ring p ==>
  (!d. norm(coeff d p) <= A pow d * &(binom(m,d))) ==>
  (!d. norm(coeff d (poly_pow complex_ring p n)) <= A pow d * &(binom(m*n,d)))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0] THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `m * 0 = 0`] THEN
    qed[coeff_root_bound_1]
  ;
    intro THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n + 1`] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`poly_pow complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) n`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`A:real`;`m*n:num`;`m:num`]coeff_root_bound_mul THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `m*n+m = m*(n+1)`]
  ]
);;

(* ===== first-order Stirling lower bound *)

let factorial_lower_bound = prove(`
  !n.
  (&n / exp(&1)) pow n <= &(FACT n)
`,
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[FACT] THEN
    CONV_TAC REAL_FIELD
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  rw[FACT;real_pow] THEN
  rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n+1`] THEN
  case `n = 0` THENL [
    simp[real_pow;ARITH_RULE `0+1 = 1`] THEN
    rw[FACT;ARITH_RULE `1*1 = 1`] THEN
    real_linear_fact `&0 <= &1:real` THEN
    have `exp(&0) <= exp(&1)` [REAL_EXP_MONO_LE] THEN
    have `&1 <= exp(&1)` [REAL_EXP_0] THEN
    have `inv(exp(&1)) <= &1` [REAL_INV_LE_1] THEN
    real_linear_fact `inv(exp(&1)) <= &1 ==> &1 / exp(&1) * &1 <= &1` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `&1 + &1 / &n <= exp(&1 / &n)` [REAL_EXP_LE_X] THEN
  have `~(&n = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
  real_field_fact `~(&n = &0) ==> (&n + &1) / &n:real = &1 + &1 / &n` THEN
  have `(&n + &1) / &n <= exp(&1 / &n)` [] THEN
  have `&0 <= &n:real` [REAL_OF_NUM_LE;ARITH_RULE `0 <= n`] THEN
  real_linear_fact `&0 <= &n:real ==> &0 <= &n + &1` THEN
  have `&0 <= (&n + &1) / &n` [REAL_LE_DIV] THEN
  have `&0 <= exp(&1)` [REAL_EXP_POS_LE] THEN
  have `((&n + &1) / &n) pow n <= exp(&1 / &n) pow n` [REAL_POW_LE2] THEN
  subgoal `exp(&1 / &n) pow n = exp(&1)` THENL [
    rw[GSYM REAL_EXP_N] THEN
    real_field_fact `~(&n = &0:real) ==> &n * &1 / &n = &1` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `((&n + &1) / &n) pow n <= exp(&1)` [] THEN
  have `&0 <= &n / exp(&1)` [REAL_LE_DIV] THEN
  subgoal `(&n / exp (&1)) pow n * ((&n + &1) / &n) pow n <= &(FACT n) * exp(&1)` THENL [
    have `&0 <= (&n / exp(&1)) pow n` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
    have `&0 <= ((&n + &1) / &n) pow n` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
    qed[REAL_LE_MUL2]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `(&n / exp (&1)) pow n * ((&n + &1) / &n) pow n = ((&n + &1) / exp(&1)) pow n` THENL [
    rw[GSYM REAL_POW_MUL] THEN
    real_field_fact `~(&n = &0:real) ==> (&n / exp (&1) * (&n + &1) / &n) = ((&n + &1) / exp (&1))` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `((&n + &1) / exp (&1)) pow n <= &(FACT n) * exp(&1)` [] THEN
  have `&0 <= (&n + &1) / exp(&1)` [REAL_LE_DIV] THEN
  have `(&n + &1) / exp (&1) * ((&n + &1) / exp (&1)) pow n <= (&n + &1) / exp (&1) * &(FACT n) * exp(&1)` [REAL_LE_LMUL] THEN
  have `&0 < exp(&1)` [REAL_EXP_POS_LT] THEN
  real_field_fact `&0 < exp(&1) ==> (&n + &1) / exp (&1) * &(FACT n) * exp (&1) = (&n + &1) * &(FACT n)` THEN
  have `(&n + &1) / exp (&1) * ((&n + &1) / exp (&1)) pow n <= (&n + &1) * &(FACT n)` [] THEN
  simp[GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_ADD;GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_MUL]
);;

(* ===== poly_ord p z: order of vanishing of polynomial p at z *)

let poly_ord = new_definition `
  poly_ord (p:(1->num)->complex) (z:complex)
  = @e:num. (
      ?q:(1->num)->complex. (
        ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\
        ~(complex_root q z) /\
        p = poly_mul complex_ring (
          poly_pow complex_ring (
            x_minus_const complex_ring z
          ) e
        ) (
          q
        )
      )
    )
`;;

let poly_ord_exists_lemma = prove(`
  !n p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  poly_deg complex_ring p = n ==>
  ?e:num q:(1->num)->complex. (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\
    ~(complex_root q z) /\
    p = poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring (
        x_minus_const complex_ring z
      ) e
    ) (
      q
    )
  )
`,
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    intro THEN
    witness `0` THEN
    witness `p:(1->num)->complex` THEN
    rw[poly_pow_0] THEN
    simp[POLY_MUL_LID;series_complex] THEN
    choose `c:complex` `(p:(1->num)->complex) = poly_const complex_ring c` [POLY_DEG_EQ_0] THEN
    have `poly_eval complex_ring p z = c` [POLY_EVAL_CONST;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `~(c = ring_0 complex_ring)` [poly_0] THEN
    have `~(c = Cx(&0))` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[complex_root]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `~(complex_root p z)` THENL [
    witness `0` THEN
    witness `p:(1->num)->complex` THEN
    rw[poly_pow_0] THEN
    simp[POLY_MUL_LID;series_complex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring p z = ring_0 complex_ring` [complex_root;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring complex_ring (:1))` [x_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`z:complex`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]POLY_DIVIDES_X_MINUS_ROOT THEN
  have `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_var complex_ring one) (poly_const complex_ring z) = x_minus_const complex_ring z` [x_minus_const;x_pow_1] THEN
  have `ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) p` [x_poly] THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->complex` `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring) /\ (p:(1->num)->complex) = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `integral_domain complex_ring` [integral_domain_complex] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) = 1` [deg_x_minus_const;integral_domain] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [x_minus_const_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(q = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [POLY_MUL_0] THEN
  have `~(x_minus_const complex_ring z = poly_0 complex_ring)` [POLY_DEG_0;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
  have `(x_minus_const complex_ring z = poly_0 complex_ring) <=> (q = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`x_minus_const complex_ring z`;`q:(1->num)->complex`]POLY_DEG_MUL THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = poly_deg complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) + poly_deg complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
  have `SUC n = 1 + poly_deg complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
  num_linear_fact `SUC n = 1 + poly_deg complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex) ==> poly_deg complex_ring q = n` THEN
  specialize[`q:(1->num)->complex`](know(`!p. ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==> ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==> poly_deg complex_ring p = n ==> (?e q. ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\ ~complex_root q z /\ p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e) q)`)) THEN
  choose2 `e:num` `r:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring r /\ ~complex_root r z /\ q = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e) r` [] THEN
  witness `1+e` THEN
  witness `r:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  SIMP_TAC[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
  SIMP_TAC[GSYM POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_ord_exists_lemma2 = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  ?e q:(1->num)->complex. (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\
    ~(complex_root q z) /\
    p = poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring (
        x_minus_const complex_ring z
      ) e
    ) (
      q
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]poly_ord_exists_lemma THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_ord_exists = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  ?q:(1->num)->complex. (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\
    ~(complex_root q z) /\
    p = poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring (
        x_minus_const complex_ring z
      ) (poly_ord p z)
    ) (
      q
    )
  )
`,
  rw[poly_ord] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_exists_lemma2]
);;

let poly_ord_unique = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q e.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  ~(complex_root q z) ==>
  p = poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring (
      x_minus_const complex_ring z
    ) e
  ) (
    q
  ) ==>
  ( ring_polynomial complex_ring p /\
    ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    e = poly_ord p z
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  subgoal `~((q:(1->num)->complex) = poly_0 complex_ring)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `poly_eval complex_ring q z = Cx(&0)` [POLY_EVAL_0;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[complex_root]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `~((p:(1->num)->complex) = poly_0 complex_ring)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `p = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_pow(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e) q` [x_poly_use;x_poly_use_pow] THEN
    have `integral_domain(x_poly complex_ring)` [integral_domain_x_poly_field;field_complex] THEN
    have `p = ring_0(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `~(q = ring_0(x_poly complex_ring))` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (ring_pow(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e)` [x_poly_use_pow;poly_pow_poly] THEN
    have `ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (ring_pow (x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e) q = ring_0(x_poly complex_ring)` [] THEN
    have `ring_pow(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e = ring_0(x_poly complex_ring)` [integral_domain;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `x_minus_const complex_ring z = ring_0(x_poly complex_ring)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `x_minus_const complex_ring z = poly_0 complex_ring` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `poly_deg complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) = 1` [deg_x_minus_const;integral_domain;integral_domain_complex;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `~(x_minus_const complex_ring z = poly_0 complex_ring)` [POLY_DEG_0;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e)` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`]poly_ord_exists THEN
  choose `f:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring f /\ ~(complex_root f z) /\ p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (f)` [] THEN
  recall field_complex THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) = 1` [deg_x_minus_const;field;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `ring_prime(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [prime_if_deg_1] THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_poly complex_ring)` [integral_domain_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `f IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `q IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `~(ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) q)` [complex_root_if_x_minus_const_divides] THEN
  have `~(ring_divides(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) f)` [complex_root_if_x_minus_const_divides] THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e) q = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_pow(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) f` [x_poly_use;x_poly_use_pow] THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (ring_pow(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e) q = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_pow(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) f` [x_poly_use;x_poly_use_pow] THEN
  have `ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_pow(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) e) q = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (ring_pow(x_poly complex_ring) (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) f` [x_poly_use;x_poly_use_pow] THEN
  qed[unique_prime_valuation]
);;

let poly_ord_unique_0 = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(complex_root p z) ==>
  ( ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord p z = 0
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) 0) (p)` [poly_pow_0;POLY_MUL_LID;ring_polynomial] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_unique]
);;

let poly_ord_unique_1 = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  ~(complex_root q z) ==>
  p = poly_mul complex_ring (
    x_minus_const complex_ring z
  ) (
    q
  ) ==>
  ( ring_polynomial complex_ring p /\
    ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord p z = 1
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) 1) (q)` [poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_unique]
);;

let poly_ord_const = prove(`
  !c z.
  ~(c = Cx(&0)) ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring c:(1->num)->complex) /\
    ~(poly_const complex_ring c = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex) /\
    poly_ord(poly_const complex_ring c) z = 0
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring c:(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `~complex_root (poly_const complex_ring c) z` [complex_root;POLY_EVAL_CONST;in_complex_ring] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_unique_0]
);;

let poly_ord_1 = prove(`
  !z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex) /\
  ~(poly_1 complex_ring = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex) /\
  poly_ord(poly_1 complex_ring) z = 0
`,
  rw[poly_1] THEN
  complex_field_fact `~(Cx(&1) = Cx(&0))` THEN
  have `~(ring_1 complex_ring = Cx(&0))` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  specialize[`ring_1 complex_ring`]poly_ord_const THEN
  qed[poly_1_0_complex;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let poly_ord_x_minus_const = prove(`
  !c z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring c) /\
  ~(x_minus_const complex_ring c = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
  poly_ord (x_minus_const complex_ring c) z
  = if z = c then 1 else 0
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring c)` [x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
  case `z = c:complex` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`x_minus_const complex_ring c`;`poly_1 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`]poly_ord_unique_1 THEN
    have `~complex_root (poly_1 complex_ring) z` [complex_root;POLY_EVAL_1;field_complex;field;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `x_minus_const complex_ring c = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring c) (poly_1 complex_ring)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_1;complex_root;POLY_MUL_SYM;POLY_MUL_LID;series_complex] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_1]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring c) z = z - c` [eval_x_minus_const;in_complex_ring;ring_sub_complex] THEN
  complex_field_fact `~(z = c:complex) ==> ~(z - c = Cx(&0))` THEN
  have `~(poly_eval complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring c) z = Cx(&0))` [] THEN
  have `~(complex_root(x_minus_const complex_ring c) z)` [complex_root] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_unique_0]
);;

let poly_ord_mul = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  ~(q = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p q) /\
    ~(poly_mul complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring p q) z
    = poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  choose `f:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring f /\ ~complex_root f z /\ p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) f` [poly_ord_exists] THEN
  choose `g:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring g /\ ~complex_root g z /\ q = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) g` [poly_ord_exists] THEN
  subgoal `~(complex_root (poly_mul complex_ring f g) z)` THENL [
    rw[complex_root] THEN
    simp[POLY_EVAL_MUL;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `~(poly_eval complex_ring f z = Cx(&0))` [complex_root] THEN
    have `~(poly_eval complex_ring g z = Cx(&0))` [complex_root] THEN
    qed[COMPLEX_ENTIRE;complex_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `p = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) f` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `q = ring_mul(x_poly complex_ring) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) g` [x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`x_poly(complex_ring)`;
    `poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)`;
    `poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)`;
    `f:(1->num)->complex`;
    `g:(1->num)->complex`;
    `p:(1->num)->complex`;
    `q:(1->num)->complex`;
  ](GENL[
    `r:R ring`;`d:R`;`e:R`;`f:R`;`g:R`;`p:R`;`q:R`
  ](
    RING_RULE `p = ring_mul(r:R ring) d f ==> q = ring_mul r e g ==> ring_mul r p q = ring_mul r (ring_mul r d e) (ring_mul r f g)`
  )) THEN
  have `ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) p q = ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) f g)` [x_poly_use;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) p q = ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) p q = ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) p q = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring p q = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) = poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)` [poly_pow_add;series_complex] THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring p q = poly_mul complex_ring ((poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)` [] THEN
  specialize[`poly_mul complex_ring p q:(1->num)->complex`;`poly_mul complex_ring f g:(1->num)->complex`]poly_ord_unique THEN
  qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
);;

let poly_ord_product = prove(`
  !p z S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(p s = poly_0 complex_ring)) ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring S p) /\
    ~(poly_product complex_ring S p = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring S p) z
    = nsum S (\s. poly_ord (p s) z)
  )
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  STRIP_TAC THEN
  STRIP_TAC THEN
  STRIP_TAC THENL [
    rw[NSUM_CLAUSES;poly_product_empty] THEN
    rw[poly_ord_1;poly_1_0_complex]
  ;
    STRIP_TAC THEN
    STRIP_TAC THEN
    STRIP_TAC THEN
    have `(!s:X. s IN x INSERT S ==> ring_powerseries complex_ring (p s:(1->num)->complex))` [series_complex] THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `~(poly_product complex_ring (S:X->bool) p = poly_0(complex_ring))` [poly_product_ring_product_x_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
    have `~(poly_mul complex_ring (p(x:X)) (poly_product complex_ring S p) = poly_0 complex_ring)` [nonzero_poly_mul;series_complex;integral_domain_complex] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`p(x:X):(1->num)->complex`;`poly_product complex_ring (S:X->bool) p`;`z:complex`]poly_ord_mul THEN
    qed[poly_product_poly]
  ]
);;

let poly_ord_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !S c z.
  FINITE S ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) /\
    ~(monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) z
    = CARD {s:X | s IN S /\ z = c s}
  )
`,
  intro THENL [
    qed[monic_vanishing_at_poly;in_complex_ring]
  ;
    have `monic complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex))` [monic_vanishing_at_monic;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `~(monic complex_ring (poly_0 complex_ring))` [monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_complex] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    subgoal `poly_ord (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) z = nsum S (\s:X. poly_ord (x_minus_const complex_ring (c s)) z)` THENL [
      rw[monic_vanishing_at] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `\s:X. x_minus_const complex_ring (c s)`;
        `z:complex`;
        `S:X->bool`
      ]poly_ord_product THEN
      qed[x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring;monic_x_minus_const;monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_complex]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `nsum S (\s. poly_ord (x_minus_const complex_ring (c s)) z) = nsum S (\s:X. if z = c s then 1 else 0)` THENL [
      sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
      qed[poly_ord_x_minus_const]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[GSYM NSUM_RESTRICT_SET] THEN
    specialize[
      `S:X->bool`;
      `\s:X. z = c s:complex`
    ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
    qed[CARD_EQ_NSUM]
  ]
);;

let poly_ord_monic_vanishing_at_numpreimages = prove(`
  !S:X->bool c z.
  FINITE S ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) /\
    ~(monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) z =
    numpreimages c S z
  )
`,
  simp[poly_ord_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  rw[numpreimages] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `{s:X | s IN S /\ z = c s:complex} = {x | x IN S /\ c x = z}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_ord_one_minus_constx = prove(`
  !c z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring (one_minus_constx complex_ring c) /\
  ~(one_minus_constx complex_ring c = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
  poly_ord (one_minus_constx complex_ring c) z
  = if c * z = Cx(&1) then 1 else 0
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (one_minus_constx complex_ring c)` [one_minus_constx_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
  case `c * z = Cx(&1)` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`one_minus_constx complex_ring c`;`poly_1 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`]poly_ord_unique_1 THEN
    have `~complex_root (poly_1 complex_ring) z` [complex_root;POLY_EVAL_1;field_complex;field;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    subgoal `one_minus_constx complex_ring c = poly_mul complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_const complex_ring (--c))` THENL [
      sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
      intro THEN
      simp[coeff_times_poly_const;series_complex;in_complex_ring] THEN
      simp[coeff_one_minus_constx;in_complex_ring] THEN
      simp[coeff_x_minus_const;in_complex_ring] THEN
      case `d = 0` THENL [
        simp[ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
        rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
        complex_field_fact `c * z = Cx(&1) ==> Cx(&1) = --c * --z` THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      case `d = 1` THENL [
        simp[] THEN
        rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
        CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_RZERO;in_complex_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `~complex_root (poly_const complex_ring (--c)) z` THENL [
      rw[complex_root] THEN
      simp[POLY_EVAL_CONST;in_complex_ring] THEN
      complex_field_fact `c * z = Cx(&1) ==> ~(--c = Cx(&0))` THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`one_minus_constx complex_ring c`;`poly_const complex_ring (--c):(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`]poly_ord_unique_1 THEN
    qed[one_minus_constx_poly;in_complex_ring;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_eval complex_ring (one_minus_constx complex_ring c) z = Cx(&1) - c * z` [eval_one_minus_constx;in_complex_ring;ring_sub_complex;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  complex_field_fact `~(c * z = Cx(&1)) ==> ~(Cx(&1) - c * z = Cx(&0))` THEN
  have `~(poly_eval complex_ring (one_minus_constx complex_ring c) z = Cx(&0))` [] THEN
  have `~(complex_root(one_minus_constx complex_ring c) z)` [complex_root] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_unique_0]
);;

let poly_ord_pow = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex n z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring p n) /\
    ~(poly_pow complex_ring p n = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord (poly_pow complex_ring p n) z
    = n * poly_ord p z
  )
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0;poly_1_0_complex;ARITH_RULE `0 * e = 0`] THEN
    qed[poly_ord_1]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n + 1`;RIGHT_ADD_DISTRIB;ARITH_RULE `1 * e = e`] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
    GEN_TAC THEN
    REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring p n:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
    have `~(poly_pow complex_ring p n = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    specialize[`poly_pow complex_ring p n:(1->num)->complex`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`]poly_ord_mul THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

(* strict special case of poly_ord_x_pow *)
let poly_ord_x_pow_1 = prove(`
  !z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 1) /\
  ~(x_pow complex_ring 1 = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
  poly_ord (x_pow complex_ring 1) z
  = if z = Cx(&0) then 1 else 0
`,
  rw[GSYM x_minus_const_0] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_x_minus_const;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let poly_ord_x_pow = prove(`
  !n z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring n) /\
  ~(x_pow complex_ring n = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
  poly_ord (x_pow complex_ring n) z
  = if z = Cx(&0) then n else 0
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  have `x_pow complex_ring n = poly_pow complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 1) n` [x_pow_pow;ARITH_RULE `1*n = n`] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 1) /\ ~(x_pow complex_ring 1 = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (x_pow complex_ring 1) z = if z = Cx(&0) then 1 else 0` [poly_ord_x_pow_1] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `x_pow complex_ring 1`;
    `n:num`;
    `z:complex`
  ]poly_ord_pow THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `n*1 = n`;ARITH_RULE `n*0 = 0`]
);;

let poly_ord_mul_0 = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z.
  ( ring_polynomial complex_ring p /\
    ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord p z = 0
  ) ==>
  ( ring_polynomial complex_ring q /\
    ~(q = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord q z = 0
  ) ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p q) /\
    ~(poly_mul complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring p q) z = 0
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  specialize_assuming[`p:(1->num)->complex`;`q:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`]poly_ord_mul THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `0+0 = 0`]
);;

let poly_ord_ge_if = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex f n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring f ==>
  p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) n) f ==>
  (p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord p z)
`,
  intro THEN
  case `f = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex` THENL [
    qed[POLY_MUL_0;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  choose `g:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring g /\ ~complex_root g z /\ f = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord f z)) g` [poly_ord_exists] THEN
  have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) n) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord f z)) g)` [] THEN
  have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) n) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord f z))) g` [POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex] THEN
  have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (n + poly_ord f z)) g` [poly_pow_add;series_complex] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [x_minus_const_poly;poly_pow_poly;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `n + poly_ord f z = poly_ord p z` [poly_ord_unique] THEN
  ASM_ARITH_TAC
);;

let poly_ord_ge = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ((p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord p z)
   <=> ?f:(1->num)->complex. (
         ring_polynomial complex_ring f /\
         p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) n) f
       )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    case `p = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex` THENL [
      intro THEN
      witness `poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex` THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z)` [x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) n)` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
      qed[POLY_MUL_0;RING_POLYNOMIAL_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    choose `f:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring f /\ ~complex_root f z /\ p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) f` [poly_ord_exists] THEN
    num_linear_fact `n <= poly_ord p z ==> poly_ord p z = n + (poly_ord p z - n)` THEN
    have `poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (n)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z - n))` [poly_pow_add;series_complex] THEN
    have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (n)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z - n))) f` [] THEN
    have `p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (n)) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z - n)) f)` [POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex] THEN
    witness `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z - n)) f` THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring]
  ;
    qed[poly_ord_ge_if]
  ]
);;

let poly_ord_mul_ge_ge = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z m n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ( p = poly_0 complex_ring \/
    m <= poly_ord p z
  ) ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  ( q = poly_0 complex_ring \/
    n <= poly_ord q z
  ) ==>
  ( ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p q) /\
    ( poly_mul complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring \/
      m + n <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring p q) z
    )
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  simp[poly_ord_ge;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `poly_mul complex_ring f f':(1->num)->complex` THEN
  have `poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (m + n) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) m) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) n)` [poly_pow_add;series_complex] THEN
  simp[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) m`;
    `poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) n`;
  ](GENL[
    `r:R ring`;
    `M:R`;
    `N:R`;
  ](RING_RULE
    `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r M f) (ring_mul r N f') = ring_mul r (ring_mul r M N) (ring_mul r f f')`
  )) THEN
  qed[x_series_use;series_complex]
);;

let poly_ord_mul_ge_ge0 = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ( p = poly_0 complex_ring \/
    n <= poly_ord p z
  ) ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  ( ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p q) /\
    ( poly_mul complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring \/
      n <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring p q) z
    )
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  simp[poly_ord_ge;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `poly_mul complex_ring f q:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  simp[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  qed[POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex]
);;

let poly_ord_mul_ge0_ge = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  ( q = poly_0 complex_ring \/
    n <= poly_ord q z
  ) ==>
  ( ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p q) /\
    ( poly_mul complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring \/
      n <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring p q) z
    )
  )
`,
  qed[poly_ord_mul_ge_ge0;POLY_MUL_SYM;series_complex]
);;

let poly_ord_neg_ge = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex z n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  (p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord p z) ==>
  (poly_neg complex_ring p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord(poly_neg complex_ring p) z)
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  simp[poly_ord_ge;RING_POLYNOMIAL_NEG] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `poly_neg complex_ring f:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  simp[RING_POLYNOMIAL_NEG] THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL_RNEG;series_complex;x_series_use]
);;

let poly_ord_add_ge = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  (p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord p z) ==>
  (q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord q z) ==>
  (poly_add complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord(poly_add complex_ring p q) z)
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  simp[poly_ord_ge;RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD] THEN
  intro THEN
  witness `poly_add complex_ring f f':(1->num)->complex` THEN
  simp[RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD] THEN
  simp[POLY_ADD_LDISTRIB;series_complex]
);;

let poly_ord_sum_ge = prove(`
  !p z n S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> (p s = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord (p s) z)) ==>
  (poly_sum complex_ring S p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord(poly_sum complex_ring S p) z)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_sum_empty]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (p(x:X):(1->num)->complex)` [x_poly_use;ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_sum_insert] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sum complex_ring (S:X->bool) p)` [poly_sum_poly] THEN
    qed[poly_ord_add_ge]
  ]
);;

let poly_ord_sub_ge = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  (p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord p z) ==>
  (q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord q z) ==>
  (poly_sub complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord(poly_sub complex_ring p q) z)
`,
  rw[POLY_SUB] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_add_ge;poly_ord_neg_ge;RING_POLYNOMIAL_NEG]
);;

let poly_ord_add_dominant = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  (p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord p z) ==>
  ~(q = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  poly_ord q z < n ==>
  ( ~(poly_add complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord(poly_add complex_ring p q) z = poly_ord q z
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  case `poly_add complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex` THENL [
    have `ring_add(x_series complex_ring) p q = ring_0(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
    have `q = ring_neg(x_series complex_ring) p` [RING_ADD_EQ_0;series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
    specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`;`n:num`]poly_ord_neg_ge THEN
    have `q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord q z` [x_series_use] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `n <= d:num ==> ~(d < n)`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `poly_ord q z < poly_ord(poly_add complex_ring p q) z` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `poly_ord q z < poly_ord(poly_add complex_ring p q) z ==> 1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord(poly_add complex_ring p q) z` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_add complex_ring p q:(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_ADD] THEN
    have `poly_add complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord (poly_add complex_ring p q) z` [] THEN
    have `p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord p z` [ARITH_RULE `q < n ==> n <= p ==> 1+q <= p`] THEN
    specialize[`poly_add complex_ring p q:(1->num)->complex`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`;`1 + poly_ord q z`]poly_ord_sub_ge THEN
    have `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_add complex_ring p q) p = q:(1->num)->complex` [x_series_use;x_series_sub_use;RING_RULE `ring_sub(r:R ring) (ring_add r p q) p = q`;series_complex] THEN
    have `q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord q z` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord q z)` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(poly_ord q z < poly_ord (poly_add complex_ring p q) z) ==> poly_ord(poly_add complex_ring p q) z <= poly_ord q z` THEN
  specialize_assuming[`poly_ord q z`;`n:num`;`poly_ord p z`]LTE_TRANS THEN
  have `p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ poly_ord q z <= poly_ord p z` [LT_IMP_LE] THEN
  have `q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ poly_ord q z <= poly_ord q z` [LE_REFL] THEN
  specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`;`q:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`;`poly_ord q z`]poly_ord_add_ge THEN
  have `poly_ord q z <= poly_ord(poly_add complex_ring p q) z` [] THEN
  num_linear_fact `poly_ord (poly_add complex_ring p q) z <= poly_ord q z ==> poly_ord q z <= poly_ord(poly_add complex_ring p q) z ==> poly_ord (poly_add complex_ring p q) z = poly_ord q z` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_ord_sub_dominant = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q z n.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  (p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord p z) ==>
  ~(q = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  poly_ord q z < n ==>
  ( ~(poly_sub complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord(poly_sub complex_ring p q) z = poly_ord q z
  )
`,
  
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  case `poly_sub complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex` THENL [
    have `ring_sub(x_series complex_ring) p q = ring_0(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_sub_use;x_series_use] THEN
    have `q = p:(1->num)->complex` [RING_SUB_EQ_0;series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `n <= d:num ==> ~(d < n)`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `poly_ord q z < poly_ord(poly_sub complex_ring p q) z` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `poly_ord q z < poly_ord(poly_sub complex_ring p q) z ==> 1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord(poly_sub complex_ring p q) z` THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring p q:(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB] THEN
    have `poly_sub complex_ring p q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring p q) z` [] THEN
    have `p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord p z` [ARITH_RULE `q < n ==> n <= p ==> 1+q <= p`] THEN
    specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`;`poly_sub complex_ring p q:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`;`1 + poly_ord q z`]poly_ord_sub_ge THEN
    have `poly_sub complex_ring p (poly_sub complex_ring p q) = q:(1->num)->complex` [x_series_use;x_series_sub_use;RING_RULE `ring_sub(r:R ring) p (ring_sub r p q) = q`;series_complex] THEN
    have `q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord q z` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(1 + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord q z)` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(poly_ord q z < poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring p q) z) ==> poly_ord(poly_sub complex_ring p q) z <= poly_ord q z` THEN
  specialize_assuming[`poly_ord q z`;`n:num`;`poly_ord p z`]LTE_TRANS THEN
  have `p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ poly_ord q z <= poly_ord p z` [LT_IMP_LE] THEN
  have `q = poly_0 complex_ring \/ poly_ord q z <= poly_ord q z` [LE_REFL] THEN
  specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`;`q:(1->num)->complex`;`z:complex`;`poly_ord q z`]poly_ord_sub_ge THEN
  have `poly_ord q z <= poly_ord(poly_sub complex_ring p q) z` [] THEN
  num_linear_fact `poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring p q) z <= poly_ord q z ==> poly_ord q z <= poly_ord(poly_sub complex_ring p q) z ==> poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring p q) z = poly_ord q z` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let poly_ord_sum_dominant = prove(`
  !p z n S t.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(s = t) ==> (p s = poly_0 complex_ring) \/ n <= poly_ord (p s) z) ==>
  t IN S ==>
  ~(p t = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  poly_ord (p t) z < n ==>
  ( ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sum complex_ring S p) /\
    ~(poly_sum complex_ring S p = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord(poly_sum complex_ring S p) z = poly_ord (p t) z
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  have `poly_sum complex_ring S p = poly_add complex_ring (p(t:X)) (poly_sum complex_ring (S DELETE t) p)` [poly_sum_delete2;series_complex] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> s IN S` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S DELETE t ==> ~(s = t)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum complex_ring (S DELETE (t:X)) p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ n <= poly_ord (poly_sum complex_ring (S DELETE t) p) z` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`p:X->((1->num)->complex)`;`z:complex`;`n:num`;`S DELETE(t:X)`]poly_ord_sum_ge THEN
    qed[FINITE_DELETE]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p(t:X):(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sum complex_ring (S DELETE(t:X)) p)` [poly_sum_poly;FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  specialize[
    `poly_sum complex_ring (S DELETE(t:X)) p`;
    `p(t:X):(1->num)->complex`;
    `z:complex`;`n:num`]poly_ord_add_dominant THEN
  qed[POLY_ADD_SYM;series_complex;poly_sum_poly]
);;

(* order of derivative of p/q when p/q has no pole at z *)
let poly_ord_derivative_ge = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q PqpQ z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(q = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  (p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ poly_ord q z <= poly_ord p z) ==>
  PqpQ =
    poly_sub complex_ring (
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        x_derivative complex_ring p
      ) (
        q
      )
    ) (
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        p
      ) (
        x_derivative complex_ring q
      )
    )
  ==> (
    PqpQ = poly_0 complex_ring \/
    2 * poly_ord q z <= poly_ord PqpQ z
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  choose `f:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring f /\ p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) f` [poly_ord_ge] THEN
  choose `g:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring g /\ q = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) g` [poly_ord_exists] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`f:(1->num)->complex`;`g:(1->num)->complex`;`poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)`]x_derivative_ratio_scaling THEN
  have `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) f)) q) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) f) (x_derivative complex_ring q)) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))` [series_complex] THEN
  simp[poly_pow_mul;series_complex] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;x_derivative_polynomial;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z * 2)) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))`;`poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))`;`poly_ord q z * 2`]poly_ord_ge_if THEN
  qed[MULT_SYM]
);;

let poly_ord_derivative_pole_lemma = prove(`
  !z:complex m n.
  poly_sub complex_ring (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      x_derivative complex_ring (
        poly_pow complex_ring (
          x_minus_const complex_ring z
        ) m
      )
    ) (
      poly_pow complex_ring (
        x_minus_const complex_ring z
      ) n
    )
  ) (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring (
        x_minus_const complex_ring z
      ) m
    ) (
      x_derivative complex_ring (
        poly_pow complex_ring (
          x_minus_const complex_ring z
        ) n
      )
    )
  )
  =
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_sub complex_ring (
      poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring m)
    ) (
      poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring n)
    )
  ) (
    poly_pow complex_ring (
      x_minus_const complex_ring z
    ) ((m+n)-1)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[x_derivative_pow;series_complex] THEN
  recall in_complex_ring THEN
  simp[x_derivative_x_minus_const] THEN
  recall series_complex THEN
  case `m = 0` THENL [
    simp[poly_pow_0;ARITH_RULE `0 - 1 = 0`;POLY_MUL_LID;RING_OF_NUM_0;GSYM poly_0;POWSER_MUL_0;ARITH_RULE `0+n = n`] THEN
    rw[x_series_use;x_series_sub_use] THEN
    qed[RING_RULE `ring_sub(r:R ring) (ring_0 r) (ring_mul r C P) = ring_mul r (ring_sub r (ring_0 r) C) P`;x_series_use]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `n = 0` THENL [
    simp[poly_pow_0;ARITH_RULE `0 - 1 = 0`;POLY_MUL_LID;RING_OF_NUM_0;GSYM poly_0;POWSER_MUL_0;ARITH_RULE `m+0 = m`] THEN
    rw[x_series_use;x_series_sub_use;RING_MUL_RID] THEN
    qed[RING_RULE `ring_sub(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_mul r C P) (ring_1 r)) (ring_0 r) = ring_mul r (ring_sub r C (ring_0 r)) P`;x_series_use]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(m = 0) ==> (m-1)+n = (m+n)-1` THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (m-1)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (n)) = poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((m+n)-1)` [poly_pow_add;series_complex] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> m+(n-1) = (m+n)-1` THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (m)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (n-1)) = poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((m+n)-1)` [poly_pow_add;series_complex] THEN
  rw[x_series_use;x_series_sub_use] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `x_series complex_ring`
    ;`poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring m):(1->num)->complex`
    ;`poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring n):(1->num)->complex`
    ;`poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) m`
    ;`poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (m-1)`
    ;`poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) n`
    ;`poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (n-1)`
    ;`poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((m+n)-1)`
  ](GENL[
    `r:R ring`;
    `M:R`;
    `N:R`;
    `PM:R`;
    `PM1:R`;
    `PN:R`;
    `PN1:R`;
    `PMN1:R`
  ](RING_RULE `ring_mul (r:R ring) PM PN1 = PMN1 ==> ring_mul r PM1 PN = PMN1 ==> ring_sub r (ring_mul r (ring_mul r M (ring_mul r (ring_1 r) PM1)) PN) (ring_mul r PM (ring_mul r N (ring_mul r (ring_1 r) PN1))) = ring_mul r (ring_sub r M N) PMN1`)) THEN
  have `poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring m) IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [POWSER_CONST;x_series_use] THEN
  have `poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring n) IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [POWSER_CONST;x_series_use] THEN
  qed[x_series_use;x_series_sub_use]
);;

(* order of derivative of p/q when p/q has a pole at z *)
let poly_ord_derivative_pole = prove(`
  !p:(1->num)->complex q PqpQ z.
  ring_polynomial complex_ring q ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring p ==>
  ~(q = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  poly_ord p z < poly_ord q z ==>
  PqpQ =
    poly_sub complex_ring (
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        x_derivative complex_ring p
      ) (
        q
      )
    ) (
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        p
      ) (
        x_derivative complex_ring q
      )
    )
  ==> (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring PqpQ /\
    ~(PqpQ = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord PqpQ z = (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  choose `f:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring f /\ ~complex_root f z /\ p = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) f` [poly_ord_exists] THEN
  choose `g:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial complex_ring g /\ ~complex_root g z /\ q = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) g` [poly_ord_exists] THEN
  subgoal `PqpQ = ring_sub (x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (x_derivative complex_ring p) q) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) p (x_derivative complex_ring q))` THENL [
   qed[x_poly_use;x_poly_sub_use]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `PqpQ = poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g))` THENL [
    have `x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring f IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring g IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring p IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `x_derivative complex_ring q IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z) IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z) IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `f IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `g IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `q IN ring_carrier (x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p = ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) f` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `q = ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) g` [x_poly_use] THEN
    subgoal `x_derivative complex_ring p = ring_add (x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z))) f) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (x_derivative complex_ring f))` THENL [
      rw[GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
      rw[GSYM x_poly_sub_use] THEN
      qed[x_derivative_mul;series_complex]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `x_derivative complex_ring q = ring_add (x_poly complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) g) (ring_mul (x_poly complex_ring) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) (x_derivative complex_ring g))` THENL [
      rw[GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
      rw[GSYM x_poly_sub_use] THEN
      qed[x_derivative_mul;series_complex]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_poly complex_ring`
      ;`x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z))`
      ;`x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))`
      ;`x_derivative complex_ring f`
      ;`x_derivative complex_ring g`
      ;`x_derivative complex_ring p`
      ;`x_derivative complex_ring q`
      ;`(poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z))`
      ;`(poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))`
      ;`f:(1->num)->complex`
      ;`g:(1->num)->complex`
      ;`p:(1->num)->complex`
      ;`q:(1->num)->complex`
    ](GENL [
      `r:R ring`;`D:R`;`E:R`;`FF:R`;`G:R`;`P:R`;`Q:R`;`d:R`;`e:R`;`f:R`;`g:R`;`p:R`;`q:R`
    ](RING_RULE `
      p = ring_mul(r:R ring) d f ==>
      q = ring_mul r e g ==>
      P = ring_add r (ring_mul r D f) (ring_mul r d FF) ==>
      Q = ring_add r (ring_mul r E g) (ring_mul r e G) ==>
      ring_sub r (ring_mul r P q) (ring_mul r p Q)
      = ring_add r
        (ring_mul r (ring_mul r d e) (ring_sub r (ring_mul r FF g) (ring_mul r f G)))
        (ring_mul r (ring_sub r (ring_mul r D e) (ring_mul r d E)) (ring_mul r f g))
    `)) THEN
    rw[x_poly_use;x_poly_sub_use] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)) = poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)` [poly_pow_add;series_complex] THEN
  have `PqpQ = poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g))` [] THEN
  have `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z)) (x_derivative complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord q z)))) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))` [poly_ord_derivative_pole_lemma] THEN
  have `PqpQ = poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g))` [] THEN
  subgoal `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z <= poly_ord(poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) z` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))`;`poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))`;`poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z`]poly_ord_ge_if THEN
    qed[x_derivative_polynomial;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `~(poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord(poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) z = (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1` THENL [
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g:(1->num)->complex))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;in_complex_ring] THEN
    subgoal `~complex_root (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) z` THENL [
      rw[complex_root] THEN
      simp[POLY_EVAL_MUL;POLY_EVAL_SUB;POLY_EVAL_CONST;in_complex_ring;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST] THEN
      recall integral_domain_complex THEN
      have `~(poly_eval complex_ring f z = Cx(&0))` [complex_root] THEN
      have `~(poly_eval complex_ring g z = Cx(&0))` [complex_root] THEN
      have `~(ring_mul complex_ring (poly_eval complex_ring f z) (poly_eval complex_ring g z) = Cx(&0))` [complex_ring_clauses;COMPLEX_ENTIRE] THEN
      num_linear_fact `poly_ord p z < poly_ord q z ==> ~(poly_ord p z = poly_ord q z)` THEN
      have `~(ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z) = ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z))` [ring_of_num_injective;ring_char_complex] THEN
      complex_field_fact `~(ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z) = ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)) ==> ~(ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z) - ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z) = Cx(&0))` THEN
      have `~(ring_sub complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z)) (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)) = Cx(&0))` [ring_sub_complex] THEN
      qed[complex_ring_clauses;COMPLEX_ENTIRE]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g))` THENL [
      rw[x_series_use;x_series_sub_use] THEN
      qed[x_series_use;series_complex;RING_RULE `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_mul r (ring_sub r P Q) MN1) (ring_mul r f g) = ring_mul r MN1 (ring_mul r (ring_sub r P Q) (ring_mul r f g))`]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)`;`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g:(1->num)->complex)`;`(poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1`]poly_ord_unique THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `poly_ord p z < poly_ord q z ==> (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1 < poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z` THEN
  have `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) z < poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z` [] THEN
  recall in_complex_ring THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z))` [poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))` [poly_pow_poly;x_minus_const_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)):(1->num)->complex))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;x_minus_const_poly;poly_pow_poly] THEN
  have `~(poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g) = poly_0 complex_ring)` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) (poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z)) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))`;
    `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord p z))) (poly_const complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (poly_ord q z)))) (poly_pow complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring z) ((poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z) - 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)`;
    `z:complex`;
    `poly_ord p z + poly_ord q z`
  ]poly_ord_add_dominant THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (PqpQ:(1->num)->complex)` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring p) q)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring p (x_derivative complex_ring q))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ord_minpoly = prove(`
  !P q y.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  q IN P ==>
  poly_ord q y = (if complex_root q y then 1 else 0)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `poly_product complex_ring (complex_root q) (\z. x_minus_const complex_ring (I z)) = q` THENL [
    rw[GSYM monic_vanishing_at] THEN
    qed[distinct_minpolys_monic_vanishing_at]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root q)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  subgoal `poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (complex_root q) (\z. x_minus_const complex_ring (I z))) y = nsum (complex_root q) (\s. poly_ord (x_minus_const complex_ring (I s)) y)` THENL [
    have `!z. z IN complex_root q ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring (I z))` [x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `!z. z IN complex_root q ==> ~(x_minus_const complex_ring (I z) = poly_0 complex_ring)` [x_minus_const_nonzero;ring_1_0_complex;in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `\z. x_minus_const complex_ring (I z)`;
      `y:complex`;
      `complex_root q`
    ]poly_ord_product THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `nsum (complex_root q) (\s. poly_ord (x_minus_const complex_ring (I s)) y) = nsum (complex_root q) (\z. if z = y then 1 else 0)` THENL [
    sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;I_THM] THEN
    qed[poly_ord_x_minus_const;x_minus_const_poly;in_complex_ring;x_minus_const_nonzero;ring_1_0_complex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_ord q y = nsum (complex_root q) (\s. poly_ord (x_minus_const complex_ring (I s)) y)` [] THEN
  have `poly_ord q y = nsum (complex_root q) (\s. if s = y then 1 else 0)` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_root q`;
    `y:complex`;
    `1`
  ]nsum_delta THEN
  qed[IN]
);;

let ord_pow_minpoly = prove(`
  !P q y n.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  q IN P ==>
  poly_ord (poly_pow QinC_ring q n) y
  = (if complex_root q y then n else 0)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~((q:(1->num)->complex) = poly_0 complex_ring)` [distinct_minpolys_nonzero;poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
  specialize[
    `q:(1->num)->complex`;
    `n:num`;
    `y:complex`
  ]poly_ord_pow THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `q:(1->num)->complex`;
    `y:complex`
  ]ord_minpoly THEN
  have `n * poly_ord q y = (if complex_root q y then n else 0)` [ARITH_RULE `n * 1 = n`;ARITH_RULE `n * 0 = 0`] THEN
  have `poly_pow complex_ring q n = poly_pow QinC_ring q n:(1->num)->complex` [poly_pow_subring;subring_complex_QinC;ring_polynomial;distinct_minpolys] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ord_product_distinct_minpolys = prove(`
  !P e z.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  poly_ord (poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p))) z
  = nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `poly_ord (poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p))) z = nsum P (\p. poly_ord (poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) z)` THENL [
    subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p))` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (poly_pow QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) (e p))` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
      qed[poly_complex_if_poly_QinC]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ~(poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p) = poly_0 complex_ring)` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 QinC_ring)` [distinct_minpolys_nonzero] THEN
      have `~(poly_pow QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) (e p) = poly_0 QinC_ring)` [nonzero_poly_pow;integral_domain_QinC;ring_polynomial;distinct_minpolys] THEN
      qed[poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)`;
      `z:complex`;
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`
    ]poly_ord_product THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `complex_ring`;
      `QinC`;
      `\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)`;
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`
    ]poly_product_subring THEN
    qed[ring_polynomial;distinct_minpolys;subring_complex_QinC;poly_pow_poly]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `x:(1->num)->complex`;
    `z:complex`;
    `e(x:(1->num)->complex):num`
  ]ord_pow_minpoly THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ord_product_distinct_minpolys_root = prove(`
  !P q e z.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  q IN P ==>
  complex_root q z ==>
  poly_ord (poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p))) z
  = e q
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[ord_product_distinct_minpolys] THEN
  subgoal `nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0) = nsum P (\p. if p = q then e q else 0)` THENL [
    sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    qed[distinct_minpolys_distinct_roots]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `nsum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. if p = q then e q else 0) = e q` THENL [
    specialize[
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `q:(1->num)->complex`;
      `e(q:(1->num)->complex):num`
    ]nsum_delta THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let sum_root_decomposition_if_monic_vanishing_at_factorization_lemma = prove(`
  !P:((1->num)->complex)->bool S:X->bool e:((1->num)->complex)->num c:X->complex g:complex->complex.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> ~(e p = 0)) ==>
  poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p))
  = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx (&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) g) =
  ring_sum complex_ring S (g o c)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!z:complex. nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0) = numpreimages c (S:X->bool) z` THENL [
    intro THEN
    specialize[
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `e:((1->num)->complex)->num`;
      `z:complex`
    ]ord_product_distinct_minpolys THEN
    specialize[
      `S:X->bool`;
      `c:X->complex`;
      `z:complex`
    ]poly_ord_monic_vanishing_at_numpreimages THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!y:complex. y IN IMAGE (c:X->complex) S ==> g y IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `S:X->bool`;
    `c:X->complex`;
    `g:complex->complex`
  ]ring_sum_o_v2 THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx (&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) g) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring {y | ~(numpreimages c (S:X->bool) y = 0)} (\y. if y IN complex_root p then Cx(&(e p)) * g y else Cx(&0)))` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `FINITE(complex_root a)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
    simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    simp[GSYM VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL] THEN
    simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    subgoal `complex_root a SUBSET {y | ~(numpreimages c (S:X->bool) y = 0)}` THENL [
      rw[SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `(if complex_root a x then e a else 0) <= nsum P (\p. if complex_root p x then e p else 0)` [term_le_nsum] THEN
      have `e a <= nsum P (\p. if complex_root p x then e p else 0)` [IN] THEN
      have `e(a:(1->num)->complex) <= numpreimages c (S:X->bool) (x:complex)` [] THEN
      have `~(e(a:(1->num)->complex) = 0)` [] THEN
      ASM_ARITH_TAC
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `complex_root a`;
      `{y:complex | ~(numpreimages c (S:X->bool) y = 0)}`;
      `\y:complex. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx(&(e(a:(1->num)->complex)))) (g y)`
    ]ring_sum_restrict_subset THEN
    rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  simp[GSYM image_numpreimages] THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (c:X->complex) S)` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  have `!i j. i IN P ==> j IN IMAGE c (S:X->bool) ==> (if j IN complex_root i then Cx (&(e i)) * g j else Cx (&0)) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `\p y. if y IN complex_root p then Cx(&(e p)) * g y else Cx(&0)`;
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `IMAGE (c:X->complex) S`
  ]RING_SUM_SWAP THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[in_image_vw] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P ==> ~complex_root q a` THENL [
    subgoal `nsum P (\p. if complex_root p a then e p else 0) = nsum P (\p. 0)` THENL [
      sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `nsum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. 0) = 0` [NSUM_0] THEN
    have `numpreimages (c:X->complex) S a = 0` [] THEN
    have `CARD {x:X | x IN S /\ c x = a:complex} = 0` [numpreimages] THEN
    specialize[`S:X->bool`;`\x:X. c x = a:complex`]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
    have `{x:X | x IN S /\ c x = a:complex} = {}` [CARD_EQ_0] THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  choose `q:((1->num)->complex)` `(q:(1->num)->complex) IN P /\ complex_root q a` [] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. if a IN complex_root p then Cx (&(e p)) * g a else Cx (&0)) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. if p = q then Cx(&(e q)) * g a else Cx(&0))` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    qed[distinct_minpolys_distinct_roots;IN]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_DELTA] THEN
  rw[in_complex_ring] THEN
  rw[ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num] THEN
  subgoal `e(q:(1->num)->complex) = numpreimages c S (c(v:X):complex)` THENL [
    rw[GSYM(know `!z. nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0) = numpreimages (c:X->complex) S z`)] THEN
    subgoal `nsum P (\p. if complex_root p (c(v:X)) then e p else 0) = nsum P (\p. if p = q then e q else 0)` THENL [
      sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
      qed[distinct_minpolys_distinct_roots]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    simp[NSUM_DELTA]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let sum_root_decomposition_if_monic_vanishing_at_factorization = prove(`
  !P:((1->num)->complex)->bool S:X->bool e:((1->num)->complex)->num c:X->complex g:complex->complex.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p))
  = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx (&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) g) =
  ring_sum complex_ring S (g o c)
`,
  intro THEN
  def `Q:((1->num)->complex)->bool` `{p:(1->num)->complex | p IN P /\ ~(e p = 0)}` THEN
  havetac `Q SUBSET (P:((1->num)->complex)->bool)` (ASM SET_TAC[]) THEN
  subgoal `FINITE(Q:((1->num)->complex)->bool)` THENL [
    specialize[
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `\p:(1->num)->complex. ~(e p = 0)`
    ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `distinct_minpolys Q` THENL [
    ASM SET_TAC[distinct_minpolys]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_product QinC_ring Q (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (S:X->bool) c` THENL [
    specialize[
      `QinC_ring`;
      `Q:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)`
    ](GSYM poly_product_restrict_subset) THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    subgoal `poly_product QinC_ring P (\s. if s IN P /\ ~(e s = 0) then poly_pow QinC_ring s (e s) else poly_1 QinC_ring) = poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p))` THENL [
      sufficesby poly_product_eq THEN
      qed[poly_pow_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN Q ==> ~(e p = 0)` THENL [
    simp[IN_ELIM_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `Q:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `S:X->bool`;
    `e:((1->num)->complex)->num`;
    `c:X->complex`;
    `g:complex->complex`
  ]sum_root_decomposition_if_monic_vanishing_at_factorization_lemma THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring Q (\p. Cx (&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) g) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx (&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) g)` THENL [
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `Q:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `\p:(1->num)->complex. Cx(&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) g`
    ]ring_sum_restrict_subset THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\s. if s IN Q then Cx (&(e s)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) g else ring_0 complex_ring) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx (&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) g)` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      simp[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      case `e(a:(1->num)->complex) = 0` THENL [
        rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
        have `Cx (&0) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root a) g = Cx(&0)` [COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO] THEN
        simp[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      simp[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== core transcendence arguments *)

let transcendence_v_denom = prove(`
  !P D B u.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  !n vn.
  vn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) ==>
  D pow n * vn IN ZinC
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!n. D pow n * u n IN ZinC` [weighted_powersums_distinct_minpolys] THEN
  subgoal `D pow n * vn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. D pow n * Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)` THENL [
    have `D pow n IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `FINITE (0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    have `!i. i IN (0..n) ==> Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i`;`(D:complex) pow n`;`0..n`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
    have `D pow n * vn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\x. ring_mul complex_ring (D pow n) (Cx (&(FACT (n - x) * binom (n,x))) * u x))` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[RING_SUM_EQ;complex_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  recall subring_complex_empty THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. D pow n * Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated complex_ring {})` THENL [
    sufficesby ring_sum_in_subring THEN
    intro THEN
    have `s <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    num_linear_fact `s <= n ==> n = s + (n-s):num` THEN
    have `(D:complex) pow n = D pow s * D pow (n-s)` [COMPLEX_POW_ADD] THEN
    complex_field_fact `(D:complex) pow n = D pow s * D pow (n-s) ==> D pow n * Cx (&(FACT (n - s) * binom (n,s))) * u s = D pow (n-s) * Cx (&(FACT (n - s) * binom (n,s))) * (D pow s * u s)` THEN
    have `D pow s * u s IN ZinC` [] THEN
    have `D pow (n-s) IN ZinC` [ring_pow_ZinC;RING_POW;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `Cx(&(FACT(n-s) * binom(n,s))) IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;num_in_ZinC] THEN
    have `Cx (&(FACT (n - s) * binom (n,s))) * (D pow s * u s) IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;RING_MUL] THEN
    have `D pow (n-s) * Cx (&(FACT (n - s) * binom (n,s))) * (D pow s * u s) IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;RING_MUL] THEN
    have `D pow n * Cx (&(FACT (n - s) * binom (n,s))) * u s IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;RING_MUL] THEN
    qed[ZinC_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[ZinC_ring_clauses]
);;

(* could do transcendence_v_denom by specializing to k = 0 *)
let transcendence_w_denom = prove(`
  !P D B u.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  !n k wn.
  wn = (if k <= n then ring_sum complex_ring (0..n-k) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) else Cx(&0)) ==>
  (D pow (n-k) * wn) / Cx(&(FACT k)) IN ZinC
`,
  intro THEN
  case `k <= n:num` THENL [
    have `!i. D pow i * u i IN ZinC` [weighted_powersums_distinct_minpolys] THEN
    rw[COMPLEX_FIELD `(D pow (n-k) * wn) / Cx(&(FACT k)) = (D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) * wn`] THEN
    subgoal `(D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) * wn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n-k) (\i. (D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) * Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)` THENL [
      have `(D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      have `FINITE (0..n-k)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
      have `!i. i IN (0..n-k) ==> Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      specialize[`complex_ring`;`\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i`;`(D:complex) pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))`;`0..n-k`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
      have `(D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) * wn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n-k) (\x. ring_mul complex_ring ((D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k)))) (Cx (&(FACT (n - x) * binom (n,x))) * u x))` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      qed[RING_SUM_EQ;complex_ring_clauses]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    recall subring_complex_empty THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..n-k) (\i. D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k)) * Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated complex_ring {})` THENL [
      sufficesby ring_sum_in_subring THEN
      intro THEN
      have `s <= n-k:num` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
      num_linear_fact `s <= n-k ==> n-k = s + ((n-k)-s):num` THEN
      have `(D:complex) pow (n-k) = D pow s * D pow ((n-k)-s)` [COMPLEX_POW_ADD] THEN
      num_linear_fact `k <= n ==> s <= n-k ==> n-s = ((n-s)-k)+k:num` THEN
      have `FACT(((n-s)-k)+k) = FACT((n-s)-k) * FACT k * binom(((n-s)-k)+k,k)` [BINOM_FACT] THEN
      have `FACT(n-s) = FACT((n-s)-k) * FACT k * binom(((n-s)-k)+k,k)` [] THEN
      have `((n-s)-k)+k,k = n-s,(k:num)` [] THEN
      have `FACT(n-s) = FACT((n-s)-k) * FACT k * binom(n-s,k)` [] THEN
      have `(&(FACT(n-s))) = (&(FACT((n-s)-k))) * (&(FACT k)) * (&(binom(n-s,k)))` [REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
      have `Cx(&(FACT(n-s))) = Cx(&(FACT((n-s)-k))) * Cx(&(FACT k)) * Cx(&(binom(n-s,k)))` [CX_MUL] THEN
      have `~(FACT k = 0)` [FACT_NZ] THEN
      have `~(&(FACT k) = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
      have `~(Cx(&(FACT k)) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
      complex_field_fact `
        ~(Cx(&(FACT k)) = Cx(&0)) ==>
        (D:complex) pow (n-k) = D pow s * D pow ((n-k)-s) ==>
        Cx(&(FACT(n-s))) = Cx(&(FACT((n-s)-k))) * Cx(&(FACT k)) * Cx(&(binom(n-s,k))) ==>
        D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k)) * (Cx(&(FACT (n - s))) * Cx(&(binom (n,s)))) * u s
        = D pow ((n-k)-s) * Cx(&(FACT ((n-s)-k))) * Cx(&(binom(n-s,k))) * Cx(&(binom (n,s))) * D pow s * u s
      ` THEN
      have `(&(FACT(n-s) * binom(n,s))) = (&(FACT(n-s))) * (&(binom(n,s)))` [REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
      have `Cx(&(FACT(n-s) * binom(n,s))) = Cx(&(FACT(n-s))) * Cx(&(binom(n,s)))` [CX_MUL] THEN
      have `D pow ((n-k)-s) IN ZinC` [ring_pow_ZinC;RING_POW;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
      have `Cx(&(FACT(n-s-k))) IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;num_in_ZinC] THEN
      have `Cx(&(binom(n-s,k))) IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;num_in_ZinC] THEN
      have `Cx(&(binom(n,s))) IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;num_in_ZinC] THEN
      have `D pow s * u s IN ZinC` [] THEN
      have `Cx (&(binom (n,s))) * D pow s * u s IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;RING_MUL] THEN
      have `Cx (&(binom (n - s,k))) * Cx (&(binom (n,s))) * D pow s * u s IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;RING_MUL] THEN
      have `Cx (&(FACT (n - s - k))) * Cx (&(binom (n - s,k))) * Cx (&(binom (n,s))) * D pow s * u s IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;RING_MUL] THEN
      have `D pow ((n-k)-s) * Cx (&(FACT (n - s - k))) * Cx (&(binom (n - s,k))) * Cx (&(binom (n,s))) * D pow s * u s IN ZinC` [ZinC_ring_clauses;RING_MUL] THEN
      have `D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k)) * (Cx (&(FACT (n - s))) * Cx (&(binom (n,s)))) * u s IN ZinC` [] THEN
      have `D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k)) * Cx (&(FACT (n - s) * binom (n,s))) * u s IN ZinC` [] THEN
      qed[ZinC_ring_clauses]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[ZinC_ring_clauses]
  ;
    have `wn = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    qed[COMPLEX_FIELD `(x * Cx(&0)) / y = Cx(&0)`;ZinC_0]
  ]
);;

let transcendence_H_poly = prove(`
  !P H t.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring H
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (I p)` [I_THM] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (poly_product QinC_ring P I)` [poly_product_poly] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_product QinC_ring P I)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  qed[x_truncreverse_poly;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC]
);;

let transcendence_Gp_poly = prove(`
  !P p.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> q IN P` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring q` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring q` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` [x_truncreverse_poly] THEN
  have `FINITE (P DELETE (p:(1->num)->complex))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  qed[poly_product_poly]
);;

let transcendence_H_product = prove(`
  !P H t.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  H = poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (I p)` [I_THM] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> poly_deg QinC_ring (I p) <= poly_deg complex_ring p` [I_THM;poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_QinC;ARITH_RULE `d <= d:num`] THEN
  subgoal `poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p) = poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) (I p))` THENL [
    sufficesby poly_product_eq THEN
    qed[I_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`QinC_ring`;`\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_deg complex_ring p`;`I:((1->num)->complex)->(1->num)->complex`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]x_truncreverse_product THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_H_product_complex_ring = prove(`
  !P H t.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  H = poly_product complex_ring P (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`H:(1->num)->complex`;`t:num`]transcendence_H_product THEN
  have `!q. q IN P ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys;ring_polynomial] THEN
  have `!q. q IN P ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` [x_truncreverse_series] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`QinC`;`\q:(1->num)->complex. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]poly_product_subring THEN
  qed[subring_complex_QinC]
);;

let transcendence_H_botcoeff1 = prove(`
  !P H t.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  coeff 0 H = Cx(&1)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> monic QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> coeff (poly_deg QinC_ring p - 0) p = ring_1 QinC_ring` [monic;ARITH_RULE `x - 0 = x`] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> coeff 0 (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg QinC_ring p) p) = ring_1 QinC_ring` [coeff_x_truncreverse;ARITH_RULE `0 <= x`] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> coeff 0 (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p) = ring_1 QinC_ring` [poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `H = poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` [transcendence_H_product] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` [x_truncreverse_poly;ring_polynomial] THEN
  specialize_assuming[`QinC_ring`;`\p:(1->num)->complex. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]poly_product_botcoeff1 THEN
  have `coeff 0 (H:(1->num)->complex) = ring_1 QinC_ring` [] THEN
  qed[QinC_ring_clauses]
);;

let transcendence_H_denom = prove(`
  !P H D t.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!i. D pow i * coeff i H IN ZinC)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> monic QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * coeff i (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p) IN ZinC` [denominator_reverse] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` [ring_polynomial;x_truncreverse_series] THEN
  specialize[`\p:(1->num)->complex. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p`;`D:complex`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]denominator_reverse_product THEN
  qed[transcendence_H_product]
);;

let transcendence_H_pow_denom = prove(`
  !P H D t k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!i. D pow i * coeff i (poly_pow QinC_ring H k) IN ZinC)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!i. D pow i * coeff i H IN ZinC` [transcendence_H_denom] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (I p)` [ring_polynomial;I_THM] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_product QinC_ring P I:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_product_series] THEN
  have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (H:(1->num)->complex)` [x_truncreverse_series] THEN
  qed[denominator_reverse_pow]
);;

let transcendence_newton_pe = prove(`
  !P p e.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring (
      x_truncreverse complex_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p
    ) (e + 1)
  ) (
    poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s.
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        ring_mul complex_ring (
          Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))
        ) (
          ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)
        )
      )
    )
  )
  = scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `monic QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
  have `monic complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_subring] THEN
  have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 complex_ring)` [monic_poly_0;field_complex;field] THEN
  have `ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p` [squarefree_if_irreducible_over_field;field_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_squarefree(x_poly complex_ring) p` [monic_QinC_squarefree_complex_squarefree] THEN
  have `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I = p` [monic_vanishing_at_complex_root] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  have `!c. c IN complex_root p ==> I c IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`I:complex->complex`;`complex_root p`]deg_monic_vanishing_at THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = CARD(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_card_root] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`I:complex->complex`;`complex_root p`;`e:num`]scaled_pow_newton_identities_monic_vanishing_at THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (FACT e * binom (n,e))) (ring_pow complex_ring (I s) (n - e)))) = poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))` THENL [
    sufficesby poly_sum_eq THEN
    intro THEN
    sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
    intro THEN
    simp[coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
    simp[ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num;I_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_newton_He_Ge = prove(`
  !P t H.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  !p Gp.
  p IN P ==>
  Gp = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p) ==>
  !e.
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring H (e+1)
  ) (
    poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s.
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        ring_mul complex_ring (
          Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))
        ) (
          ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)
        )
      )
    )
  )
  =
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e+1)
  ) (
    scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  def `revp:(1->num)->complex` `x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p` THEN
  have `revp = x_truncreverse complex_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p` [x_truncreverse_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`H:(1->num)->complex`;`t:num`]transcendence_H_product_complex_ring THEN
  subgoal `H = poly_mul complex_ring revp Gp:(1->num)->complex` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`p:(1->num)->complex`;`\q:(1->num)->complex. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q`]poly_product_delete THEN
    qed[series_complex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `H = poly_mul complex_ring Gp revp:(1->num)->complex` [POLY_MUL_SYM;series_complex] THEN
  def `Z:(1->num)->complex` `poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s.  series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))` THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring revp (e + 1)) Z = scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e` [transcendence_newton_pe] THEN
  have `poly_pow complex_ring H (e+1) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e+1)) (poly_pow complex_ring revp (e+1)):(1->num)->complex` [poly_mul_pow;series_complex] THEN
  qed[POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex]
);;

let transcendence_newton_Hk = prove(`
  !P t H p Gp e k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  p IN P ==>
  Gp = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p) ==>
  e < k ==>
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring H k
  ) (
    poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s.
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        ring_mul complex_ring (
          Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))
        ) (
          ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)
        )
      )
    )
  )
  =
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring H (k-(e+1))
  ) (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e+1)
    ) (
      scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (e+1)) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e+1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)` [transcendence_newton_He_Ge] THEN
  num_linear_fact `e < k ==> k = (k-(e+1))+(e+1)` THEN
  have `poly_pow complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex) k = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k-(e+1))) (poly_pow complex_ring H (e+1))` [poly_pow_add;series_complex] THEN
  qed[POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex]
);;

let transcendence_newton_Hk_psum = prove(`
  !P B t H G u e k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> G p = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  e < k ==>
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring H k
  ) (
    series_from_coeffs (\n.
      Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e)
    )
  )
  =
  poly_sum complex_ring P (\p:(1->num)->complex.
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))
    ) (
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        poly_pow complex_ring H (k-(e+1))
      ) (
        poly_mul complex_ring (
          poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e+1)
        ) (
          scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e
        )
      )
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e)) = poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))))` THENL [
    sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
    simp[coeff_poly_sum;series_complex] THEN
    simp[coeff_poly_const_times;series_complex;in_complex_ring] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\a. (complex_of_int(B a)) * coeff d (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root a) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\a. (complex_of_int(B a)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root a) (\s. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (d,e))) * ring_pow complex_ring s (d - e)))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      have `FINITE(complex_root a)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
      simp[coeff_poly_sum;series_complex] THEN
      rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `Cx (&(FACT e * binom (d,e))) * ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p (d - e)) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (d,e))) * (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p (d - e))` THENL [
      rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`\p. ring_mul complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p))) (complex_root_powersums p (d - e))`;`Cx(&(FACT e * binom(d,e)))`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
      qed[in_complex_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[complex_root_powersums;ring_pow_complex] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root a) (\s. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (d,e))) * s pow (d - e)) = Cx (&(FACT e * binom (d,e))) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root a) (\s. s pow (d - e))` THENL [
      rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      have `FINITE(complex_root a)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
      specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`\s:complex. s pow (d-e)`;`Cx(&(FACT e * binom(d,e)))`;`complex_root a`]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
      qed[in_complex_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    complex_field_fact `Cx (&(FACT e * binom (d,e))) * (complex_of_int(B a)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root a) (\z. z pow (d - e)) = (complex_of_int(B a)) * Cx (&(FACT e * binom (d,e))) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root a) (\z. z pow (d - e))` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))))) = poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)))))))` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)))))`;`poly_pow complex_ring H k:(1->num)->complex`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]poly_sum_lmul THEN
    qed[series_complex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))))) = poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))))` THENL [
    sufficesby poly_sum_eq THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s)))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)))))) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s))))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)))))` [POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B(s:(1->num)->complex))))) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s)))) (poly_pow complex_ring H k):(1->num)->complex` [POLY_MUL_SYM;series_complex] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s)))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)))))) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s)))) (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)))))` [] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s)))) (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))))` [POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s)))) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e)))))) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B s)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\s. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring s (n - e))))))` [] THEN
    have `G(s:(1->num)->complex) = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE s) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` [] THEN
    subgoal `poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE s) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q) = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE s) (\q. x_truncreverse complex_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` THENL [
      sufficesby poly_product_eq THEN
      qed[x_truncreverse_subring;subring_complex_QinC]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `G(s:(1->num)->complex) = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE s) (\q. x_truncreverse complex_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` [] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`t:num`;`H:(1->num)->complex`;`s:(1->num)->complex`;`G(s:(1->num)->complex):(1->num)->complex`;`e:num`;`k:num`]transcendence_newton_Hk THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_sum complex_ring (complex_root s) (\z. series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e)))) (ring_pow complex_ring z (n - e))))) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k-(e+1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G s) (e+1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root s) e))` [] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_Huv_lemma = prove(`
  !H u k.
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring H k
  ) (
    series_from_coeffs (\n.
      ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e.
        Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e)
      )
    )
  )
  =
  poly_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e:num.
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H k
    ) (
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u(n-e))
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE {e:num | e < k}` [FINITE_NUMSEG_LT] THEN
  subgoal `series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e))) = poly_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e:num. series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u(n-e)))` THENL [
    sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
    simp[coeff_poly_sum;series_complex] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`
    ;`\e:num. series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u(n-e))`
  ]poly_sum_lmul THEN
  have `
  poly_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e:num.
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H k
    ) (
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u(n-e))
    )
  )
  =
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring H k
  ) (
    poly_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e:num.
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        Cx(&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u(n-e))
    )
  )
  ` [series_complex] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_H_main = prove(`
  !P B t H G u k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> G p = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring H k
  ) (
    series_from_coeffs (\n.
      ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e.
        Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e)
      )
    )
  )
  = poly_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e:num.
      poly_sum complex_ring P (\p:(1->num)->complex.
        poly_mul complex_ring (
          poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))
        ) (
          poly_mul complex_ring (
            poly_pow complex_ring H (k-(e+1))
          ) (
            poly_mul complex_ring (
              poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e+1)
            ) (
              scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e
            )
          )
        )
      )
    )
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[transcendence_Huv_lemma] THEN
  sufficesby poly_sum_eq THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  set_fact `s IN {e | e < k} ==> s < k:num` THEN
  qed[transcendence_newton_Hk_psum]
);;

let transcendence_Htimes_poly = prove(`
  !P B t H u k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H k
    ) (
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e.
          Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e)
        )
      )
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  def `G:((1->num)->complex)->((1->num)->complex)` `\p. poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e)))) = poly_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))))` [transcendence_H_main] THEN
  have `FINITE {e:num | e < k}` [FINITE_NUMSEG_LT] THEN
  subgoal `!e. e IN {e | e < k} ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))))` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B(p:(1->num)->complex)))):(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;in_complex_ring] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)):(1->num)->complex)` [transcendence_H_poly;poly_pow_poly;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex)` [poly_pow_poly;transcendence_Gp_poly;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
      have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)` [poly_scaled_pow_newton_rightside;in_complex_ring] THEN
      qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[poly_sum_poly]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[transcendence_H_main;poly_sum_poly]
);;

let transcendence_H_deg_G_lemma = prove(`
  !p d g s t n:num.
  ~(p = 0) ==>
  d <= g + s ==>
  g <= (e+1)*n ==>
  s <= e + (p-1)*(e+1) ==>
  t = p+n ==>
  d <= e+(t-1)*(e+1)
`,
  intro THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(p = 0) ==> (p+n)-1 = n+(p-1)` THEN
  num_linear_fact `d <= g + s ==> g <= (e+1)*n ==> s <= e + (p-1)*(e+1) ==> d <= e+(n+(p-1))*(e+1)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_H_deg_G = prove(`
  !P t p Gp e.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  p IN P ==>
  Gp = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q) ==>
  poly_deg complex_ring (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e + 1)
    ) (
      scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e
    )
  ) <= e + (t-1)*(e+1)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  have `CARD(complex_root p) = poly_deg complex_ring p` [distinct_minpolys_card_root] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e) <= e + (CARD(complex_root p)-1)*(e+1)` [deg_scaled_pow_newton_rightside;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e) <= e + ((poly_deg complex_ring p)-1)*(e+1)` [deg_scaled_pow_newton_rightside;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> poly_deg complex_ring (x_truncreverse complex_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q) <= poly_deg complex_ring q` [deg_x_truncreverse_le;series_complex] THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_truncreverse complex_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` [x_truncreverse_poly;series_complex] THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> poly_deg complex_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q) <= poly_deg complex_ring q` [x_truncreverse_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P DELETE p ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` [x_truncreverse_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `FINITE(P DELETE (p:(1->num)->complex))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q`;`\q:(1->num)->complex. poly_deg complex_ring q`;`P DELETE (p:(1->num)->complex)`]poly_deg_product_le THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (Gp:(1->num)->complex) <= nsum(P DELETE p) (\q:(1->num)->complex. poly_deg complex_ring q)` [] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (Gp:(1->num)->complex)` [transcendence_Gp_poly] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e+1):(1->num)->complex) <= (e+1) * (poly_deg complex_ring Gp)` [poly_deg_pow_le] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e+1):(1->num)->complex) <= (e+1) * nsum(P DELETE p) (\q:(1->num)->complex. poly_deg complex_ring q)` [LE_MULT2;LE_REFL;LE_TRANS] THEN
  have `t = (poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)) + nsum(P DELETE p) (\q:(1->num)->complex. poly_deg complex_ring q)` [NSUM_DELETE] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)` [poly_scaled_pow_newton_rightside;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)) <= poly_deg complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e + 1)) + poly_deg complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)` [POLY_DEG_MUL_LE;poly_pow_poly] THEN
  have `~(poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = 0)` [distinct_minpolys_deg_nonzero] THEN
  specialize[
    `poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)`;
    `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))`;
    `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (Gp:(1->num)->complex) (e + 1))`;
    `poly_deg complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)`;
    `t:num`;
    `nsum (P DELETE p) (\q:(1->num)->complex. poly_deg complex_ring q)`
  ]transcendence_H_deg_G_lemma THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_H_deg_HG = prove(`
  !P t p Gp e k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  p IN P ==>
  Gp = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q) ==>
  e < k ==>
  poly_deg complex_ring (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))
    ) (
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e + 1)
      ) (
        scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e
      )
    )
  ) <= e + (t-1)*(e+1) + t*(k-(e+1))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)):(1->num)->complex)` [transcendence_H_poly;poly_pow_poly;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (Gp:(1->num)->complex) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex)` [poly_pow_poly;transcendence_Gp_poly;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)` [poly_scaled_pow_newton_rightside;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (I p)` [I_THM;ring_polynomial;distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `poly_deg QinC_ring (H:(1->num)->complex) <= t` [deg_x_truncreverse_le;poly_product_series] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex) <= t` [poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (H:(1->num)->complex)` [x_truncreverse_poly;poly_product_series] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex) (k-(e+1)))` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex) (k-(e+1))) <= (k-(e+1))*(poly_deg complex_ring H)` [poly_deg_pow_le] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex) (k-(e+1))) <= (k-(e+1))*t` [LE_MULT2;LE_TRANS;LE_REFL] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))) <= poly_deg complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) + poly_deg complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))` [POLY_DEG_MUL_LE;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL] THEN
  qed[transcendence_H_deg_G;ARITH_RULE `d <= h+g ==> g <= e + (t-1)*(e+1) ==> h <= (k-(e+1))*t ==> d <= e+(t-1)*(e+1)+t*(k-(e+1))`]
);;

let transcendence_H_deg_HG_simpler = prove(`
  !P t p Gp e k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  p IN P ==>
  Gp = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q) ==>
  e < k ==>
  poly_deg complex_ring (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))
    ) (
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        poly_pow complex_ring Gp (e + 1)
      ) (
        scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e
      )
    )
  ) <= t*k-1
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `~(t = 0)` THENL [
    set_fact `(p:(1->num)->complex) IN P ==> ~(P = {})` THEN
    qed[distinct_minpolys_total_deg]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `e + (t-1)*(e+1) + t*(k-(e+1)) = t*k-1` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `~(t = 0) ==> t = (t-1)+1` THEN
    have `t*(k-(e+1)) = (t-1)*(k-(e+1))+1*(k-(e+1))` [RIGHT_ADD_DISTRIB] THEN
    have `1*(k-(e+1)) = k-(e+1)` [MULT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `t*(k-(e+1)) = (t-1)*(k-(e+1))+(k-(e+1))` [] THEN
    have `e + (t-1)*(e+1) + t*(k-(e+1)) = e + (t-1)*(e+1) + (t-1)*(k-(e+1)) + (k-(e+1))` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `e < k ==> (e+1) + (k-(e+1)) = k` THEN
    have `(t-1)*(e+1) + (t-1)*(k-(e+1)) = (t-1)*k` [LEFT_ADD_DISTRIB] THEN
    num_linear_fact `e < k ==> (t-1)*(e+1) + (t-1)*(k-(e+1)) = (t-1)*k ==> e + (t-1)*(e+1) + (t-1)*(k-(e+1)) + (k-(e+1)) = ((t-1)*k + 1*k) - 1` THEN
    have `(t-1)*k + 1*k = t*k` [RIGHT_ADD_DISTRIB] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[transcendence_H_deg_HG;LE_TRANS]
);;

let transcendence_H_deg_overall = prove(`
  !P B t H u k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  poly_deg complex_ring (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H k
    ) (
      series_from_coeffs (\n.
        ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e.
          Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e)
        )
      )
    )
  ) <= t*k-1
`,
  intro THEN
  def `G:((1->num)->complex)->((1->num)->complex)` `\p. poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e)))) = poly_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))))` [transcendence_H_main] THEN
  have `FINITE {e:num | e < k}` [FINITE_NUMSEG_LT] THEN
  subgoal `!e p. e IN {e | e < k} ==> p IN P ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)):(1->num)->complex)` [transcendence_H_poly;poly_pow_poly;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex)` [poly_pow_poly;transcendence_Gp_poly;poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
    have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)` [poly_scaled_pow_newton_rightside;in_complex_ring] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!e p. e IN {e | e < k} ==> p IN P ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B(p:(1->num)->complex)))):(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;in_complex_ring] THEN
    qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!e. e IN {e | e < k} ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))))` [poly_sum_poly] THEN
  subgoal `!e. e IN {e | e < k} ==> poly_deg complex_ring (poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))))) <= t*k-1` THENL [
    intro THEN
    set_fact `e IN {e:num | e < k} ==> e < k` THEN
    have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))))` [] THEN
    have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> poly_deg complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))) <= t*k-1` [transcendence_H_deg_HG_simpler] THEN
    have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> poly_deg complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))) <= poly_deg complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))` [deg_const_mul_le;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> poly_deg complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))) <= t*k-1` [LE_TRANS] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))`;`t*k-1`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]poly_deg_sum_le THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))))) <= t*k-1` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`\e. poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring ((complex_of_int(B p)))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))))`;`t*k-1`;`{e:num | e < k}`]poly_deg_sum_le THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[transcendence_H_main]
);;

let transcendence_vw_diff = prove(`
  !u n k vn wn.
  vn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) ==>
  wn = (if k <= n then ring_sum complex_ring (0..n-k) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) else Cx(&0)) ==>
  vn - wn = ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u (n-e))
`,
  intro THEN
  case `k <= n:num` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `k <= n ==> n-k <= n:num` THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`n-k:num`;`n:num`;`\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i`]ring_sum_numseg_0_diff_reflect THEN
    num_linear_fact `k <= n ==> n-(n-k) = k:num` THEN
    subgoal `{e:num | e < k} = {e | e < n-(n-k)}` THENL [
      rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring {e:num | e < k} (\e. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e)) = ring_sum complex_ring {i | i < k} (\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - (n - i)) * binom (n,n - i))) * u (n - i))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      set_fact `a IN {e:num | e < k} ==> a < k` THEN
      num_linear_fact `a < k:num ==> k <= n ==> n-(n-a) = a` THEN
      num_linear_fact `a < k:num ==> k <= n ==> a <= n` THEN
      have `binom(n,n-a) = binom(n,a)` [BINOM_SYM] THEN
      have `FACT(n-(n-a)) = FACT(a)` [] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_sub complex_ring (ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i)) (ring_sum complex_ring (0..n - k) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i)) = ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e))` [] THEN
    qed[ring_sub_complex]
  ;
    have `wn = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    complex_field_fact `wn = Cx(&0) ==> vn - wn = vn` THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`n:num`;`\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i`]ring_sum_numseg_le_reflect THEN
    have `vn - wn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - (n-i)) * binom (n,n-i))) * u (n-i))` [] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - (n-i)) * binom (n,n-i))) * u (n-i)) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx (&(FACT i * binom (n,i))) * u (n-i))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      have `a <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
      num_linear_fact `a <= n:num ==> n-(n-a) = a` THEN
      have `FACT (n-(n-a)) = FACT a` [] THEN
      have `binom(n,n-a) = binom(n,a)` [BINOM_SYM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `vn - wn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx (&(FACT i * binom (n,i))) * u (n-i))` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(k <= n) ==> n <= k-1` THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`n:num`;`k-1`;`\i. Cx (&(FACT i * binom (n,i))) * u (n-i)`]ring_sum_numseg_le_expand THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..k - 1) (\a. if a <= n then Cx (&(FACT a * binom (n,a))) * u (n - a) else ring_0 complex_ring) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..k - 1) (\a. Cx (&(FACT a * binom (n,a))) * u (n - a))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      proven_if `a <= n:num` [] THEN
      num_linear_fact `~(a <= n) ==> n < a:num` THEN
      simp[BINOM_LT;MULT_0;COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO;complex_ring_clauses]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `vn - wn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..k - 1) (\a. Cx (&(FACT a * binom (n,a))) * u (n - a))` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(k <= n) ==> ~(k = 0)` THEN
    have `{e:num | e < k} = (0..k-1)` [NUMSEG_LT] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let transcendence_vw_diff_series = prove(`
  !P B u v w.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  (!n. w n = if k <= n then ring_sum complex_ring (0..n-k) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) else Cx(&0)) ==>
  poly_sub complex_ring (
    series_from_coeffs v
  ) (
    series_from_coeffs w
  ) =
  series_from_coeffs (\n.
    ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e.
      Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e)
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_sub;coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  rw[ring_sub_complex] THEN
  qed[transcendence_vw_diff]
);;

let transcendence_vw_diff_series_H = prove(`
  !P B t H u v w k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  (!n. w n = if k <= n then ring_sum complex_ring (0..n-k) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) else Cx(&0)) ==>
  poly_sub complex_ring (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H k
    ) (
      series_from_coeffs v
    )
  ) (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H k
    ) (
    series_from_coeffs w
    )
  ) =
  poly_mul complex_ring (
    poly_pow complex_ring H k
  ) (
    series_from_coeffs (\n.
      ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e.
        Cx(&(FACT(e) * binom(n,e))) * u(n-e)
      )
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;`u:num->complex`;`v:num->complex`;`w:num->complex`]transcendence_vw_diff_series THEN
  specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`poly_pow complex_ring H k:(1->num)->complex`;`series_from_coeffs v:(1->num)->complex`;`series_from_coeffs w:(1->num)->complex`]poly_sub_ldistrib THEN
  have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (poly_sub complex_ring (series_from_coeffs v) (series_from_coeffs w)) = poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs w)):(1->num)->complex` [series_complex] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_uv_trivial = prove(`
  !P B u v.
  P = {} ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  (!n. u n = Cx(&0) /\ v n = Cx(&0))
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  have `!d:num. u d = Cx(&0)` [RING_SUM_CLAUSES;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  subgoal `!d:num. ring_sum complex_ring (0..d) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (d - i) * binom (d,i))) * u i) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ_0 THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO]
  ;
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let transcendence_vw_match = prove(`
  !P B t H u v w.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  (!n k. k*t <= n ==>
         (!d. w d = if k <= d then ring_sum complex_ring (0..d-k) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(d-i) * binom(d,i))) * u i) else Cx(&0)) ==>
         coeff n (
           poly_mul complex_ring (
             poly_pow complex_ring H k
           ) (
             series_from_coeffs v
           )
         )
         =
         coeff n (
           poly_mul complex_ring (
             poly_pow complex_ring H k
           ) (
             series_from_coeffs w
           )
         )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  case `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` THENL [
    have `!n:num. u n = Cx(&0)` [transcendence_uv_trivial] THEN
    have `!n:num. v n = Cx(&0)` [transcendence_uv_trivial] THEN
    subgoal `!d:num. (if k <= d then ring_sum complex_ring (0..d-k) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (d - i) * binom (d,i))) * u i) else Cx(&0)) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
      intro THEN
      rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      rw[COND_ELIM_THM] THEN
      sufficesby (prove(`x:A = y ==> (if p then x else y) = y`,qed[])) THEN
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ_0 THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      qed[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `!n:num. w n = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    have `v = w:num->complex` [FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `t = 0` THENL [
    have `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [distinct_minpolys_total_deg] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(t = 0) ==> 1 <= t` THEN
  have `k <= k:num` [LE_REFL] THEN
  have `k*1 <= k*t:num` [LE_MULT2] THEN
  num_linear_fact `k*1 <= k*t ==> k <= k*t` THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `v:num->complex`;
    `w:num->complex`;
    `k:num`
  ]transcendence_vw_diff_series_H THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)`;`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs w)`;`n:num`]coeff_poly_sub THEN
  have `(coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v))) - (coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs w))) = coeff n (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs w)))` [ring_sub_complex] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `k:num`
  ]transcendence_H_deg_overall THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `k:num`
  ]transcendence_Htimes_poly THEN
  case `coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e))))) = ring_0 complex_ring` THENL [
    have `coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e))))) = Cx(&0)` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) - coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs w)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    qed[COMPLEX_FIELD `a - b = Cx(&0) ==> a = b`]
  ;
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs (\n. ring_sum complex_ring {e | e < k} (\e. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e))))`;`t*k-1`;`n:num`]coeff_deg_le THEN
    num_linear_fact `k*t <= n ==> n <= t*k-1 ==> n = 0` THEN
    num_linear_fact `k*t <= n ==> n = 0 ==> k*t = 0` THEN
    have `k = 0` [MULT_EQ_0] THEN
    subgoal `!d. ring_sum complex_ring (0..d) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (d - i) * binom (d,i))) * u i) = (if k <= d then ring_sum complex_ring (0..d - k) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (d - i) * binom (d,i))) * u i) else Cx (&0))` THENL [
      intro THEN
      num_linear_fact `k = 0 ==> k <= d` THEN
      sufficesby(prove(`k <= d:num /\ x = y:A ==> x = (if k <= d then y else z)`,qed[])) THEN
      intro THENL [
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know(`k = 0`)] THEN
      rw[ARITH_RULE `d-0 = d`]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `!d. v d = (if k <= d then ring_sum complex_ring (0..d - k) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (d - i) * binom (d,i))) * u i) else Cx (&0))` [] THEN
    have `!d. w d = (if k <= d then ring_sum complex_ring (0..d - k) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (d - i) * binom (d,i))) * u i) else Cx (&0))` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `v:num->complex`;
      `w:num->complex`;
      `\d. (if k <= d then ring_sum complex_ring (0..d - k) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (d - i) * binom (d,i))) * u i) else Cx (&0))`
    ](prove(`!v w f. (!d:num. v d = f d:complex) ==> (!d:num. w d = f d:complex) ==> (!d:num. v d = w d)`,qed[])) THEN
    have `v = w:num->complex` [FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let transcendence_Hw_denom = prove(`
  !P D B t H u w.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n k. k*t <= n ==>
         (!d. w d = if k <= d then ring_sum complex_ring (0..d-k) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(d-i) * binom(d,i))) * u i) else Cx(&0)) ==>
         (D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) *
         coeff n (
           poly_mul complex_ring (
             poly_pow complex_ring H k
           ) (
             series_from_coeffs w
           )
         ) IN ZinC
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex] THEN
  have `(D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `FINITE (0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 0..n ==> ring_mul complex_ring (coeff i (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) (coeff (n - i) (series_from_coeffs w)) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`(\a. ring_mul complex_ring (coeff a (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) (coeff (n - a) (series_from_coeffs w)))`;`D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))`;`0..n`](GSYM RING_SUM_LMUL) THEN
  have `(D pow (n - k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) * ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\a. ring_mul complex_ring (coeff a (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) (coeff (n - a) (series_from_coeffs w))) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\x. ring_mul complex_ring (D pow (n - k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) (ring_mul complex_ring (coeff x (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) (coeff (n - x) (series_from_coeffs w))))` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\x. ring_mul complex_ring (D pow (n - k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) (ring_mul complex_ring (coeff x (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) (coeff (n - x) (series_from_coeffs w)))) IN ZinC` THENL [
    rw[GSYM ZinC_ring_clauses;GSYM subring_complex_empty;coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
    sufficesby ring_sum_in_subring THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses;subring_complex_empty] THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    have `s <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG_0] THEN
    have `D pow s * coeff s (poly_pow QinC_ring H k) IN ZinC` [transcendence_H_pow_denom] THEN
    have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_powerseries QinC_ring (I p)` [I_THM;ring_polynomial;distinct_minpolys] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_product QinC_ring P I:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_product_series] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (H:(1->num)->complex)` [x_truncreverse_series] THEN
    have `poly_pow complex_ring H k = poly_pow QinC_ring H k:(1->num)->complex` [poly_pow_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    have `D pow s * coeff s (poly_pow complex_ring H k) IN ZinC` [] THEN
    specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`D:complex`;`B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;`u:num->complex`]transcendence_w_denom THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `n-s:num`;
      `k:num`;
      `w(n-s:num):complex`
    ](
      know(`!n k wn. wn = (if k <= n then ring_sum complex_ring (0..n - k) (\i. Cx (&(FACT (n - i) * binom (n,i))) * u i) else Cx (&0)) ==> (D pow (n - k) * wn) / Cx (&(FACT k)) IN ZinC`)
    ) THEN
    have `(D pow ((n-s)-k) * w(n-s)) / Cx(&(FACT k)) IN ZinC` [] THEN
    case `k <= n-s:num` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `s <= n ==> k <= n-s:num ==> n-k = (n-s-k)+s` THEN
      have `(D:complex) pow (n-k) = D pow (n-s-k) * D pow s` [COMPLEX_POW_ADD] THEN
      complex_field_fact `D pow (n - k) = D pow (n - s - k) * D pow s ==> D pow (n - k) / Cx (&(FACT k)) * coeff s (poly_pow complex_ring H k) * w (n - s) = (D pow s * coeff s (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) * (D pow ((n-s)-k) * w(n-s)) / Cx(&(FACT k))` THEN
      qed[mul_in_ZinC;ZinC_ring_clauses]
    ;
      have `w(n-s:num) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
      simp[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO] THEN
      qed[ZinC_ring_clauses;ZinC_0]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_Hv_denom = prove(`
  !P D B t H u v.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  (!n k. k*t <= n ==>
         (D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) *
         coeff n (
           poly_mul complex_ring (
             poly_pow complex_ring H k
           ) (
             series_from_coeffs v
           )
         ) IN ZinC
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  def `w:num->complex` `\n. if k <= n then ring_sum complex_ring (0..n-k) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) else Cx(&0)` THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `v:num->complex`;
    `w:num->complex`
  ]transcendence_vw_match THEN
  have `coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) = coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs w))` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `D:complex`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `w:num->complex`
  ]transcendence_Hw_denom THEN
  have `D pow (n - k) / Cx (&(FACT k)) * coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs w)) IN ZinC` [] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_u_tail = prove(`
  !P A B u.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  !n.
  norm(vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i))))
  <= (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p))) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm (cexp z - vsum (0..n) (\i. z pow i / Cx(&(FACT i)))) <= exp A * A pow (n+1) / &(FACT n)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `norm (cexp z - vsum (0..n) (\i. z pow i / Cx(&(FACT i)))) <= exp(abs(Re z)) * norm z pow (n+1) / &(FACT n)` [TAYLOR_CEXP] THEN
    have `norm(z:complex) <= A` [] THEN
    have `&0 <= norm(z:complex)` [NORM_POS_LE] THEN
    have `&0 <= norm(z:complex) pow (n+1)` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
    have `norm(z:complex) pow (n+1) <= A pow (n+1)` [REAL_POW_LE2] THEN
    real_linear_fact `&0 <= &(FACT n):real` THEN
    have `&0 <= inv(&(FACT n):real)` [REAL_LE_INV] THEN
    have `norm(z:complex) pow (n+1) * inv(&(FACT n)) <= A pow (n+1) * inv(&(FACT n))` [REAL_LE_RMUL] THEN
    have `norm(z:complex) pow (n+1) / &(FACT n) <= A pow (n+1) / &(FACT n)` [real_div] THEN
    have `&0 <= norm(z:complex) pow (n+1) * inv(&(FACT n))` [REAL_LE_MUL] THEN
    have `&0 <= norm(z:complex) pow (n+1) / &(FACT n)` [real_div] THEN
    have `abs(Re z) <= A` [COMPLEX_NORM_GE_RE_IM;REAL_LE_TRANS] THEN
    have `exp(abs(Re z)) <= exp A` [REAL_EXP_MONO_LE] THEN
    have `&0 <= exp(abs(Re z))` [REAL_EXP_POS_LE] THEN
    have `exp(abs(Re z)) * norm z pow (n+1) / &(FACT n) <= exp A * A pow (n+1) / &(FACT n)` [REAL_LE_MUL2] THEN
    qed[REAL_LE_TRANS]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!p. p IN P ==> vsum (0..n) (\i. complex_root_powersums p i / Cx(&(FACT i))) = vsum (complex_root p) (\z. vsum (0..n) (\i. z pow i / Cx(&(FACT i))))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[complex_root_powersums] THEN
    have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
    have `FINITE(0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    specialize[`\z i. z pow i / Cx(&(FACT i))`;`complex_root p`;`0..n`]VSUM_SWAP THEN
    have `vsum (complex_root p) (\z. vsum (0..n) (\i. z pow i / Cx (&(FACT i)))) = vsum (0..n) (\i. vsum (complex_root p) (\z. z pow i / Cx (&(FACT i))))` [] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby VSUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    rw[complex_div;GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    sufficesby(GSYM RING_SUM_RMUL) THEN
    qed[in_complex_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!p. p IN P ==> norm(ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. complex_root_powersums p i / Cx(&(FACT i)))) <= &(poly_deg complex_ring p) * exp A * A pow (n+1) / &(FACT n)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
    simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    rw[GSYM ring_sub_complex] THEN
    simp[GSYM ring_sum_sub;in_complex_ring] THEN
    simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    specialize[`complex_root p`]VSUM_NORM_LE THEN
    have `!z. z IN complex_root p ==> norm(cexp z - vsum (0..n) (\i. z pow i / Cx (&(FACT i)))) <= exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)` [IN] THEN
    have `norm(vsum (complex_root p) (\z. cexp z - vsum (0..n) (\i. z pow i / Cx (&(FACT i))))) <= sum (complex_root p) (\z. exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n))` [VSUM_NORM_LE] THEN
    specialize[`exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)`;`complex_root p`]SUM_CONST THEN
    have `CARD(complex_root p) = poly_deg complex_ring p` [distinct_minpolys_card_root] THEN
    rw[ring_sub_complex] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!p. p IN P ==> norm (complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int(B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i)))) <= abs(real_of_int(B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    subgoal `vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int(B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))) = vsum (0..n) (\i. complex_of_int(B p) * (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i))))` THENL [
      sufficesby VSUM_EQ THEN
      rw[complex_div] THEN
      qed[COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `vsum (0..n) (\i. complex_of_int(B p) * (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i)))) = complex_of_int(B p) * vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i))))` THENL [
      specialize[`complex_of_int(B(p:(1->num)->complex))`;`\i. complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i))`]VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL THEN
      qed[FINITE_NUMSEG]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int(B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))) = complex_of_int(B p) * vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i))))` [] THEN
    have `complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int(B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))) = complex_of_int(B p) * (ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i)))))` [COMPLEX_SUB_LDISTRIB] THEN
    have `norm(complex_of_int(B p) * (ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i)))))) = norm(complex_of_int(B p)) * norm(ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i)))))` [COMPLEX_NORM_MUL] THEN
    have `norm(complex_of_int(B(p:(1->num)->complex))) = abs(real_of_int(B p))` [complex_of_int;COMPLEX_NORM_CX] THEN
    have `norm(complex_of_int(B p) * (ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i)))))) = abs(real_of_int(B p)) * norm(ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i)))))` [] THEN
    have `abs(real_of_int(B p)) * norm(ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_root_powersums p i / Cx (&(FACT i))))) <= abs(real_of_int(B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)` [REAL_ABS_POS;REAL_LE_LMUL] THEN
    qed[REAL_LE_TRANS]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `norm(vsum P (\p. vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))))) <= sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n))` THENL [
    specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`\p. (complex_of_int (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))))`;`\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)`]VSUM_NORM_LE THEN
    specialize[`\p. complex_of_int (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp`;`\p. vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i)))`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]VSUM_SUB THEN
    have `vsum P (\p. complex_of_int (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i)))) = vsum P (\p. complex_of_int (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) - vsum P (\p. vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))))` [] THEN
    have `vsum P (\p. complex_of_int (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i)))) = -- vsum P (\p. vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))))` [vsum_ring_sum_complex;COMPLEX_SUB_LZERO] THEN
    have `norm(vsum P (\p. complex_of_int (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp - vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))))) = norm(vsum P (\p. vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i)))))` [NORM_NEG] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `vsum P (\p. vsum (0..n) (\i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i)))) = vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i)))` THENL [
    have `FINITE (0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    specialize[`\p i. (complex_of_int (B p) * complex_root_powersums p i) / Cx (&(FACT i))`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`0..n`]VSUM_SWAP THEN
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby VSUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    rw[complex_div] THEN
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`\p. ring_mul complex_ring (complex_of_int (B p)) (complex_root_powersums p x)`;`inv(Cx(&(FACT x)))`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]RING_SUM_RMUL THEN
    simp[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[in_complex_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `norm(vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i)))) <= sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n))` [] THEN
  subgoal `sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)) = sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. (abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n))` THENL [
    rw[REAL_DIV] THEN
    sufficesby SUM_EQ THEN
    CONV_TAC REAL_FIELD
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. (abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)) = (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. (abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)))) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)` THENL [
    specialize[`\p:(1->num)->complex. (abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p))`;`exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)`]SUM_RMUL THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_v_bound = prove(`
  !P A B u.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  !n vn.
  vn = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) ==>
  norm vn
  <= (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p))) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i) = Cx(&(FACT n)) * vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i)))` THENL [
    have `FINITE(0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
    simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    simp[GSYM VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL] THEN
    sufficesby VSUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    rw[complex_div] THEN
    simp[GSYM VSUM_COMPLEX_RMUL] THEN
    simp[GSYM VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL] THEN
    sufficesby VSUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    have `x <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    simp[GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
    simp[REAL_OF_NUM_BINOM] THEN
    have `~(FACT(n-x) = 0)` [FACT_NZ] THEN
    have `~(&(FACT(n-x)) = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
    have `~(Cx(&(FACT(n-x))) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
    have `~(FACT(x) = 0)` [FACT_NZ] THEN
    have `~(&(FACT(x)) = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
    have `~(Cx(&(FACT(x))) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
    rw[CX_MUL;CX_DIV] THEN
    rw[GSYM complex_div] THEN
    complex_field_fact `~(Cx(&(FACT x)) = Cx(&0)) ==> ~(Cx(&(FACT(n-x))) = Cx(&0)) ==> (Cx (&(FACT (n - x))) * Cx (&(FACT n)) / (Cx (&(FACT (n - x))) * Cx (&(FACT x)))) * complex_of_int (B x') * complex_root_powersums x' x = Cx (&(FACT n)) * (complex_of_int (B x') * complex_root_powersums x' x) / Cx (&(FACT x))` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `vn = Cx(&(FACT n)) * vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i)))` [] THEN
  have `norm(vn:complex) = norm(Cx(&(FACT n))) * norm(vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i))))` [COMPLEX_NORM_MUL] THEN
  have `norm(vn:complex) = abs(&(FACT n)) * norm(vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i))))` [COMPLEX_NORM_CX] THEN
  have `abs(&(FACT n)) = &(FACT n):real` [REAL_ABS_REFL;FACT_LT;LT_IMP_LE;REAL_OF_NUM_LE] THEN
  have `norm(vn:complex) = &(FACT n) * norm(vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i))))` [] THEN
  have `norm(vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i)))) <= (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p))) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)` [transcendence_u_tail] THEN
  have `&(FACT n) * norm(vsum(0..n) (\i. u i / Cx(&(FACT i)))) <= &(FACT n) * (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p))) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)` [REAL_LE_LMUL;FACT_LT;LT_IMP_LE;REAL_OF_NUM_LE] THEN
  have `norm(vn:complex) <= &(FACT n) * (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p))) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n)` [] THEN
  have `~(FACT(n) = 0)` [FACT_NZ] THEN
  have `~(&(FACT(n)) = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
  real_field_fact `~(&(FACT n) = &0:real) ==> &(FACT n) * sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B(p:(1->num)->complex))) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) / &(FACT n) = sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_p_bound = prove(`
  !P p A.
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  (!z. complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  (!d. norm(coeff d (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)) <= A pow d * &(binom(poly_deg complex_ring p,d)))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I = p` [distinct_minpolys_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  have `CARD(complex_root p) = poly_deg complex_ring p` [distinct_minpolys_card_root] THEN
  have `!z. z IN complex_root p ==> I z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`I:complex->complex`;`complex_root p`]x_truncreverse_monic_vanishing_at THEN
  have `x_truncreverse complex_ring (CARD(complex_root p)) p = poly_product complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))` [] THEN
  have `x_truncreverse complex_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = poly_product complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))` [] THEN
  have `x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = poly_product complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))` [x_truncreverse_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `!z. z IN complex_root p ==> ring_powerseries complex_ring (one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))` [series_complex] THEN
  have `!z. z IN complex_root p ==> norm(I z) <= A` [IN;I_THM] THEN
  have `!z d. z IN complex_root p ==> norm(coeff d (one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) <= A pow d * &(binom(1,d))` [coeff_root_bound_one_minus_constx] THEN
  specialize[`\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)`;`A:real`;`\z:complex. 1:num`;`complex_root p`]coeff_root_bound_product THEN
  have `norm (coeff d (poly_product complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)))) <= A pow d * &(binom (CARD (complex_root p),d))` [CARD_EQ_NSUM] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_H_bound = prove(`
  !P A t H.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!d. norm(coeff d H) <= A pow d * &(binom(t,d)))
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`H:(1->num)->complex`;`t:num`]transcendence_H_product_complex_ring THEN
  have `!p d. p IN P ==> norm(coeff d (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)) <= A pow d * &(binom(poly_deg complex_ring p,d))` [transcendence_p_bound] THEN
  specialize[`\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p`;`A:real`;`\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_deg complex_ring p`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]coeff_root_bound_product THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_Hk_bound = prove(`
  !P A t H k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!d. norm(coeff d (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) <= A pow d * &(binom(k*t,d)))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!d. norm(coeff d H:complex) <= (A:real) pow d * &(binom(t,d))` [transcendence_H_bound] THEN
  qed[coeff_root_bound_pow;series_complex;MULT_SYM]
);;

let transcendence_A_nonnegative = prove(`
  !P A.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  (P = {} \/ &0 <= A)
`,
  intro THEN
  proven_if `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [] THEN
  set_fact `~(P = {}) ==> ?p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P` THEN
  choose `p:(1->num)->complex` `(p:(1->num)->complex) IN P` [] THEN
  have `~(poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex) = 0)` [distinct_minpolys_deg_nonzero] THEN
  have `~(CARD(complex_root p) = 0)` [distinct_minpolys_card_root] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  have `~(complex_root p = {})` [CARD_EQ_0] THEN
  set_fact `~(complex_root p = {}) ==> ?z:complex. z IN complex_root p` THEN
  choose `z:complex` `z IN complex_root p` [] THEN
  have `complex_root p z` [IN] THEN
  have `norm(z:complex) <= A` [] THEN
  qed[NORM_POS_LE;REAL_LE_TRANS]
);;

let transcendence_Hv_bound = prove(`
  !P A B t H u v.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  (!n k. norm (
           coeff n (
             poly_mul complex_ring (
               poly_pow complex_ring H k
             ) (
               series_from_coeffs v
             )
           )
         ) <= &2 pow (k*t) * sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex;complex_ring_clauses;coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`A:real`;`t:num`]transcendence_Hk_bound THEN
  have `!d. norm(coeff d (poly_pow complex_ring H k)) <= A pow d * &(binom(k*t,d))` [] THEN
  specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`A:real`;`B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;`u:num->complex`]transcendence_v_bound THEN
  have `!d. norm(v(n-d):complex) <= sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow ((n-d) + 1)` [] THEN
  have `!d. d IN (0..n) ==> norm(coeff d (poly_pow complex_ring H k) * v(n-d)) <= (A pow d * &(binom(k*t,d))) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow ((n-d) + 1)` [COMPLEX_NORM_MUL;REAL_LE_MUL2;NORM_POS_LE] THEN
  have `FINITE (0..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  specialize[`0..n`;`\d. coeff d (poly_pow complex_ring H k) * v(n-d)`]VSUM_NORM_LE THEN
  have `norm(vsum(0..n) (\d. coeff d (poly_pow complex_ring H k) * v(n-d))) <= sum(0..n) (\d. (A pow d * &(binom(k*t,d))) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow ((n-d) + 1))` [] THEN
  subgoal `sum (0..n) (\d. (A pow d * &(binom (k * t,d))) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n - d + 1)) = sum (0..n) (\d. &(binom (k * t,d)) * sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1))` THENL [
    sufficesby SUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    have `x <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    num_linear_fact `x <= n:num ==> n+1 = x + (n-x+1)` THEN
    have `(A:real) pow (n+1) = A pow x * A pow (n-x+1)` [REAL_POW_ADD] THEN
    real_linear_fact `(A pow x * &(binom (k * t,x))) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n - x + 1) = &(binom (k * t,x)) * sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * (A pow x * A pow (n-x+1))` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `norm(vsum(0..n) (\d. coeff d (poly_pow complex_ring H k) * v(n-d))) <= sum(0..n) (\d. &(binom(k*t,d)) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1))` [] THEN
  specialize[`\d. &(binom(k*t,d))`;`sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)`]SUM_RMUL THEN
  have `sum(0..n) (\d. &(binom(k*t,d)) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)) = sum(0..n) (\d. &(binom(k*t,d))) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)` [] THEN
  subgoal `sum(0..n) (\d. &(binom(k*t,d))) <= (&2:real) pow (k*t)` THENL [
    simp[GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_SUM] THEN
    specialize[`k * nsum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_deg complex_ring p)`;`n:num`]binom_rowsum_partial THEN
    qed[REAL_OF_NUM_POW;REAL_OF_NUM_LE]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `&0:real <= sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)` THENL [
    have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> &0 <= abs(real_of_int(B p))` [REAL_ABS_POS] THEN
    have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> &0:real <= &(poly_deg complex_ring p)` [REAL_OF_NUM_LE;ARITH_RULE `0 <= x`] THEN
    have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> &0 <= abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)` [REAL_LE_MUL] THEN
    have `&0 <= sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p))` [SUM_POS_LE] THEN
    have `&0 <= exp A` [REAL_EXP_POS_LE] THEN
    case `&0:real <= A` THENL [
      have `&0:real <= A pow (n+1)` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
      qed[REAL_LE_MUL]
    ;
      specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`A:real`]transcendence_A_nonnegative THEN
      have `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [] THEN
      simp[SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
      CONV_TAC REAL_FIELD
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `sum (0..n) (\d. &(binom (k * t,d))) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) <= &2 pow (k * t) * sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)` [REAL_LE_RMUL] THEN
  have `norm (ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\a. coeff a (poly_pow complex_ring H k) * v (n - a))) = norm (vsum (0..n) (\a. coeff a (poly_pow complex_ring H k) * v (n - a)))` [vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
  qed[REAL_LE_TRANS]
);;

let transcendence_Hv_zero = prove(`
  !P A D B t H u v.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  ~(D = Cx(&0)) ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  (!n k. k*t <= n ==>
         norm(D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k))) * &2 pow (k * t) * sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) < &1 ==>
         coeff n (
           poly_mul complex_ring (
             poly_pow complex_ring H k
           ) (
             series_from_coeffs v
           )
         ) = Cx(&0)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `D:complex`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`
  ]transcendence_Hv_denom THEN
  have `D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k)) * coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) IN ZinC` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `A:real`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`
  ]transcendence_Hv_bound THEN
  have `norm(coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v))) <= &2 pow (k * t) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)` [] THEN
  subgoal `~(D pow (n-k) / Cx(&(FACT k)) = Cx(&0))` THENL [
    have `~(D pow (n-k) = Cx(&0))` [COMPLEX_POW_EQ_0] THEN
    have `~(FACT k = 0)` [FACT_NZ] THEN
    have `~(&(FACT k) = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
    have `~(Cx(&(FACT k)) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
    qed[COMPLEX_DIV_EQ_0]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[zero_if_ZinC_scale_bound]
);;

let transcendence_Hv_zero_Ptrivial = prove(`
  !P H u v.
  P = {} ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  (!n k. coeff n (
           poly_mul complex_ring (
             poly_pow complex_ring H k
           ) (
             series_from_coeffs v
           )
         ) = Cx(&0)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!n:num. v n = Cx(&0)` [transcendence_uv_trivial] THEN
  have `!n:num. v n = ring_0 complex_ring` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex;coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ_0 THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL_RZERO;in_complex_ring]
);;

(* XXX: can improve bounds in proof *)
(* in particular: *)
(* first 10t is a proxy for 10t-1 *)
(* and 10t+1 is a proxy for 10t+1/k *)
(* and the first max(1,...) is a proxy for that^(1/k) *)
(* and 10 is a proxy for something like 1+1/k *)
let transcendence_Hv_zero_k0 = prove(`
  !P A D B t H u v k0.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  ~(D = Cx(&0)) ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  1 <= k0 ==>
  norm(D) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1) < &k0 ==>
  (!n k. k0 <= k ==>
         k*t <= n ==>
         n <= 10*k*t ==>
         coeff n (
           poly_mul complex_ring (
             poly_pow complex_ring H k
           ) (
             series_from_coeffs v
           )
         ) = Cx(&0)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  proven_if `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [transcendence_Hv_zero_Ptrivial] THEN
  case `t = 0` THENL [
    have `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [distinct_minpolys_total_deg] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `norm (D pow (n - k) / Cx (&(FACT k))) * &2 pow (k * t) * sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex.  abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1) < &1` THENL [
    have `&k0 <= &k:real` [REAL_OF_NUM_LE] THEN
    have `norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1) < &k` [REAL_LTE_TRANS] THEN
    real_linear_fact `norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1) = (norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1)) * exp(&1)` THEN
    have `(norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1)) * exp(&1) < &k` [REAL_LTE_TRANS] THEN
    have `&0 < exp(&1)` [REAL_EXP_POS_LT] THEN
    have `norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) < &k / exp(&1)` [REAL_LT_RDIV_EQ] THEN
    subgoal `&0 <= norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1)` THENL [
      have `&0 <= norm(D:complex)` [NORM_POS_LE] THEN
      have `&0 <= norm(D:complex) pow (10*t)` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
      real_linear_fact `&0 <= &2:real` THEN
      have `&0 <= &2 pow t` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
      real_linear_fact `&0 <= &1:real` THEN
      have `&0 <= max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A)` [REAL_LE_MAX] THEN
      have `&0 <= max (&1) A` [REAL_LE_MAX] THEN
      have `&0 <= (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1)` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
      qed[REAL_LE_MUL]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    num_linear_fact `1 <= k0 ==> k0 <= k ==> ~(k = 0)` THEN
    have `(norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1)) pow k < (&k / exp (&1)) pow k` [REAL_POW_LT2] THEN
    have `(&k / exp(&1)) pow k <= &(FACT k)` [factorial_lower_bound] THEN
    have `(norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1)) pow k < &(FACT k)` [REAL_LTE_TRANS] THEN
    havetac `(norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1)) pow k = norm(D:complex) pow ((10 * t) * k) * &2 pow (t * k) * (max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A)) pow k * (max (&1) A) pow ((10*t+1)*k)` (simp[REAL_POW_MUL;REAL_POW_POW]) THEN
    have `norm(D:complex) pow ((10*t) * k) * &2 pow (k * t) * (max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A)) pow k * (max (&1) A) pow ((10*t+1)*k) < &(FACT k)` [MULT_SYM] THEN
    rw[COMPLEX_NORM_DIV;COMPLEX_NORM_CX;COMPLEX_NORM_POW] THEN
    subgoal `norm(D:complex) pow (n - k) <= norm D pow ((10*t) * k)` THENL [
      have `~(norm(D:complex) < &1)` [zero_if_ZinC_norm_lt1] THEN
      real_linear_fact `~(norm(D:complex) < &1) ==> &1 <= norm D` THEN
      num_linear_fact `n <= 10*k*t ==> n-k <= (10*t)*k` THEN
      qed[REAL_POW_MONO]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A <= max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) pow k` THENL [
      have `sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A <= max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A)` [REAL_LE_MAX;REAL_LE_REFL] THEN
      have `&1 <= max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A)` [REAL_LE_MAX;REAL_LE_REFL] THEN
      num_linear_fact `1 <= k0 ==> k0 <= k ==> 1 <= k` THEN
      have `max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) pow 1 <= max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) pow k` [REAL_POW_MONO] THEN
      qed[REAL_POW_1;REAL_LE_TRANS]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `(A:real) pow (n+1) <= (max (&1) A) pow ((10*t+1)*k)` THENL [
      have `&0 <= A:real` [transcendence_A_nonnegative] THEN
      have `A:real <= max (&1) A` [REAL_LE_MAX;REAL_LE_REFL] THEN
      have `(A:real) pow (n+1) <= (max (&1) A) pow (n+1)` [REAL_POW_LE2] THEN
      have `&1:real <= max (&1) A` [REAL_LE_MAX;REAL_LE_REFL] THEN
      num_linear_fact `1 <= k0 ==> k0 <= k ==> 1 <= k` THEN
      num_linear_fact `n <= 10*k*t ==> 1 <= k ==> n+1 <= (10*t+1)*k` THEN
      have `(max (&1:real) A) pow (n+1) <= (max (&1:real) A) pow ((10*t+1)*k)` [REAL_POW_MONO] THEN
      qed[REAL_LE_TRANS]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `norm(D:complex) pow (n - k) * &2 pow (k * t) * (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * A pow (n + 1) <= norm D pow ((10 * t) * k) * &2 pow (k * t) * max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) pow k * max (&1) A pow ((10 * t + 1) * k)` THENL [
      have `&0 <= norm(D:complex)` [NORM_POS_LE] THEN
      have `&0 <= norm(D:complex) pow (n-k)` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
      real_linear_fact `&0 <= &2:real` THEN
      have `&0 <= &2 pow (k*t)` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
      real_linear_fact `&0 <= &1:real` THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> &0 <= abs(real_of_int(B p))` [REAL_ABS_POS] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> &0:real <= &(poly_deg complex_ring p)` [REAL_OF_NUM_LE;ARITH_RULE `0 <= x`] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> &0 <= abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)` [REAL_LE_MUL] THEN
      have `&0 <= sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p))` [SUM_POS_LE] THEN
      have `&0 <= exp A` [REAL_EXP_POS_LE] THEN
      specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`A:real`]transcendence_A_nonnegative THEN
      have `&0 <= A:real` [] THEN
      have `&0 <= (A:real) pow (n+1)` [REAL_POW_LE] THEN
      have `(sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * A pow (n + 1) <= max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) pow k * max (&1) A pow ((10 * t + 1) * k)` [REAL_LE_MUL2;REAL_LE_MUL] THEN
      have `&2 pow (k * t) * (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * A pow (n + 1) <= &2 pow (k * t) * max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) pow k * max (&1) A pow ((10 * t + 1) * k)` [REAL_LE_MUL2;REAL_LE_MUL;REAL_LE_REFL] THEN
      have `&0 <= &2 pow (k * t) * (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * A pow (n + 1)` [REAL_LE_MUL] THEN
      qed[REAL_LE_MUL2]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `norm(D:complex) pow (n - k) * &2 pow (k * t) * (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * A pow (n + 1) < &(FACT k)` [REAL_LET_TRANS] THEN
    have `&0 < &(FACT k)` [REAL_OF_NUM_LT;FACT_LT] THEN
    have `&0 < inv(&(FACT k))` [REAL_LT_INV] THEN
    have `(norm(D:complex) pow (n - k) * &2 pow (k * t) * (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * A pow (n + 1)) * inv(&(FACT k)) < &(FACT k) * inv(&(FACT k))` [REAL_LT_RMUL] THEN
    real_field_fact `&0 < &(FACT k) ==> (norm(D:complex) pow (n - k) * &2 pow (k * t) * (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * A pow (n + 1)) * inv(&(FACT k)) = norm D pow (n - k) / abs (&(FACT k)) * &2 pow (k * t) * sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A * A pow (n + 1)` THEN
    real_field_fact `&0 < &(FACT k) ==> &(FACT k) * inv(&(FACT k)) = &1` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `A:real`;
    `D:complex`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `v:num->complex`;
  ]transcendence_Hv_zero THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_Hv_induction = prove(`
  !P A D B t H u v k0.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  ~(D = Cx(&0)) ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  1 <= k0 ==>
  norm(D) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1) < &k0 ==>
  (!j n k. k0 <= k ==>
           k*t <= n ==>
           n <= 10*k*t+j ==>
           coeff n (
             poly_mul complex_ring (
               poly_pow complex_ring H k
             ) (
               series_from_coeffs v
             )
           ) = Cx(&0)
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[ARITH_RULE `10*k*t+0 = 10*k*t`] THEN
    specialize[
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `A:real`;
      `D:complex`;
      `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`
    ]transcendence_Hv_zero_k0 THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  intro THEN
  proven_if `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [transcendence_Hv_zero_Ptrivial] THEN
  case `t = 0` THENL [
    have `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [distinct_minpolys_total_deg] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  proven_if `n <= 10*k*t + j` [] THEN
  num_linear_fact `n <= 10 * k * t + SUC j ==> ~(n <= 10 * k * t + j) ==> n = 10*k*t+j+1` THEN
  subgoal `coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (1+k)) (series_from_coeffs v)) = Cx (&0)` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `k0 <= k ==> k0 <= 1+k` THEN
    num_linear_fact `1 <= k0 ==> k0 <= k ==> 1+k <= 10*k` THEN
    have `(1+k)*t <= (10*k)*t` [LE_MULT2;LE_REFL] THEN
    num_linear_fact `(1+k)*t <= (10*k)*t ==> (1+k)*t <= 10*k*t+j+1` THEN
    have `(1+k)*t <= n` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(t = 0) ==> 10*k*t+j+1 <= 10*(1+k)*t+j` THEN
    have `n <= 10*(1+k)*t+j` [] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (1 + k)) (series_from_coeffs v) = poly_mul complex_ring H (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v))` THENL [
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
    simp[POLY_MUL_ASSOC;series_complex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring H (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v))) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`n:num`;`H:(1->num)->complex`;`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)`]coeff_poly_mul_oneindex THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. ring_mul complex_ring (coeff i H) (coeff (n-i) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)))) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. ring_mul complex_ring (coeff i H) (coeff (n-i) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)))) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. if i = 0 then (coeff 0 H) * (coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v))) else ring_0 complex_ring)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    proven_if `a = 0` [ARITH_RULE `n-0 = n`;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    case `a <= t:num` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `~(a = 0) ==> (10*k*t+j+1)-a <= 10*k*t+j` THEN
      have `n-a <= 10*k*t+j` [] THEN
      num_linear_fact `1 <= k0 ==> k0 <= k ==> k <= 10*k-1` THEN
      have `k*t <= (10*k)*t-1*t` [LE_MULT2;LE_REFL;RIGHT_SUB_DISTRIB] THEN
      num_linear_fact `a <= t ==> k*t <= (10*k)*t-1*t ==> k*t <= (10*k*t+j+1)-a` THEN
      have `k*t <= n-a:num` [] THEN
      have `coeff (n-a) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) = ring_0 complex_ring` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_RZERO;in_complex_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `H = x_truncreverse complex_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I)` [x_truncreverse_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    have `poly_deg complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex) <= t` [deg_x_truncreverse_le;series_complex] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex)` [transcendence_H_poly] THEN
    have `coeff a H = ring_0 complex_ring` [coeff_deg_le] THEN
    qed[RING_MUL_LZERO;in_complex_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. if i = 0 then coeff 0 H * coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) else ring_0 complex_ring) = coeff 0 H * coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v))` THENL [
    have `0 IN (0..n)` [IN_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `0 <= n`] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`0..n`;`0`;`coeff 0 H * coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v))`]RING_SUM_DELTA THEN
    qed[in_complex_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `coeff 0 H * coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`
  ]transcendence_H_botcoeff1 THEN
  have `coeff 0 (H:(1->num)->complex) = Cx(&1)` [] THEN
  qed[COMPLEX_MUL_LID]
);;

let transcendence_Hv_noupperbound = prove(`
  !P A D B t H u v k0.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  ~(D = Cx(&0)) ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  1 <= k0 ==>
  norm(D) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1) < &k0 ==>
  (!n k. k0 <= k ==>
         k*t <= n ==>
         coeff n (
           poly_mul complex_ring (
             poly_pow complex_ring H k
           ) (
             series_from_coeffs v
           )
         ) = Cx(&0)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  num_linear_fact `n <= 10*k*t+n` THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `A:real`;
    `D:complex`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`
  ]transcendence_Hv_induction THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_Hv_kexists = prove(`
  !P A D B t H u v.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A) ==>
  D IN ZinC ==>
  ~(D = Cx(&0)) ==>
  (!p i. p IN P ==> D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  ?k. 1 <= k /\
  !n. k*t <= n ==>
      coeff n (
        poly_mul complex_ring (
          poly_pow complex_ring H k
        ) (
          series_from_coeffs v
        )
      ) = Cx(&0)
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `k0:num` `max (&1) (norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1)) < &k0` [REAL_ARCH_LT] THEN
  have `&1 <= max (&1) (norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1))` [REAL_LE_MAX;REAL_LE_REFL] THEN
  have `&1 <= &k0:real` [REAL_LET_TRANS;REAL_LT_IMP_LE] THEN
  have `1 <= k0` [REAL_OF_NUM_LE] THEN
  have `norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1) <= max (&1) (norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1))` [REAL_LE_MAX;REAL_LE_REFL] THEN
  have `norm(D:complex) pow (10*t) * &2 pow t * max (&1) (sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. abs (real_of_int (B p)) * &(poly_deg complex_ring p)) * exp A) * (max (&1) A) pow (10*t+1) * exp(&1) < &k0:real` [REAL_LET_TRANS] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `A:real`;
    `D:complex`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `v:num->complex`;
    `k0:num`
  ]transcendence_Hv_noupperbound THEN
  witness `k0:num` THEN
  qed[LE_REFL]
);;

(* could use sup in proof but sum seems a bit easier *)
let transcendence_Hv_kexists_v2 = prove(`
  !P B t H u v.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  ?k. 1 <= k /\
  !n. k*t <= n ==>
      coeff n (
        poly_mul complex_ring (
          poly_pow complex_ring H k
        ) (
          series_from_coeffs v
        )
      ) = Cx(&0)
`,
  intro THEN
  proven_if `P = {}:((1->num)->complex)->bool` [transcendence_Hv_zero_Ptrivial;ARITH_RULE `1 <= 1`] THEN
  def `A:real` `sum P (\p:(1->num)->complex. sum (complex_root p) norm)` THEN
  subgoal `!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= sum (complex_root p) norm` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
    have `z IN complex_root p` [IN] THEN
    specialize[`norm:complex->real`;`complex_root p`;`z:complex`]SUM_DELETE THEN
    have `&0 <= sum(complex_root p DELETE z) norm` [SUM_POS_LE;NORM_POS_LE] THEN
    real_linear_fact `&0 <= sum (complex_root p DELETE z) norm ==> sum (complex_root p DELETE z) norm = sum (complex_root p) norm - norm z ==> norm z <= sum(complex_root p) norm` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!p. p IN P ==> sum(complex_root p) norm <= A` THENL [
    intro THEN
    specialize[`\p:(1->num)->complex. sum(complex_root p) norm`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]SUM_DELETE THEN
    have `&0 <= sum(P DELETE p) (\p. sum(complex_root p) norm)` [SUM_POS_LE;NORM_POS_LE] THEN
    real_linear_fact `&0 <= sum(P DELETE p) (\p. sum(complex_root p) norm) ==> sum(P DELETE p) (\p. sum(complex_root p) norm) = sum P (\p. sum(complex_root p) norm) - sum(complex_root p) norm ==> sum(complex_root p) norm <= sum P (\p. sum(complex_root p) norm)` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!p z. p IN P ==> complex_root p z ==> norm z <= A` [REAL_LE_TRANS] THEN
  choose `D:complex` `D IN ZinC /\ ~(D = Cx(&0)) /\ (!p. p IN P ==> !i. D pow i * (coeff (poly_deg complex_ring p - i) p) IN ZinC)` [distinct_minpolys_denominator] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `A:real`;
    `D:complex`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `v:num->complex`
  ]transcendence_Hv_kexists THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_Hv_poly = prove(`
  !P B t H u v.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  ?k. 1 <= k /\
  ring_polynomial complex_ring (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_pow complex_ring H k
    ) (
      series_from_coeffs v
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `v:num->complex`;
  ]transcendence_Hv_kexists_v2 THEN
  choose `k:num` `1 <= k /\ !n. k*t <= n ==> coeff n (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs v)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  witness `k:num` THEN
  qed[poly_if_coeff;series_complex;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let transcendence_uv_diffeq = prove(`
  !u v.
  (!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)) ==>
  poly_sub complex_ring (
    poly_sub complex_ring (
      series_from_coeffs v
    ) (
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        x_pow complex_ring 1
      ) (
        series_from_coeffs v
      )
    )
  ) (
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      x_pow complex_ring 2
    ) (
      x_derivative complex_ring (
        series_from_coeffs v
      )
    )
  ) = series_from_coeffs u
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs;coeff_poly_sub;complex_coeff_x_pow_times;coeff_x_derivative;complex_ring_clauses;ring_sub_complex;ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  case `d = 0` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `0 < 1`;ARITH_RULE `0 < 2`] THEN
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES_NUMSEG;in_complex_ring;binom;ARITH_RULE `0 - 0 = 0`;FACT;ARITH_RULE `1 * 1 = 1`] THEN
    CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(d = 0) ==> ~(d < 1)` THEN
  case `d = 1` THENL [
    simp[ARITH_RULE `1 < 2`;ARITH_RULE `1 - 1 = 0`] THEN
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `1 = SUC 0`;in_complex_ring;ARITH_RULE `0 <= SUC 0`] THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC 0 = 1`;ARITH_RULE `1 - 0 = 1`;ARITH_RULE `1 - 1 = 0`;ARITH_RULE `0 - 0 = 0`;FACT;binom;ARITH_RULE `0 + 1 = 1`;ARITH_RULE `x * 1 = x`;complex_ring_clauses;fact_1] THEN
    CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(d = 0) ==> ~(d = 1) ==> ~(d < 2)` THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(d < 2) ==> d - 2 + 1 = d - 1` THEN
  num_linear_fact `d - 1 <= d` THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`d-1`;`d:num`]ring_sum_numseg_le_expand THEN
  simp[] THEN
  simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex;FINITE_NUMSEG;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[GSYM VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  simp[GSYM VSUM_SUB;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  subgoal `vsum (0..d) (\x. Cx (&(FACT (d - x) * binom (d,x))) * u x - (if x <= d - 1 then Cx (&(FACT (d - 1 - x) * binom (d - 1,x))) * u x else Cx (&0)) - Cx (&(d - 1)) * (if x <= d - 1 then Cx (&(FACT (d - 1 - x) * binom (d - 1,x))) * u x else Cx (&0))) = vsum (0..d) (\i. if i = d then u d else Cx(&0))` THENL [
    sufficesby VSUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    case `x = d:num` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `~(d < 2) ==> ~(d <= d - 1)` THEN
      simp[ARITH_RULE `d - d = 0`;BINOM_REFL;FACT;ARITH_RULE `1 * 1 = 1`] THEN
      CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `x <= d:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    num_linear_fact `x <= d ==> ~(x = d) ==> x <= d-1` THEN
    complex_field_fact `Cx (&(FACT (d - x) * binom (d,x))) * u x - Cx (&(FACT (d - 1 - x) * binom (d - 1,x))) * u x - Cx (&(d - 1)) * Cx (&(FACT (d - 1 - x) * binom (d - 1,x))) * u x = (Cx (&(FACT (d - x) * binom (d,x))) - Cx (&(FACT (d - 1 - x) * binom (d - 1,x))) - Cx (&(d - 1)) * Cx (&(FACT (d - 1 - x) * binom (d - 1,x)))) * u x` THEN
    simp[GSYM CX_MUL;GSYM CX_SUB;REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
    num_linear_fact `x <= d ==> ~(x = d) ==> x < d:num` THEN
    simp[fact_binom_lemma_37_real] THEN
    CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[vsum_delta_complex;FINITE_NUMSEG;IN_NUMSEG_0;ARITH_RULE `d <= d:num`]
);;

let ord_product_one_minus_constx_I = prove(`
  !S y yinv.
  FINITE S ==>
  y * yinv = Cx(&1) ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring S (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) /\
    ~(poly_product complex_ring S (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring S (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv
    = if y IN S then 1 else 0
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  have `~(poly_product complex_ring S (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)) = poly_0 complex_ring)` [nonzero_poly_product;integral_domain_complex;nonzero_one_minus_constx;in_complex_ring;integral_domain] THEN
  case `(y:complex) IN S` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`S:complex->bool`;`y:complex`;`\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)`]poly_product_delete THEN
    have `poly_product complex_ring (S) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)) = poly_mul complex_ring (one_minus_constx complex_ring y) (poly_product complex_ring ((S) DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)))` [series_complex;IN;I_THM] THEN
    have `FINITE (S DELETE (y:complex))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
    subgoal `~(poly_eval complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv = Cx(&0))` THENL [
      simp[eval_poly_product;in_complex_ring;one_minus_constx_poly;eval_one_minus_constx;I_THM;complex_ring_clauses;ring_sub_complex] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `ring_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\a. Cx (&1) - a * yinv) = ring_0 complex_ring` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      choose `a:complex` `a IN S DELETE y /\ Cx (&1) - a * yinv = ring_0 complex_ring` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0;integral_domain_complex] THEN
      have `Cx(&1) - a*yinv = Cx(&0)` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      complex_field_fact `y*yinv = Cx(&1) ==> Cx(&1) - a*yinv = Cx(&0) ==> a = y` THEN
      qed[IN_DELETE]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `~(complex_root (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv)` [complex_root] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)))` [poly_product_poly;one_minus_constx_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[`poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))`;`yinv:complex`]poly_ord_unique_0 THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv = 0` [] THEN
    have `poly_ord (one_minus_constx complex_ring y) yinv = 1` [poly_ord_one_minus_constx] THEN
    have `~(one_minus_constx complex_ring y = poly_0 complex_ring)` [nonzero_one_minus_constx;field;field_complex;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (one_minus_constx complex_ring y)` [one_minus_constx_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)))` [poly_product_poly;FINITE_DELETE;one_minus_constx_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `~(poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)) = poly_0(complex_ring))` [poly_product_ring_product_x_poly;x_poly_use] THEN
    specialize[`one_minus_constx complex_ring y`;`poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))`;`yinv:complex`]poly_ord_mul THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (S) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv = poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (one_minus_constx complex_ring y) (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)))) yinv` [] THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (S) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv = poly_ord (one_minus_constx complex_ring y) yinv + poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv` [] THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (S) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv = 1 + poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv` [] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `1 + 0 = 1`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `~(poly_eval complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring S (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv = Cx(&0))` THENL [
    simp[eval_poly_product;in_complex_ring;one_minus_constx_poly;eval_one_minus_constx;I_THM;complex_ring_clauses;ring_sub_complex] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_product complex_ring (S) (\a. Cx (&1) - a * yinv) = ring_0 complex_ring` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    choose `a:complex` `a IN S /\ Cx (&1) - a * yinv = ring_0 complex_ring` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0;integral_domain_complex] THEN
    have `Cx(&1) - a*yinv = Cx(&0)` [complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    complex_field_fact `y*yinv = Cx(&1) ==> Cx(&1) - a*yinv = Cx(&0) ==> a = y` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `~(complex_root (poly_product complex_ring S (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv)` [complex_root] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring S (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)))` [poly_product_poly;one_minus_constx_poly;I_THM;in_complex_ring] THEN
  qed[poly_ord_unique_0]
);;

let ord_sum_product_one_minus_constx_I = prove(`
  !S y yinv.
  FINITE S ==>
  y * yinv = Cx(&1) ==>
  y IN S ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (
      poly_sum complex_ring S (\t.
        poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE t) (\z.
          one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)
        )
      )
    ) /\
    ~(
      poly_sum complex_ring S (\t.
        poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE t) (\z.
          one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)
        )
      ) = poly_0 complex_ring
    ) /\
    poly_ord (
      poly_sum complex_ring S (\t.
        poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE t) (\z.
          one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)
        )
      )
    ) yinv
    = 0
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  have `!s. s IN S DELETE(y:complex) ==> s IN S` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  have `FINITE(S DELETE(y:complex))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  have `!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE s) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)))` [poly_product_poly;one_minus_constx_poly;in_complex_ring;FINITE_DELETE] THEN
  subgoal `!s. s IN S ==> ~(s = y) ==> poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE s) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 <= poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE s) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `y IN S DELETE(s:complex)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
    specialize[
      `S DELETE(s:complex)`
    ]ord_product_one_minus_constx_I THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `1 <= 1`;FINITE_DELETE]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `~(poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z)) = poly_0 complex_ring)` [nonzero_poly_product;integral_domain_complex;nonzero_one_minus_constx;integral_domain;in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[
    `S DELETE(y:complex)`;
    `y:complex`;
    `yinv:complex`
  ]ord_product_one_minus_constx_I THEN
  have `~(y IN S DELETE(y:complex))` [IN_DELETE] THEN
  have `poly_ord (poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE y) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))) yinv < 1` [ARITH_RULE `0 < 1`] THEN
  specialize[
    `\t. poly_product complex_ring (S DELETE t) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))`;
    `yinv:complex`;
    `1`;
    `S:complex->bool`;
    `y:complex`
  ]poly_ord_sum_dominant THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_ord_revp = prove(`
  !P p y yinv.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  p IN P ==>
  y * yinv = Cx(&1) ==>
  (
    ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p) /\
    ~(x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
    poly_ord (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p) yinv
    = if complex_root p y then 1 else 0
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I = p` [distinct_minpolys_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
  have `CARD(complex_root p) = poly_deg complex_ring p` [distinct_minpolys_card_root] THEN
  have `!z. z IN complex_root p ==> I z IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[`complex_ring`;`I:complex->complex`]x_truncreverse_monic_vanishing_at THEN
  have `x_truncreverse complex_ring (CARD(complex_root p)) p = poly_product complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))` [] THEN
  have `x_truncreverse complex_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = poly_product complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))` [] THEN
  have `x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = poly_product complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I z))` [x_truncreverse_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  qed[ord_product_one_minus_constx_I;IN]
);;

let transcendence_ord_H = prove(`
  !P t H.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!q y yinv.
    q IN P ==>
    complex_root q y ==>
    y * yinv = Cx(&1) ==>
    poly_ord H yinv = 1
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `poly_ord (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q) yinv = 1` [transcendence_ord_revp] THEN
  have `!p. p IN P ==> ~(p = q) ==> poly_ord (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p) yinv = 0` [transcendence_ord_revp;distinct_minpolys_distinct_roots] THEN
  subgoal `poly_ord H yinv = nsum P (\s. poly_ord (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring s) s) yinv)` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p`;`yinv:complex`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]poly_ord_product THEN
    have `!p. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` [x_truncreverse_poly;series_complex;x_truncreverse_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    have `!p. p IN P ==> ~(x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = poly_0 complex_ring)` [distinct_minpolys_reverse_nonzero] THEN
    have `H = poly_product complex_ring P (\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` [transcendence_H_product_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[`\p. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p`;`yinv:complex`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`]poly_ord_product THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `nsum P (\s. poly_ord (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring s) s) yinv) = nsum P (\s. if s = q then 1 else 0)` THENL [
    sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`1`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`q:(1->num)->complex`](GEN `b:num` NSUM_DELTA) THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_ord_Hk = prove(`
  !P t H k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!q y yinv.
    q IN P ==>
    complex_root q y ==>
    y * yinv = Cx(&1) ==>
    poly_ord (poly_pow complex_ring H k) yinv = k
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex)` [transcendence_H_poly] THEN
  have `coeff 0 (H:(1->num)->complex) = Cx(&1)` [transcendence_H_botcoeff1] THEN
  have `~(H = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [coeff_poly_0;complex_ring_clauses;ring_1_0_complex] THEN
  specialize[`H:(1->num)->complex`;`k:num`;`yinv:complex`]poly_ord_pow THEN
  have `poly_ord H yinv = 1` [transcendence_ord_H] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `k * 1 = k`]
);;

let transcendence_ord_Hu = prove(`
  !P B t H u.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  (!q y yinv.
    q IN P ==>
    ~(B q = &0) ==>
    complex_root q y ==>
    y * yinv = Cx(&1) ==>
    (
      ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u)) /\
      ~(poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
      poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u)) yinv = 0
    )
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  def `G:((1->num)->complex)->((1->num)->complex)` `\p. poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> G p = poly_product complex_ring (P DELETE p) (\q. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q)` [] THEN
  def `e:num` `0` THEN
  def `k:num` `1` THEN
  have `e < k:num` [ARITH_RULE `0 < 1`] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `G:((1->num)->complex)->(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`;
    `e:num`;
    `k:num`
  ]transcendence_newton_Hk_psum THEN
  subgoal `poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e)))` THENL [
    have `H = poly_pow complex_ring H k:(1->num)->complex` [poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
    subgoal `series_from_coeffs u = series_from_coeffs (\n. Cx (&(FACT e * binom (n,e))) * u (n - e))` THENL [
      sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
      rw[coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
      simp[FACT;binom;ARITH_RULE `d - 0 = d`;ARITH_RULE `1 * 1 = 1`;COMPLEX_MUL_LID]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) /\ ~(poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord(poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) yinv = 0` THENL [
    have_rw `k - (e+1) = 0` [ARITH_RULE `1 - (0+1) = 0`] THEN
    rw[poly_pow_0;poly_ord_1]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  def `Z:((1->num)->complex)->((1->num)->complex)` `\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B p))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))` THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (Z q) /\ ~(Z q = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord(Z(q:(1->num)->complex)) yinv = 0` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B q)):(1->num)->complex) /\ ~(poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B(q:(1->num)->complex))) = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex) /\ poly_ord(poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B(q:(1->num)->complex)))) yinv = 0` THENL [
      have `~(complex_of_int (B(q:(1->num)->complex)) = Cx(&0))` [complex_of_int;CX_INJ;int_eq;REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
      qed[poly_ord_const]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root q) e) /\ ~(scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root q) e = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord(scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root q) e) yinv = 0` THENL [
      rw[scaled_pow_newton_rightside] THEN
      simp[FACT;RING_OF_NUM_1;ARITH_RULE `0+1 = 1`;const_1_x_pow] THEN
      simp[POLY_MUL_LID;poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
      have `y IN complex_root q` [IN] THEN
      have `FINITE(complex_root q)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
      specialize[`complex_root q`;`y:complex`;`yinv:complex`]ord_sum_product_one_minus_constx_I THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(q:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1)) /\ ~(poly_pow complex_ring (G(q:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord(poly_pow complex_ring (G(q:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1)) yinv = 0` THENL [
      have `e + 1 = 1` [ARITH_RULE `0 + 1 = 1`] THEN
      rw[know `e + 1 = 1`] THEN
      simp[poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
      have `FINITE (P DELETE (q:(1->num)->complex))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P DELETE q ==> p IN P` [IN_DELETE] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> monic QinC_ring p` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> poly_deg QinC_ring p = poly_deg complex_ring p` [poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P DELETE q ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg QinC_ring p) p)` [x_truncreverse_poly;ring_polynomial] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P DELETE q ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` [] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P DELETE q ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P DELETE q ==> ~(x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg QinC_ring p) p = poly_0 QinC_ring)` [nonzero_if_x_truncreverse_monic;integral_domain;integral_domain_QinC] THEN
      have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P DELETE q ==> ~(x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p = poly_0 complex_ring)` [poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
      specialize[`\p:(1->num)->complex. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring p) p`;`yinv:complex`;`P DELETE (q:(1->num)->complex)`]poly_ord_product THEN
      simp[] THEN
      subgoal `nsum (P DELETE q) (\s. poly_ord (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring s) s) yinv) = nsum (P DELETE q) (\s. 0)` THENL [
        sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
        intro THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        have `(x:(1->num)->complex) IN P` [IN_DELETE] THEN
        have `~((x:(1->num)->complex) = q)` [IN_DELETE] THEN
        have `~complex_root x y` [distinct_minpolys_distinct_roots] THEN
        qed[transcendence_ord_revp]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[NSUM_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize_assuming_nosplit[`poly_pow complex_ring (G(q:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex`;`scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root q) e`;`yinv:complex`]poly_ord_mul_0 THEN
    specialize_assuming_nosplit[`poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)):(1->num)->complex`;`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(q:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root q) e)`;`yinv:complex`]poly_ord_mul_0 THEN
    specialize_assuming_nosplit[`poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B(q:(1->num)->complex))):(1->num)->complex`;`poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)):(1->num)->complex) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(q:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root q) e))`;`yinv:complex`]poly_ord_mul_0 THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ~(p = q) ==> (ring_polynomial complex_ring (Z p) /\ (Z p = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 <= poly_ord (Z p:(1->num)->complex) yinv))` THENL [
    GEN_TAC THEN REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B(p:(1->num)->complex))):(1->num)->complex)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;in_complex_ring] THEN
    subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)` THENL [
      rw[scaled_pow_newton_rightside] THEN
      simp[FACT;RING_OF_NUM_1;ARITH_RULE `0+1 = 1`;const_1_x_pow] THEN
      simp[POLY_MUL_LID;poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
      have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
      subgoal `!t. ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_product complex_ring (complex_root p DELETE t) (\s. one_minus_constx complex_ring (I s)))` THENL [
        intro THEN
        qed[poly_product_poly;FINITE_DELETE;one_minus_constx_poly;in_complex_ring]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[poly_sum_poly]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1)) /\ 1 <= poly_ord(poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1)) yinv` THENL [
      have `e + 1 = 1` [ARITH_RULE `0 + 1 = 1`] THEN
      rw[know `e + 1 = 1`] THEN
      simp[poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
      have `FINITE(P DELETE(p:(1->num)->complex))` [FINITE_DELETE] THEN
      subgoal `!s. s IN P DELETE p ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring s) s) /\ ~(x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring s) s = poly_0 complex_ring)` THENL [
        intro THEN
        specialize_assuming[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`s:(1->num)->complex`;`y:complex`;`yinv:complex`]transcendence_ord_revp THEN
        qed[IN_DELETE]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      intro THENL [
        specialize[`complex_ring`;`\s. x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring s) s`]poly_product_poly THEN
        qed[FINITE_DELETE]
      ;
        simp[poly_ord_product] THEN
        have `q IN (P DELETE (p:(1->num)->complex))` [IN_DELETE] THEN
        specialize[`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`q:(1->num)->complex`;`y:complex`;`yinv:complex`]transcendence_ord_revp THEN
        have `poly_ord (x_truncreverse QinC_ring (poly_deg complex_ring q) q) yinv = 1` [] THEN
        qed[term_le_nsum]
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 <= poly_ord (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) yinv` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex`;
      `scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e`;
      `yinv:complex`;
      `1`
    ]poly_ord_mul_ge_ge0 THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)):(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))` [] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)) yinv` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)):(1->num)->complex`;
      `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)`;
      `yinv:complex`;
      `1`
    ]poly_ord_mul_ge0_ge THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B(p:(1->num)->complex))):(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))` [] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))) yinv` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B(p:(1->num)->complex):int)):(1->num)->complex`;
      `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1)):(1->num)->complex) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G(p:(1->num)->complex)) (e + 1):(1->num)->complex) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))`;
      `yinv:complex`;
      `1`
    ]poly_ord_mul_ge0_ge THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B p))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))))) /\ ~(poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B p))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e)))) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord(poly_sum complex_ring P (\p. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (complex_of_int (B p))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - (e + 1))) (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (G p) (e + 1)) (scaled_pow_newton_rightside complex_ring I (complex_root p) e))))) yinv = 0` THENL [
    have `!s:(1->num)->complex. s IN P ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (Z s:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `!s:(1->num)->complex. s IN P ==> ~(s = q) ==> Z s = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 1 <= poly_ord (Z s) yinv` [] THEN
    have `~(Z(q:(1->num)->complex) = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `poly_ord (Z(q:(1->num)->complex)) yinv < 1` [ARITH_RULE `0 < 1`] THEN
    specialize[`Z:((1->num)->complex)->((1->num)->complex)`;`yinv:complex`;`1`;`P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;`q:(1->num)->complex`]poly_ord_sum_dominant THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_ord_Hku = prove(`
  !P B t H u k.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  t = nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring p) ==>
  H = x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I) ==>
  (!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))) ==>
  1 <= k ==>
  (!q y yinv.
    q IN P ==>
    ~(B q = &0) ==>
    complex_root q y ==>
    y * yinv = Cx(&1) ==>
    (
      ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u)) /\
      ~(poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\
      poly_ord (
        poly_mul complex_ring (
          poly_pow complex_ring H k
        ) (
          series_from_coeffs u
        )
      ) yinv = k-1
    )
  )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  num_linear_fact `1 <= k ==> k = (k-1)+1` THEN
  have `poly_pow complex_ring H k = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k-1)) (poly_pow complex_ring H 1):(1->num)->complex` [poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
  have `poly_pow complex_ring H k = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k-1)) H:(1->num)->complex` [poly_pow_1;series_complex] THEN
  subgoal `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u) = poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k-1)) (poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u))` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`poly_pow complex_ring H (k-1):(1->num)->complex`;`H:(1->num)->complex`;`series_from_coeffs u:(1->num)->complex`]POLY_MUL_ASSOC THEN
    qed[series_complex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
    `t:num`;
    `H:(1->num)->complex`;
    `u:num->complex`
  ]transcendence_ord_Hu THEN
  have `poly_ord (poly_pow complex_ring H (k-1)) yinv = k-1` [transcendence_ord_Hk] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (H:(1->num)->complex)` [transcendence_H_poly] THEN
  have `coeff 0 (H:(1->num)->complex) = Cx(&1)` [transcendence_H_botcoeff1] THEN
  have `~(H = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [coeff_poly_0;complex_ring_clauses;ring_1_0_complex] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - 1):(1->num)->complex)` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u))` [] THEN
  have `~(poly_pow complex_ring H (k - 1) = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [nonzero_poly_pow;integral_domain_complex;series_complex] THEN
  have `~(poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u) = poly_0 complex_ring)` [] THEN
  specialize[`poly_pow complex_ring H (k-1):(1->num)->complex`;`poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u)`;`yinv:complex`]poly_ord_mul THEN
  have `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u)) yinv = poly_ord (poly_pow complex_ring H (k - 1)) yinv + poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u)) yinv` [] THEN
  have `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u)) yinv = (k-1) + poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring H (series_from_coeffs u)) yinv` [] THEN
  have `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u)) yinv = (k-1) + 0` [] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `(k-1)+0 = k-1`]
);;

(*
if rational functions U = e/g and V = f/g
satisfy U = V - xV - x^2 V'
then U cannot have a pole of order 1 at any nonzero point
*)
let transcendence_pole_order_ne1 = prove(`
  !U V e f g y yinv.
  y * yinv = Cx(&1) ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring e ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring f ==>
  ring_polynomial complex_ring g ==>
  ~(g = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  ~(e = poly_0 complex_ring) ==>
  poly_ord e yinv + 1 = poly_ord g yinv ==>
  poly_mul complex_ring g U = e ==>
  poly_mul complex_ring g V = f ==>
  poly_sub complex_ring (
    poly_sub complex_ring V (
      poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 1) V
    )
  ) (
    poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (x_derivative complex_ring V)
  ) = U ==>
  F
`,
  intro THEN
  recall series_complex THEN
  have `x_derivative complex_ring f = poly_add complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring g) V) (poly_mul complex_ring g (x_derivative complex_ring V))` [x_derivative_mul] THEN
  subgoal `poly_mul complex_ring e g = poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))))` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) e g = ring_sub (x_series complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (ring_sub (x_series complex_ring) (ring_1 (x_series complex_ring)) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) f g)) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 2) (ring_sub (x_series complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) f (x_derivative complex_ring g))))` THENL [
      have `U IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `V IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `x_derivative complex_ring V IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `e IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `f IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `x_derivative complex_ring f IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `g IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `x_derivative complex_ring g IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `x_pow complex_ring 1 IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `x_pow complex_ring 2 IN ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `x_series complex_ring`;
        `U:(1->num)->complex`;
        `V:(1->num)->complex`;
        `x_derivative complex_ring V:(1->num)->complex`;
        `e:(1->num)->complex`;
        `f:(1->num)->complex`;
        `x_derivative complex_ring f:(1->num)->complex`;
        `g:(1->num)->complex`;
        `x_derivative complex_ring g:(1->num)->complex`;
        `x_pow complex_ring 1`;
        `x_pow complex_ring 2`
      ](GENL[
        `r:R ring`;
        `U:R`;
        `V:R`;
        `V':R`;
        `e:R`;
        `f:R`;
        `f':R`;
        `g:R`;
        `g':R`;
        `x1:R`;
        `x2:R`
      ](RING_RULE `
        ring_mul(r:R ring) g U = e ==>
        ring_mul r g V = f ==>
        ring_sub r (ring_sub r V (ring_mul r x1 V)) (ring_mul r x2 V') = U ==>
        f' = ring_add r (ring_mul r g' V) (ring_mul r g V') ==>
        ring_mul r e g = 
        ring_sub r (ring_mul r (ring_sub r (ring_1 r) x1) (ring_mul r f g)) (ring_mul r x2 (ring_sub r (ring_mul r f' g) (ring_mul r f g')))
      `)) THEN
      have `ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) g U = e` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) g V = f` [x_series_use] THEN
      have `ring_sub (x_series complex_ring) (ring_sub (x_series complex_ring) V (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1) V)) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 2) (x_derivative complex_ring V)) = U` [x_series_use;x_series_sub_use] THEN
      have `x_derivative complex_ring f = ring_add (x_series complex_ring) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (x_derivative complex_ring g) V) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) g (x_derivative complex_ring V))` [x_series_use] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[x_series_use;x_series_sub_use]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring e g) /\ ~(poly_mul complex_ring e g = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring e g) yinv = poly_ord e yinv + poly_ord g yinv` [poly_ord_mul] THEN
  have `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring e g) yinv + 1 = 2 * poly_ord g yinv` [ARITH_RULE `E+1 = G ==> M = E+G ==> M+1 = 2*G`] THEN
  case `f = poly_0 complex_ring \/ poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord f yinv` THENL [
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring f g) /\ (poly_mul complex_ring f g = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 2 * poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring f g) yinv)` [poly_ord_mul_ge_ge;LE_REFL;ARITH_RULE `a + a = 2*a`] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)`;
      `poly_mul complex_ring f g:(1->num)->complex`;
      `yinv:complex`;
      `2 * poly_ord g yinv`
    ]poly_ord_mul_ge0_ge THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;x_pow_poly;RING_POLYNOMIAL_1] THEN
    have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 2 * poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) yinv` [] THEN
    have `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 2 * poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) yinv` [poly_ord_derivative_ge] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2)` [x_pow_poly] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;x_derivative_polynomial] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_pow complex_ring 2`;
      `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))`;
      `yinv:complex`;
      `2 * poly_ord g yinv`
    ]poly_ord_mul_ge0_ge THEN
    subgoal `2 * poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring e g) yinv` THENL [
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g))` [] THEN
      have `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 2 * poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) yinv` [] THEN
      have `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ 2 * poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) yinv` [] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)`;
        `poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))`;
        `yinv:complex`;
        `2 * poly_ord g yinv`
      ]poly_ord_sub_ge THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    num_linear_fact `2 * poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring e g) yinv ==> poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring e g) yinv + 1 = 2 * poly_ord g yinv ==> poly_ord e yinv + 1 = poly_ord g yinv ==> F` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_ord f yinv < poly_ord g yinv` [ARITH_RULE `~(a <= b) ==> b < a:num`] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) /\ ~(poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) yinv = (poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv) - 1` [poly_ord_derivative_pole] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring f g) /\ ~(poly_mul complex_ring f g = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring f g) yinv = poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv` [poly_ord_mul] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) /\ (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g) = poly_0 complex_ring \/ poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv <= poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) yinv)` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[
      `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)`;
      `poly_mul complex_ring f g:(1->num)->complex`;
      `yinv:complex`;
      `poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv`
    ]poly_ord_mul_ge0_ge THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;x_pow_poly;RING_POLYNOMIAL_1] THEN
    qed[LE_REFL]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) /\ ~(x_pow complex_ring 2 = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (x_pow complex_ring 2) yinv = 0` THENL [
    complex_field_fact `y * yinv = Cx (&1) ==> ~(yinv = Cx(&0))` THEN
    qed[poly_ord_x_pow]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial complex_ring ( poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) /\ ~(poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) yinv = (poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv) - 1` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[
      `x_pow complex_ring 2`;
      `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))`;
      `yinv:complex`
    ]poly_ord_mul THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) /\ ~(poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) yinv = 0 + poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) yinv` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) /\ ~(poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) yinv = 0 + (poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv) - 1` [] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `0+d = d`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring e g) yinv = (poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv) - 1` THENL [
    num_linear_fact `poly_ord e yinv + 1 = poly_ord g yinv ==> (poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv) - 1 < poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv` THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)`;
      `poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))`;
      `yinv:complex`;
      `poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv`
    ]poly_ord_sub_dominant THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_1 complex_ring) (x_pow complex_ring 1)) (poly_mul complex_ring f g)) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g))))) yinv = poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) yinv` [] THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring e g) yinv = poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (poly_sub complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (x_derivative complex_ring f) g) (poly_mul complex_ring f (x_derivative complex_ring g)))) yinv` [] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `poly_ord e yinv + poly_ord g yinv = (poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv) - 1` [] THEN
  num_linear_fact `poly_ord e yinv + 1 = poly_ord g yinv ==> poly_ord e yinv + poly_ord g yinv = (poly_ord f yinv + poly_ord g yinv) - 1 ==> ~(poly_ord f yinv < poly_ord g yinv)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_mostly_0 = prove(`
  !P B q y.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  q IN P ==>
  ~(B q = &0) ==>
  complex_root q y ==>
  y = Cx(&0)
`,
  intro THEN
  def `t:num` `nsum P (\p. poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex))` THEN
  def `H:(1->num)->complex` `x_truncreverse QinC_ring t (poly_product QinC_ring P I):(1->num)->complex` THEN
  def `u:num->complex` `\n. ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n)` THEN
  have `!n. u n = (ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (complex_of_int(B p)) * complex_root_powersums p n))` [] THEN
  def `v:num->complex` `\n. ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)` THEN
  have `!n. v n = ring_sum complex_ring (0..n) (\i. Cx(&(FACT(n-i) * binom(n,i))) * u i)` [] THEN
  case `~(y = Cx(&0))` THENL [
    def `yinv:complex` `inv y:complex` THEN
    have `y * yinv = Cx(&1)` [COMPLEX_MUL_RINV] THEN
    def `U:(1->num)->complex` `series_from_coeffs u:(1->num)->complex` THEN
    def `V:(1->num)->complex` `series_from_coeffs v:(1->num)->complex` THEN
    have `poly_sub complex_ring (poly_sub complex_ring (V) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 1) (V))) (poly_mul complex_ring (x_pow complex_ring 2) (x_derivative complex_ring (V))) = U` [transcendence_uv_diffeq] THEN
    specialize[
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
      `t:num`;
      `H:(1->num)->complex`;
      `u:num->complex`;
      `v:num->complex`
    ]transcendence_Hv_poly THEN
    choose `k:num` `1 <= k /\ ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k:(1->num)->complex) V)` [] THEN
    have `1 <= k` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `B:((1->num)->complex)->int`;
      `t:num`;
      `H:(1->num)->complex`;
      `u:num->complex`;
      `k:num`
    ]transcendence_ord_Hku THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u)) /\ ~(poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u) = poly_0 complex_ring) /\ poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) (series_from_coeffs u)) yinv = k - 1` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) U:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) V:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_pow_poly;transcendence_H_poly] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (H:(1->num)->complex) = Cx(&1)` [transcendence_H_botcoeff1] THEN
    have `~(H = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [coeff_poly_0;complex_ring_clauses;ring_1_0_complex] THEN
    have `~(poly_pow complex_ring H k = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [nonzero_poly_pow;integral_domain_complex;series_complex] THEN
    have `~(poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) U = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_pow complex_ring H k) yinv = k` [transcendence_ord_Hk] THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) U) yinv = k-1` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `1 <= k ==> (k-1)+1 = k` THEN
    have `poly_ord (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) U) yinv + 1 = poly_ord (poly_pow complex_ring H k) yinv` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `U:(1->num)->complex`;
      `V:(1->num)->complex`;
      `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) U:(1->num)->complex`;
      `poly_mul complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring H k) V:(1->num)->complex`;
      `poly_pow complex_ring H k:(1->num)->complex`;
      `y:complex`;
      `yinv:complex`
    ]transcendence_pole_order_ne1 THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let transcendence_mostly_0_x = prove(`
  !P B q.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  q IN P ==>
  ~(B q = &0) ==>
  q = x_pow QinC_ring 1
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [distinct_minpolys] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~(poly_deg complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex) = 0)` [distinct_minpolys_deg_nonzero] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(poly_deg complex_ring (q:(1->num)->complex) = 0) ==> 1 <= poly_deg complex_ring q` THEN
  choose `z:complex` `poly_eval complex_ring q z = Cx(&0)` [nonconstant_complex_root] THEN
  have `complex_root q z` [complex_root] THEN
  have `z = Cx(&0)` [transcendence_mostly_0] THEN
  qed[distinct_minpolys_zero_root]
);;

let transcendence_all_0 = prove(`
  !P B.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int(B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!q. q IN P ==> B q = &0)
`,
  intro THEN
  case `q = x_pow QinC_ring 1` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. if p = x_pow QinC_ring 1 then complex_of_int (B(x_pow QinC_ring 1)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root(x_pow QinC_ring 1)) cexp else ring_0 complex_ring)` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      proven_if `a = x_pow QinC_ring 1` [] THEN
      have `B(a:(1->num)->complex) = &0:int` [transcendence_mostly_0_x] THEN
      simp[complex_of_int;GSYM REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES] THEN
      qed[COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO;complex_ring_clauses]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. if p = x_pow QinC_ring 1 then complex_of_int (B(x_pow QinC_ring 1)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root(x_pow QinC_ring 1)) cexp else ring_0 complex_ring) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `x_pow QinC_ring 1`;
      `complex_of_int (B (x_pow QinC_ring 1)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root (x_pow QinC_ring 1)) cexp`
    ]RING_SUM_DELTA THEN
    have `complex_of_int (B (x_pow QinC_ring 1)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root (x_pow QinC_ring 1)) cexp = Cx(&0)` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root (x_pow QinC_ring 1)) cexp = Cx(&1)` THENL [
      rw[complex_root_x_pow;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`;RING_SUM_SING;in_complex_ring;CEXP_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `complex_of_int (B (x_pow QinC_ring 1)) * Cx(&1) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    have `complex_of_int (B (x_pow QinC_ring 1)) = Cx(&0)` [COMPLEX_MUL_RID] THEN
    have `real_of_int (B (x_pow QinC_ring 1)) = &0` [complex_of_int;CX_INJ] THEN
    qed[REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[transcendence_mostly_0_x]
);;

let transcendence_all_0_ZinC = prove(`
  !P B.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> B p IN ZinC) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> B p = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro THEN
  def `intB:((1->num)->complex)->int` `\p:(1->num)->complex. @i. B p = complex_of_int i` THEN
  subgoal `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P ==> B q = complex_of_int(intB q)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    simp[] THEN
    have `B(q:(1->num)->complex) IN ZinC` [] THEN
    qed[ZinC;IN_ELIM_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int (intB p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. complex_of_int (intB p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx (&0)` [] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `intB:((1->num)->complex)->int`
  ]transcendence_all_0 THEN
  have `intB(p:(1->num)->complex) = &0:int` [] THEN
  have `B(p:(1->num)->complex) = complex_of_int(&0)` [] THEN
  qed[complex_of_int;REAL_OF_INT_CLAUSES]
);;

let transcendence_all_0_QinC = prove(`
  !P B.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> B p IN QinC) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. (B p) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!p. p IN P ==> B p = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `d:num` `(~(d = 0) /\ !p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> Cx(&d) * B p IN ZinC)` [multi_QinC_to_ZinC] THEN
  def `C:((1->num)->complex)->complex` `\p:(1->num)->complex. Cx(&d) * B p` THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> C p IN ZinC` [] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. C p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    simp[GSYM COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
    simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    simp[VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL] THEN
    simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    simp[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `C(p:(1->num)->complex) = Cx(&0)` [transcendence_all_0_ZinC] THEN
  have `Cx(&d) * B(p:(1->num)->complex) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  have `~(&d = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
  have `~(Cx(&d) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
  complex_field_fact `~(Cx(&d) = Cx(&0)) ==> Cx(&d) * B(p:(1->num)->complex) = Cx(&0) ==> B p = Cx(&0)` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendence_all_0_QinC_weight1 = prove(`
  !P.
  FINITE P ==>
  distinct_minpolys P ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0) ==>
  P = {}
`,
  intro THEN
  def `B:((1->num)->complex)->complex` `\p:(1->num)->complex. Cx(&1)` THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> B p IN QinC` [QinC_1] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    qed[COMPLEX_MUL_LID]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> B p = Cx(&0)` [transcendence_all_0_QinC] THEN
  complex_field_fact `~(Cx(&1) = Cx(&0))` THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. ~(p IN P)` [] THEN
  qed[EMPTY;EXTENSION;IN]
);;

let transcendence_all_0_QinC_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !S c.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring S (\s:X. cexp(c s)) = Cx(&0) ==>
  S = {}
`,
  intro THEN
  have `monic complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex))` [monic_vanishing_at_monic;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `monic QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex))` [monic_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  recall field_QinC THEN
  specialize[
    `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex)`
  ]monic_factorization_distinct_minpolys THEN
  choose2 `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` `e:((1->num)->complex)->num` `FINITE P /\ distinct_minpolys P /\ (!p. p IN P ==> ~(e p = 0)) /\ poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex)` [] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. Cx(&(e p)) IN QinC` [num_in_QinC] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx(&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    have `!z. poly_ord (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S c) z = CARD {s:X | s IN S /\ z = c s:complex}` [poly_ord_monic_vanishing_at] THEN
    have `!z. poly_ord (poly_product QinC_ring P (\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p))) z = nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0)` [ord_product_distinct_minpolys] THEN
    have `!z. CARD {s:X | s IN S /\ z = c s:complex} = nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0)` [] THEN
    set_fact `!z. {s:X | s IN S /\ c s = z:complex} = {s:X | s IN S /\ z = c s:complex}` THEN
    subgoal `!z. FINITE {s:X | s IN S /\ c s = z:complex}` THENL [
      intro THEN
      specialize[
        `S:X->bool`;
        `\s:X. c s = z:complex`
      ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `FINITE(IMAGE (c:X->complex) S)` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx(&(if complex_root p z then e p else 0)) * cexp z)) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
      subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE c S) (\z. Cx(&(CARD {x:X | x IN S /\ c x = z})) * cexp z) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
        specialize[
          `complex_ring`;
          `c:X->complex`;
          `\s:X. cexp (c s)`;
          `S:X->bool`;
        ]RING_SUM_IMAGE_GEN THEN
        have `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE c S) (\y. ring_sum complex_ring {x | x IN S /\ c x = y} (\s:X. cexp (c s))) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
        subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE c S) (\y. ring_sum complex_ring {x | x IN S /\ c x = y} (\s:X. cexp (c s))) = ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE c S) (\y. ring_sum complex_ring {x | x IN S /\ c x = y} (\s:X. cexp y))` THENL [
          sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
          rw[BETA_THM] THEN
          intro THEN
          sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
          rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        have `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE c S) (\y. ring_sum complex_ring {x | x IN S /\ c x = y} (\s:X. cexp y)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
        subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE c S) (\z. Cx(&(CARD {x | x IN S /\ c x = z})) * cexp z) = ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE c S) (\y. ring_sum complex_ring {x | x IN S /\ c x = y} (\s:X. cexp y))` THENL [
          sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
          rw[BETA_THM] THEN
          intro THEN
          have `FINITE {x:X | x IN S /\ c x = a:complex}` [] THEN
          have `cexp a IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
          specialize[
            `complex_ring`;
            `cexp a`;
            `{x:X | x IN S /\ c x = a:complex}`
          ]ring_sum_const THEN
          qed[ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num;complex_ring_clauses]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        simporqed
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. Cx(&(nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0))) * cexp z) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
        subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. Cx(&(nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0))) * cexp z) = ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE c S) (\z. Cx(&(CARD {x:X | x IN S /\ c x = z})) * cexp z)` THENL [
          sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
          simporqed
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        simporqed
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. Cx(&(nsum P (\p. if complex_root p z then e p else 0))) * cexp z) = ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx(&(if complex_root p z then e p else 0)) * cexp z))` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
        simp[VSUM_COMPLEX_RMUL] THEN
        simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
        rw[GSYM complex_of_num] THEN
        rw[GSYM ring_of_num_complex] THEN
        simp[ring_sum_num]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx(&(if complex_root p z then e p else 0)) * cexp z)) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. Cx(&(if complex_root p z then e p else 0)) * cexp z))` THENL [
      specialize_assuming[
        `complex_ring`;
        `\z p. Cx (&(if complex_root p z then e p else 0)) * cexp z`;
        `IMAGE (c:X->complex) S`;
        `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`
      ]RING_SUM_SWAP THEN
      qed[in_complex_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. Cx(&(if complex_root p z then e p else 0)) * cexp z)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. Cx(&(if complex_root p z then e p else 0)) * cexp z)) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. if z IN complex_root p then Cx(&(e p)) * cexp z else ring_0 complex_ring))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;IN] THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      qed[COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. if z IN complex_root p then Cx(&(e p)) * cexp z else ring_0 complex_ring)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (c:X->complex) S) (\z. if z IN complex_root p then Cx(&(e p)) * cexp z else ring_0 complex_ring)) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring {z | z IN IMAGE (c:X->complex) S /\ z IN complex_root p} (\z. Cx(&(e p)) * cexp z))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      simp[RING_SUM_RESTRICT_SET]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring {z | z IN IMAGE (c:X->complex) S /\ z IN complex_root p} (\z. Cx(&(e p)) * cexp z)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    subgoal `!p. p IN P ==> {z | z IN IMAGE (c:X->complex) S /\ z IN complex_root p} = complex_root p` THENL [
      intro THEN
      rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM;IN_IMAGE] THEN
      intro THEN
      splitiff THENL [
        qed[]
      ;
        intro THEN
        have `FINITE(P:((1->num)->complex)->bool)` [] THEN
        specialize[
          `\p. if complex_root p x then e p else 0`;
          `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
          `p:(1->num)->complex`
        ]term_le_nsum THEN
        have `e(p:(1->num)->complex) <= nsum P (\p. if complex_root p x then e p else 0)` [IN] THEN
        have `~(nsum P (\p. if complex_root p x then e p else 0) = 0)` [ARITH_RULE `~(e = 0) ==> e <= n ==> ~(n = 0)`] THEN
        have `~(CARD {s:X | s IN S /\ x = c s:complex} = 0)` [] THEN
        specialize[
          `S:X->bool`;
          `\s:X. x = c s:complex`
        ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
        have `~({s:X | s IN S /\ x = c s:complex} = {})` [CARD_EQ_0] THEN
        ASM SET_TAC[]
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. ring_sum complex_ring {z | z IN IMAGE (c:X->complex) S /\ z IN complex_root p} (\z. Cx (&(e p)) * cexp z)) = ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. Cx(&(e p)) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp)` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      simp[] THEN
      have `FINITE(complex_root a)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root] THEN
      simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
      simp[VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `\p:(1->num)->complex. Cx(&(e p))`
  ]transcendence_all_0_QinC THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> Cx (&(e p)) = Cx (&0)` [] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> &(e p) = &0:real` [CX_INJ] THEN
  have `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> e p = 0` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_product QinC_ring P (\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = poly_1 QinC_ring` THENL [
    subgoal `poly_product QinC_ring P (\p:(1->num)->complex. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e p)) = poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_1 QinC_ring)` THENL [
      sufficesby poly_product_eq THEN
      qed[poly_pow_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `QinC_ring`;
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`
    ]poly_product_1 THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex) = poly_1 QinC_ring` [] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S (c:X->complex)) = CARD S` [deg_monic_vanishing_at;ring_1_0_complex;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `poly_deg complex_ring (poly_1 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex) = 0` [poly_1_QinC_eq_poly_1_complex;POLY_DEG_1] THEN
  have `CARD(S:X->bool) = 0` [] THEN
  qed[CARD_EQ_0]
);;

let transcendence_weighted_QinC_monic_vanishing_at = prove(`
  !S:X->bool b:X->complex c:Y->complex f:X->(Y->bool).
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> b s IN QinC) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> FINITE(f s)) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (f s) c)) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. b s * ring_sum complex_ring (f s) (cexp o c)) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!a. ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. b s * Cx(&(numpreimages c (f s) a))) = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> monic complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (f s) (c:Y->complex))` [monic_vanishing_at_monic;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> monic QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (f s) (c:Y->complex))` [monic_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (f s) (c:Y->complex))` [monic_vanishing_at_poly] THEN
  recall field_QinC THEN
  specialize[
    `S:X->bool`;
    `\s:X. monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (f s) (c:Y->complex)`
  ]multi_monic_factorization_distinct_minpolys THEN
  choose2 `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` `e:X->((1->num)->complex)->num` `FINITE P /\ distinct_minpolys P /\ (!s:X. s IN S ==> poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e s p)) = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (f s) (c:Y->complex))` [] THEN
  def `B:((1->num)->complex)->complex` `\p:(1->num)->complex. ring_sum complex_ring S (\s:X. b s * Cx(&(e s p)))` THEN
  subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> B p IN QinC` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    rw[GSYM QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    rw[GSYM subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    intro THEN
    sufficesby ring_sum_in_subring THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    sufficesby RING_MUL THEN
    rw[subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    rw[QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[num_in_QinC]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `FINITE(P:((1->num)->complex)->bool)` [] THEN
  have `distinct_minpolys P` [] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx (&0)` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    simp[GSYM VSUM_COMPLEX_RMUL] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `\p s:X. (b s * Cx(&(e s p))) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp`;
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `S:X->bool`
    ]VSUM_SWAP THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[GSYM COMPLEX_MUL_ASSOC] THEN
    simp[VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL] THEN
    subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> vsum P (\p. (Cx (&(e s p))) * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = ring_sum complex_ring (f s:Y->bool) (cexp o c)` THENL [
      simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `FINITE(f(s:X):Y->bool)` [] THEN
      have `poly_product QinC_ring P (\p. poly_pow QinC_ring p (e s p)) = monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (f(s:X):Y->bool) c` [] THEN
      specialize[
        `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
        `f(s:X):Y->bool`;
        `e(s:X):((1->num)->complex)->num`;
        `c:Y->complex`;
        `cexp`
      ]sum_root_decomposition_if_monic_vanishing_at_factorization THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    qed[vsum_ring_sum_complex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> B p = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `B:((1->num)->complex)->complex`
    ]transcendence_all_0_QinC THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> numpreimages c (f s:Y->bool) a = nsum P (\p. if complex_root p a then e s p else 0)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
      `e(s:X):((1->num)->complex)->num`;
      `a:complex`
    ]ord_product_distinct_minpolys THEN
    have `FINITE(f(s:X):Y->bool)` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `f(s:X):Y->bool`;
      `c:Y->complex`;
      `a:complex`
    ]poly_ord_monic_vanishing_at_numpreimages THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> ~complex_root p a` THENL [
    subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> nsum P (\p. if complex_root p a then e s p else 0) = nsum P (\p. 0)` THENL [
      intro THEN
      sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> numpreimages c (f s:Y->bool) (a:complex) = 0` [NSUM_0] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring S (\s:X. b s * Cx (&(numpreimages c (f s:Y->bool) (a:complex)))) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. Cx(&0))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `numpreimages c (f(a':X):Y->bool) (a:complex) = 0` [] THEN
      simp[] THEN
      qed[COMPLEX_MUL_RZERO]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    rw[RING_SUM_0]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->complex` `q IN P /\ complex_root q a` [] THEN
  have_rw `Cx(&0) = B(q:(1->num)->complex)` [] THEN
  have_rw `B(q:(1->num)->complex) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\s:X. b s * Cx(&(e s q)))` [] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `nsum P (\p. if complex_root p a then e a' p else 0) = nsum P (\p. if p = q then e(a':X) q else 0)` THENL [
    sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
    qed[distinct_minpolys_distinct_roots]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[NSUM_DELTA]
);;

(* ===== e is transcendental *)

(* warmup, marginally easier *)
let e_is_irrational = prove(`
  ~(cexp(Cx(&1)) IN QinC)
`,
  intro THEN
  def `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` `IMAGE (\n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n))) (0..1)` THEN
  have `FINITE(P:((1->num)->complex)->bool)` [FINITE_IMAGE;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  subgoal `distinct_minpolys P` THENL [
    rw[distinct_minpolys] THEN
    REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
    REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
    choose `n:num` `n IN (0..1) /\ p = x_minus_const QinC_ring(Cx(&n))` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    have `Cx(&n) IN QinC` [num_in_ZinC;ZinC_in_QinC] THEN
    qed[irred_x_minus_const;field_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  def `B:((1->num)->complex)->complex` `\p:(1->num)->complex. if p = x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&0)) then -- cexp(Cx(&1)) else Cx(&1)` THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx (&0)` THENL [
    subgoal `!m n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&m)) = x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n)) ==> m = n` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `coeff 0 (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&m))) = coeff 0 (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n)))` [] THEN
      have `coeff 0 (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&m))) = ring_neg QinC_ring (Cx(&n))` [coeff_x_minus_const;num_in_ZinC;ZinC_in_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
      have `ring_neg QinC_ring (Cx(&m)) = ring_neg QinC_ring (Cx(&n))` [coeff_x_minus_const;num_in_ZinC;ZinC_in_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
      have `Cx(&m) = Cx(&n)` [RING_NEG_EQ;num_in_ZinC;ZinC_in_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
      have `&m = &n:real` [CX_INJ] THEN
      qed[REAL_OF_NUM_CLAUSES]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `!m n. m IN (0..1) ==> n IN (0..1) ==> x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&m)) = x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n)) ==> m = n` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n))`;
      `\p:(1->num)->complex. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp`;
      `(0..1)`
    ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
    have_rw `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..1) ((\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) o (\n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&n))))` [] THEN
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `1 = SUC 0`;in_complex_ring;ARITH_RULE `0 <= SUC 0`;o_THM] THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC 0 = 1`] THEN
    have_rw `complex_root (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&0))) = {Cx(&0)}` [complex_root_x_minus_const;x_minus_const_QinC_eq_x_minus_const_complex] THEN
    have_rw `complex_root (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&1))) = {Cx(&1)}` [complex_root_x_minus_const;x_minus_const_QinC_eq_x_minus_const_complex] THEN
    rw[RING_SUM_SING;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have_rw `B (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&0))) = --cexp(Cx(&1))` [] THEN
    have_rw `B (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&1))) = Cx(&1)` [ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses;CEXP_0] THEN
    CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!p:(1->num)->complex. p IN P ==> B p IN QinC` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `--cexp(Cx(&1)) IN QinC` [neg_in_QinC] THEN
    have `Cx(&1) IN QinC` [QinC_1] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->complex`
  ]transcendence_all_0_QinC THEN
  have `x_minus_const QinC_ring(Cx(&0)) IN P` [IN_NUMSEG_0;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 1`;IN_IMAGE] THEN
  have `--cexp(Cx(&1)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  complex_field_fact `--cexp(Cx(&1)) = Cx(&0) ==> cexp(Cx(&1)) = Cx(&0)` THEN
  qed[CEXP_NZ]
);;

let e_is_transcendental = prove(`
  ~(algebraic_number(cexp(Cx(&1))))
`,
  rw[algebraic_number] THEN
  intro THEN
  def `d:num` `poly_deg ZinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` THEN
  have `d = poly_deg complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_empty] THEN
  def `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool` `IMAGE (\n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n))) (0..d)` THEN
  have `FINITE(P:((1->num)->complex)->bool)` [FINITE_IMAGE;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  subgoal `distinct_minpolys P` THENL [
    rw[distinct_minpolys] THEN
    REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
    REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
    choose `n:num` `p' = x_minus_const QinC_ring(Cx(&n))` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    have `Cx(&n) IN QinC` [num_in_ZinC;ZinC_in_QinC] THEN
    qed[irred_x_minus_const;field_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!m n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&m)) = x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n)) ==> m = n` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `coeff 0 (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&m))) = coeff 0 (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n)))` [] THEN
    have `coeff 0 (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&m))) = ring_neg QinC_ring (Cx(&n))` [coeff_x_minus_const;num_in_ZinC;ZinC_in_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
    have `ring_neg QinC_ring (Cx(&m)) = ring_neg QinC_ring (Cx(&n))` [coeff_x_minus_const;num_in_ZinC;ZinC_in_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses;ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
    have `Cx(&m) = Cx(&n)` [RING_NEG_EQ;num_in_ZinC;ZinC_in_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `&m = &n:real` [CX_INJ] THEN
    qed[REAL_OF_NUM_CLAUSES]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  def `B:((1->num)->complex)->complex` `\q:(1->num)->complex. coeff (@n. q = x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n))) (p:(1->num)->complex)` THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = Cx (&0)` THENL [
    have `!m n. m IN (0..d) ==> n IN (0..d) ==> x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&m)) = x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n)) ==> m = n` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&n))`;
      `\p:(1->num)->complex. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp`;
      `(0..d)`
    ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
    have_rw `ring_sum complex_ring P (\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..d) ((\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) o (\n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&n))))` [] THEN
    subgoal `poly_eval complex_ring p (cexp(Cx(&1))) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..d) ((\p. B p * ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) cexp) o (\n. x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&n))))` THENL [
      have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_ZinC] THEN
      have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly complex_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
      have `p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring complex_ring (:1))` [x_poly] THEN
      specialize_assuming[`complex_ring`;`cexp(Cx(&1))`;`p:(1->num)->complex`]POLY_EVAL_EXPAND THEN
      have_rw `poly_eval complex_ring p (cexp (Cx (&1))) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..d) (\i. ring_mul complex_ring (p (\v. i)) (ring_pow complex_ring (cexp (Cx (&1))) i))` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;o_THM] THEN
      rw[complex_ring_clauses;ring_pow_complex] THEN
      rw[complex_root_x_minus_const;x_minus_const_QinC_eq_x_minus_const_complex] THEN
      rw[GSYM CEXP_N;COMPLEX_MUL_RID] THEN
      have `B (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&a))) = coeff a p:complex` [] THEN
      have `B (x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx (&a))) = p (\v:1. a):complex` [coeff;x_monomial] THEN
      have `B (x_minus_const complex_ring (Cx (&a))) = p (\v:1. a):complex` [x_minus_const_QinC_eq_x_minus_const_complex] THEN
      qed[RING_SUM_SING;in_complex_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!q:(1->num)->complex. q IN P ==> B q IN QinC` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_QinC_if_poly_ZinC] THEN
    qed [coeff_poly_in_ring;QinC_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `P:((1->num)->complex)->bool`;
    `B:((1->num)->complex)->complex`
  ]transcendence_all_0_QinC THEN
  have `~(coeff d p = Cx(&0))` [topcoeff_nonzero;ZinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&d)) IN P` [IN_IMAGE;IN_NUMSEG_0;ARITH_RULE `d <= d:num`] THEN
  have `B(x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&d))) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  have `B(x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&d))) = coeff d p:complex` [] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== algebraic numbers closed under mul, add *)

let algebraic_number_mul = prove(`
  !y z.
  algebraic_number y ==>
  algebraic_number z ==>
  algebraic_number (y*z)
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `p:(1->num)->complex` `(ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring) /\ monic QinC_ring p /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p /\ poly_eval complex_ring p y = Cx(&0))` [algebraic_number_is_root_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly] THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->complex` `(ring_polynomial QinC_ring q /\ ~(q = poly_0 QinC_ring) /\ monic QinC_ring q /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) q /\ poly_eval complex_ring q z = Cx(&0))` [algebraic_number_is_root_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly] THEN
  have `!e. complex_root_powersums p e IN QinC` [complex_root_powersums_QinC_monic_irreducible_QinC] THEN
  have `!e. complex_root_powersums q e IN QinC` [complex_root_powersums_QinC_monic_irreducible_QinC] THEN
  def `pq:(1->num)->complex` `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\(y,z). y*z)` THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root_simple] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root q)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root_simple] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q)` [FINITE_CROSS] THEN
  have `y IN complex_root p` [complex_root;IN] THEN
  have `z IN complex_root q` [complex_root;IN] THEN
  have `(y,z) IN complex_root p CROSS complex_root q` [IN_CROSS] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (pq:(1->num)->complex)` THENL [
    have `ring_hasQ (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [ring_hasQ_QinC;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    subgoal `!d. ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\s. ring_pow complex_ring ((\(y,z). y * z) s) d) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` THENL [
      intro THEN
      rw[subring_complex_QinC] THEN
      rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      rw[LAMBDA_PAIR] THEN
      simp[RING_MUL_POW;in_complex_ring] THEN
      rw[GSYM LAMBDA_PAIR] THEN
      have `!x. x IN complex_root p ==> ring_pow complex_ring x d IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      have `!y. y IN complex_root q ==> ring_pow complex_ring y d IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      specialize[
        `complex_ring`;
        `complex_root p`;
        `complex_root q`;
        `\x. ring_pow complex_ring x d`;
        `\y. ring_pow complex_ring y d`
      ]ring_sum_cross_mul THEN
      simp[] THEN
      rw[ring_pow_complex;complex_ring_clauses;GSYM complex_root_powersums;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
      qed[mul_in_QinC]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `complex_ring`;
      `QinC`;
      `complex_root p CROSS complex_root q`;
      `\(y,z). y * z:complex`
    ]poly_subring_if_powersums_subring THEN
    qed[in_complex_ring;subring_complex_QinC]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `algebraic_number ((\(y,z). y*z) (y,z))` [algebraic_number_if_monic_vanishing_at_QinC] THEN
  havetac `((\(y,z). y*z) (y,z)) = y*z:complex` (rw[]) THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* or can prove this more directly on poly coeffs *)
let algebraic_number_neg = prove(`
  !z.
  algebraic_number z ==>
  algebraic_number (-- z)
`,
  intro THEN
  complex_field_fact `--z = (-- Cx(&1)) * z` THEN
  have `Cx(&1) IN ZinC` [ZinC_1] THEN
  have `-- Cx(&1) IN ZinC` [neg_in_ZinC] THEN
  have `algebraic_number (-- Cx(&1))` [algebraic_number_ZinC] THEN
  qed[algebraic_number_mul]
);;

let algebraic_number_add = prove(`
  !y z.
  algebraic_number y ==>
  algebraic_number z ==>
  algebraic_number (y+z)
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `p:(1->num)->complex` `(ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\ ~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring) /\ monic QinC_ring p /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) p /\ poly_eval complex_ring p y = Cx(&0))` [algebraic_number_is_root_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly] THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->complex` `(ring_polynomial QinC_ring q /\ ~(q = poly_0 QinC_ring) /\ monic QinC_ring q /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) q /\ poly_eval complex_ring q z = Cx(&0))` [algebraic_number_is_root_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly] THEN
  have `!e. complex_root_powersums p e IN QinC` [complex_root_powersums_QinC_monic_irreducible_QinC] THEN
  have `!e. complex_root_powersums q e IN QinC` [complex_root_powersums_QinC_monic_irreducible_QinC] THEN
  def `pq:(1->num)->complex` `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\(y,z). y+z)` THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root_simple] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root q)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root_simple] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q)` [FINITE_CROSS] THEN
  have `y IN complex_root p` [complex_root;IN] THEN
  have `z IN complex_root q` [complex_root;IN] THEN
  have `(y,z) IN complex_root p CROSS complex_root q` [IN_CROSS] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (pq:(1->num)->complex)` THENL [
    have `ring_hasQ (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [ring_hasQ_QinC;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    subgoal `!d. ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\s. ring_pow complex_ring ((\(y,z). y + z) s) d) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` THENL [
      intro THEN
      rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      rw[LAMBDA_PAIR] THEN
      simp[RING_MUL_POW;in_complex_ring] THEN
      rw[GSYM LAMBDA_PAIR] THEN
      simp[RING_BINOMIAL_THEOREM;in_complex_ring] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `complex_ring`;
        `\(x,y) k. ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,k))) (ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x k) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - k)))`;
        `complex_root p CROSS complex_root q`;
        `0..d`
      ]RING_SUM_SWAP THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q)
          (\(x,y).
               ring_sum complex_ring (0..d)
               (\k.
                     ring_mul complex_ring
                     (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,k)))
                     (ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x k)
                     (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - k)))))
               =
               ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q)
          (\i.
               ring_sum complex_ring (0..d)
               ((\(x,y) k.
                     ring_mul complex_ring
                     (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,k)))
                     (ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x k)
                     (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - k))))
               i))`
               THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM;LAMBDA_PAIR]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\i. ring_sum complex_ring (0..d) ((\(x,y) k. ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,k))) (ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x k) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - k)))) i)) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..d) (\j. ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\i. (\(x,y) k. ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,k))) (ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x k) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - k)))) i j))` [in_complex_ring;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
      simp[] THEN
      sufficesby ring_sum_in_subring THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;LAMBDA_PAIR] THEN
      rw[GSYM LAMBDA_PAIR] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\(x,y). ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,s))) (ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x s) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s)))) = ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,s))) (ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\(x,y). ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x s) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s))))` THENL [
        specialize_assuming[
          `complex_ring`;
          `\(x,y). ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x s) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s))`;
          `ring_of_num complex_ring (binom(d,s))`;
          `complex_root p CROSS complex_root q`
        ]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
        have `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\x. ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,s))) ((\(x,y). ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x s) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s))) x)) = ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,s))) (ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\(x,y). ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x s) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s))))` [in_complex_ring] THEN
        subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\x. ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,s))) ((\(x,y). ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x s) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s))) x)) = ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p CROSS complex_root q) (\(x,y). ring_mul complex_ring (ring_of_num complex_ring (binom (d,s))) (ring_mul complex_ring (ring_pow complex_ring x s) (ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s))))` THENL [
          sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
          rw[BETA_THM;LAMBDA_PAIR]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      simp[] THEN
      have `!x. x IN complex_root p ==> ring_pow complex_ring x s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      have `!y. y IN complex_root q ==> ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `complex_ring`;
        `complex_root p`;
        `complex_root q`;
        `\x. ring_pow complex_ring x s`;
        `\y. ring_pow complex_ring y (d - s)`
      ]ring_sum_cross_mul THEN
      simp[] THEN
      rw[ring_of_num_complex;ring_pow_complex;complex_ring_clauses;GSYM complex_root_powersums;QinC_ring_clauses;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
      qed[mul_in_QinC;num_in_QinC;complex_of_num]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `complex_ring`;
      `QinC`;
      `complex_root p CROSS complex_root q`;
      `\(y,z). y + z:complex`
    ]poly_subring_if_powersums_subring THEN
    qed[in_complex_ring;subring_complex_QinC]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `algebraic_number ((\(y,z). y+z) (y,z))` [algebraic_number_if_monic_vanishing_at_QinC] THEN
  havetac `((\(y,z). y+z) (y,z)) = y+z:complex` (rw[]) THEN
  qed[]
);;

let algebraic_number_subring = prove(`
  algebraic_number subring_of complex_ring
`,
  rw[subring_of] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses;IN;SUBSET] THEN
  qed[IN_UNIV;IN;algebraic_number_ZinC;ZinC_0;ZinC_1;algebraic_number_neg;algebraic_number_add;algebraic_number_mul]
);;

let algebraic_number_sum = prove(`
  !f S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> algebraic_number (f s)) ==>
  algebraic_number (ring_sum complex_ring S f)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[algebraic_number_ZinC;num_in_ZinC]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;in_complex_ring] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[algebraic_number_add]
  ]
);;

(* ===== expformal c: the power series exp(cx) *)

let expformal = new_definition `
  expformal (c:complex)
  = series_from_coeffs (\n. c pow n / Cx(&(FACT n)))
`;;

let mul_expformal = prove(`
  !u v.
  poly_mul complex_ring (expformal u) (expformal v)
  = expformal (u+v)
`,
  intro THEN
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[coeff_poly_mul_oneindex;expformal;coeff_series_from_coeffs] THEN
  rw[GSYM ring_pow_complex;GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[RING_BINOMIAL_THEOREM;in_complex_ring] THEN
  simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  rw[complex_div] THEN
  simp[GSYM VSUM_COMPLEX_RMUL;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  rw[GSYM complex_div] THEN
  sufficesby VSUM_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  have `x <= d:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
  num_linear_fact `x <= d:num ==> (d-x)+x = d` THEN
  have `FACT(d-x) * FACT x * binom(d,x) = FACT d` [BINOM_FACT] THEN
  have `&(FACT(d-x)) * &(FACT x) * &(binom(d,x)) = &(FACT d):real` [REAL_OF_NUM_MUL] THEN
  have `Cx(&(FACT(d-x))) * Cx(&(FACT x)) * Cx(&(binom(d,x))) = Cx(&(FACT d))` [CX_MUL] THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses;ring_pow_complex] THEN
  rw[ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num] THEN
  have `~(Cx(&(FACT d)) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ;REAL_OF_NUM_EQ;FACT_NZ] THEN
  complex_field_fact `
    ~(Cx(&(FACT d)) = Cx(&0)) ==>
    Cx(&(FACT(d-x))) * Cx(&(FACT x)) * Cx(&(binom(d,x))) = Cx(&(FACT d)) ==>
    u pow x / Cx (&(FACT x)) * v pow (d - x) / Cx (&(FACT (d - x))) = (Cx (&(binom (d,x))) * u pow x * v pow (d - x)) / Cx (&(FACT d))` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let expformal_0 = prove(`
  expformal(Cx(&0)) = poly_1 complex_ring
`,
  sufficesby eq_coeff THEN
  rw[expformal;coeff_series_from_coeffs;coeff_poly_1;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  rw[COMPLEX_POW_ZERO] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `d = 0` THENL [
    simp[FACT] THEN
    CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
  ;
    simp[] THEN
    CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
  ]
);;

let pow_expformal = prove(`
  !u n.
  poly_pow complex_ring (expformal u) n
  = expformal (Cx(&n)*u)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0;COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO;expformal_0]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n + 1`] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;series_complex;poly_pow_1] THEN
    simp[GSYM REAL_OF_NUM_ADD;CX_ADD;COMPLEX_ADD_RDISTRIB;COMPLEX_MUL_LID;mul_expformal]
  ]
);;

let product_expformal = prove(`
  !c S.
  FINITE S ==>
  poly_product complex_ring S (\s:X. expformal (c s))
  = expformal (ring_sum complex_ring S c)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[poly_product_empty;RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    rw[expformal_0;complex_ring_clauses]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[poly_product_insert;RING_SUM_CLAUSES;in_complex_ring;series_complex] THEN
    qed[mul_expformal;complex_ring_clauses]
  ]
);;

let product_expformal_I = prove(`
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  poly_product complex_ring S expformal
  = expformal (ring_sum complex_ring S I)
`,
  simp[GSYM product_expformal] THEN
  simp[I_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  sufficesby poly_product_eq THEN
  qed[]
);;

let expformal_powersums_QinC = prove(`
  !S c:X->complex.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!n. ring_sum complex_ring S (\s:X. (c s) pow n) IN QinC) ==>
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_sum complex_ring S (\s:X. expformal (c s)))
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  rw[coeff_series_in_ring] THEN
  simp[coeff_poly_sum;series_complex;expformal;coeff_series_from_coeffs;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
  rw[complex_div] THEN
  simp[VSUM_COMPLEX_RMUL] THEN
  rw[GSYM complex_div] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `~(FACT d = 0)` [FACT_NZ] THEN
  have `~(&(FACT d) = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
  have `~(Cx(&(FACT d)) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
  have `Cx(&(FACT d)) IN QinC` [num_in_QinC] THEN
  qed[div_in_QinC]
);;

let pow_expformal_powersums_QinC = prove(`
  !S m.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!n. ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. z pow n) IN QinC) ==>
  ring_powerseries QinC_ring (
    poly_sum complex_ring S (\z.
      poly_pow complex_ring (expformal z) m
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!n. ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. (Cx(&m) * z) pow n) IN QinC` THENL [
    rw[COMPLEX_POW_MUL] THEN
    simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    simp[VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL] THEN
    simp[vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `Cx(&m) IN QinC` [num_in_QinC] THEN
    have `Cx(&m) pow n IN QinC` [ring_pow_QinC;RING_POW;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[mul_in_QinC]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  rw[pow_expformal] THEN
  specialize[
    `S:complex->bool`;
    `\z:complex. Cx(&m) * z`
  ]expformal_powersums_QinC THEN
  qed[]
);;

let carrier_QinC_series_subring_generated_refl = prove(`
  ring_carrier(subring_generated
    (x_series complex_ring)
    (ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring))
  )
  = ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)
`,
  sufficesby CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED_SUBRING THEN
  rw[subring_of] THEN
  rw[GSYM x_series_use] THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[SUBSET;GSYM x_series_use] THEN
    qed[series_complex_if_series_QinC]
  ;
    qed[poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex;RING_POWERSERIES_0]
  ;
    qed[poly_1_QinC_eq_poly_1_complex;RING_POWERSERIES_1]
  ;
    qed[poly_neg_QinC_eq_poly_neg_complex;RING_POWERSERIES_NEG]
  ;
    qed[poly_add_QinC_eq_poly_add_complex;RING_POWERSERIES_ADD]
  ;
    qed[poly_mul_QinC_eq_poly_mul_complex;RING_POWERSERIES_MUL]
  ]
);;

let symfun_expformal_powersums_QinC = prove(`
  !S m.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!n. ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. z pow n) IN QinC) ==>
  poly_sum complex_ring
    {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}
    (\U. poly_product complex_ring U expformal)
  IN ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_product] THEN
  rw[poly_sum] THEN
  recall ring_hasQ_subring_series_complex THEN
  have `!s. s IN S ==> expformal s IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
  subgoal `!d. ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) S (\s. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (expformal s) d) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated (x_series complex_ring) (ring_carrier (x_series QinC_ring)))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (poly_sum complex_ring S (\z. poly_pow complex_ring (expformal z) d))` [pow_expformal_powersums_QinC] THEN
    have `ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) S (\z. poly_pow complex_ring (expformal z) d) IN ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)` [x_series_use;poly_sum] THEN
    have `ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring) SUBSET ring_carrier(x_series complex_ring)` [x_series_use;series_complex_if_series_QinC;SUBSET] THEN
    have `ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring) SUBSET ring_carrier (subring_generated (x_series complex_ring) (ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)))` [SUBSET_CARRIER_SUBRING_GENERATED;SUBSET_REFL] THEN
    rw[GSYM x_series_use_pow] THEN
    qed[SUBSET]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)`;
    `S:complex->bool`;
    `expformal`;
    `m:num`
  ]symfun_subring_if_powersums_subring THEN
  qed[carrier_QinC_series_subring_generated_refl]
);;

let symfun_expformal_powersums_QinC_v2 = prove(`
  !S m.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!n. ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. z pow n) IN QinC) ==>
  poly_sum complex_ring
    {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}
    (\U. expformal (ring_sum complex_ring U I))
  IN ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. poly_product complex_ring U expformal) = poly_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. expformal (ring_sum complex_ring U I))` THENL [
    sufficesby poly_sum_eq THEN
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    qed[FINITE_SUBSET;product_expformal_I]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[symfun_expformal_powersums_QinC]
);;

let symfun_expformal_powersums_QinC_v3 = prove(`
  !S m d.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!n. ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. z pow n) IN QinC) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring
    {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}
    (\U. (ring_sum complex_ring U I) pow d)
  IN QinC
`,
  intro THEN
  have `poly_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. expformal (ring_sum complex_ring U I)) IN ring_carrier(x_series QinC_ring)` [symfun_expformal_powersums_QinC_v2] THEN
  have `coeff d (poly_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. expformal (ring_sum complex_ring U I))) IN QinC` [x_series_use;coeff_series_in_ring;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `complex_ring`;
    `\U. expformal (ring_sum complex_ring U I)`;
    `d:num`;
    `{U:complex->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}`
  ]coeff_poly_sum THEN
  have `FINITE {U:complex->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}` [finite_subsets_card] THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. coeff d (expformal (ring_sum complex_ring U I))) IN QinC` [series_complex] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. coeff d (expformal (ring_sum complex_ring U I))) = ring_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. (ring_sum complex_ring U I) pow d / Cx (&(FACT d)))` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    qed[coeff_series_from_coeffs;expformal]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. (ring_sum complex_ring U I) pow d / Cx (&(FACT d))) IN QinC` [] THEN
  have `Cx(&(FACT d)) IN QinC` [num_in_QinC] THEN
  have `Cx(&(FACT d)) * ring_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. (ring_sum complex_ring U I) pow d / Cx (&(FACT d))) IN QinC` [mul_in_QinC] THEN
  have `Cx(&(FACT d)) * vsum {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. (ring_sum complex_ring U I) pow d / Cx (&(FACT d))) IN QinC` [vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
  subgoal `Cx(&(FACT d)) * vsum {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. (ring_sum complex_ring U I) pow d / Cx (&(FACT d))) = vsum {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. Cx(&(FACT d)) * ((ring_sum complex_ring U I) pow d / Cx (&(FACT d))))` THENL [
    simp[VSUM_COMPLEX_LMUL]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `vsum {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. Cx(&(FACT d)) * ((ring_sum complex_ring U I) pow d / Cx (&(FACT d)))) IN QinC` [] THEN
  subgoal `vsum {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. Cx (&(FACT d)) * ring_sum complex_ring U I pow d / Cx (&(FACT d))) = vsum {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I pow d)` THENL [
    sufficesby VSUM_EQ THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    have `~(FACT d = 0)` [FACT_NZ] THEN
    have `~(&(FACT d) = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
    have `~(Cx(&(FACT d)) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
    complex_field_fact `~(Cx(&(FACT d)) = Cx(&0)) ==> Cx (&(FACT d)) * ring_sum complex_ring x I pow d / Cx (&(FACT d)) = ring_sum complex_ring x I pow d` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[vsum_ring_sum_complex]
);;

let resolvent_if_powersums_QinC = prove(`
  !S m.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!n. ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. z pow n) IN QinC) ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (
    monic_vanishing_at complex_ring
      {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}
      (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_hasQ (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [ring_hasQ_QinC;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  specialize[`S:complex->bool`;`m:num`]finite_subsets_card THEN
  have `!s. s IN {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} ==> ring_sum complex_ring s I IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  subgoal `!d. ring_sum complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\s. ring_pow complex_ring (ring_sum complex_ring s I) d) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` THENL [
    rw[ring_pow_complex] THEN
    qed[symfun_expformal_powersums_QinC_v3;QinC_ring_clauses;subring_complex_QinC]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `QinC`;
    `{U:complex->bool | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}`;
    `\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I`
  ]poly_subring_if_powersums_subring THEN
  qed[subring_complex_QinC]
);;

(* can alternatively prove this via symmetric-function argument *)
let resolvent_if_poly_QinC = prove(`
  !S m.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (
    monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I
  ) ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (
    monic_vanishing_at complex_ring
      {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}
      (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!n. ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. z pow n) IN QinC` THENL [
    intro THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `complex_ring`;
      `QinC`;
      `S:complex->bool`;
      `I:complex->complex`;
      `n:num`
    ]powersums_subring_if_poly_subring THEN
    have `!n. coeff n (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [subring_complex_QinC;coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
    have `ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. ring_pow complex_ring (I s) n) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. ring_pow complex_ring (I s) n) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. z pow n)` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;I_THM;ring_pow_complex]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[subring_complex_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[resolvent_if_powersums_QinC]
);;

let prod_resolvent_if_poly_QinC_lemma = prove(`
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  monic_vanishing_at complex_ring
    {U | U SUBSET S}
    (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I)
  =
  poly_product complex_ring (0..CARD S) (\m.
    monic_vanishing_at complex_ring
      {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m}
      (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_product;monic_vanishing_at] THEN
  have `IMAGE CARD {U:complex->bool | U SUBSET S} = (0..CARD S)` [image_card_powerset] THEN
  have `FINITE {A | A SUBSET S:complex->bool}` [FINITE_POWERSET] THEN
  specialize[
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `CARD:(complex->bool)->num`;
    `\s. x_minus_const complex_ring (ring_sum complex_ring s I)`;
    `{U:complex->bool | U SUBSET S}`
  ]RING_PRODUCT_IMAGE_GEN THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  set_fact `{x:complex->bool | x IN {U | U SUBSET S} /\ CARD x = a} = {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = a}` THEN
  qed[]
);;

let prod_resolvent_if_poly_QinC = prove(`
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (
    monic_vanishing_at complex_ring S I
  ) ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (
    monic_vanishing_at complex_ring
      {U | U SUBSET S}
      (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[prod_resolvent_if_poly_QinC_lemma] THEN
  have `FINITE (0..CARD(S:complex->bool))` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!m. m IN 0..CARD S ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I))` [resolvent_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `poly_product complex_ring (0..CARD S) (\m. monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I)) = poly_product QinC_ring (0..CARD S) (\m. monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {U | U SUBSET S /\ CARD U = m} (\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I))` [subring_complex_QinC;poly_product_subring;ring_polynomial] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  qed[poly_product_poly]
);;

(* ===== pi is transcendental *)

let pi_is_transcendental = prove(`
  ~(algebraic_number(Cx pi))
`,
  intro THEN
  recall algebraic_number_ii THEN
  have `algebraic_number (ii * Cx pi)` [algebraic_number_mul] THEN
  choose `f:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial QinC_ring f /\ ~(f = poly_0 QinC_ring) /\ monic QinC_ring f /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) f /\ poly_eval complex_ring f (ii * Cx pi) = Cx(&0)` [algebraic_number_is_root_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly] THEN
  recall CEXP_II_PI THEN
  complex_field_fact `cexp (ii * Cx pi) = --Cx (&1) ==> Cx(&1) + cexp(ii * Cx pi) = Cx(&0)` THEN
  have `complex_root f (ii * Cx pi)` [complex_root] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root f)` [distinct_minpolys_finite_root_simple] THEN
  subgoal `ring_product complex_ring (complex_root f) (\z. Cx(&1) + cexp z) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[
      `complex_ring`;
      `complex_root f`;
      `ii * Cx pi`;
      `\z. Cx(&1) + cexp z`
    ]ring_product_delete THEN
    have `ring_product complex_ring (complex_root f) (\z. Cx (&1) + cexp z) = ring_mul complex_ring (Cx (&1) + cexp (ii * Cx pi)) (ring_product complex_ring (complex_root f DELETE (ii * Cx pi)) (\z. Cx (&1) + cexp z))` [IN;in_complex_ring] THEN
    simp[complex_ring_clauses;COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_product complex_ring (complex_root f) (\z. Cx(&1) + cexp z) = ring_sum complex_ring {S | S SUBSET complex_root f} (\S. ring_product complex_ring S cexp)` THENL [
    rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `complex_ring`;
      `cexp`;
      `complex_root f`
    ]ring_product_1_plus_expand THEN
    qed[in_complex_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring {S | S SUBSET complex_root f} (\S. ring_product complex_ring S cexp) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring {S | S SUBSET complex_root f} (\S. ring_product complex_ring S cexp) = ring_sum complex_ring {S | S SUBSET complex_root f} (\S. cexp (ring_sum complex_ring S I))` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `FINITE(a:complex->bool)` [FINITE_SUBSET] THEN
    simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex;GSYM cproduct_ring_product_complex;CEXP_VSUM;I_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring {S | S SUBSET complex_root f} (\S. cexp (ring_sum complex_ring S I)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  have `monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root f) I = f` [distinct_minpolys_monic_vanishing_at_simple] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root f) I)` [] THEN
  specialize[`complex_root f`]prod_resolvent_if_poly_QinC THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root f) I)` [monic_vanishing_at_poly;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `~(monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root f) I = poly_0 complex_ring)` [monic_vanishing_at_monic;monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_complex;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root f)` [complex_root_le_deg] THEN
  specialize[`complex_root f`]FINITE_POWERSET THEN
  specialize[
    `{U | U SUBSET complex_root f}`;
    `\U. ring_sum complex_ring U I`
  ]transcendence_all_0_QinC_monic_vanishing_at THEN
  ASM SET_TAC[]
);;

(* ===== more on monomials *)

let monomial_pow = new_definition `
  monomial_pow (m:V->num) (e:num)
  = (\v. e * m v)
`;;

let monomial_product = new_definition `
  monomial_product (S:X->bool) (m:X->V->num)
  = (\v. nsum S (\x. m x v))
`;;

let finite_monomial_vars_permutation = prove(`
  !m:V->num f:V->V.
  f permutes (:V) ==>
  (
    FINITE(monomial_vars (m o f)) <=>
    FINITE(monomial_vars m)
  )
`,
  rw[monomial_vars] THEN
  rw[permutes;IN_UNIV] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `{i | ~(m i = 0)} = IMAGE (f:V->V) {i | ~((m o f) i = 0)}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM;o_DEF] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  choose `g:V->V` `(!y:V. f(g y) = y) /\ (!x:V. g(f x) = x)` [BIJECTIVE_LEFT_RIGHT_INVERSE] THEN
  subgoal `{i | ~((m o f) i = 0)} = IMAGE (g:V->V) {i | ~(m i = 0)}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM;o_DEF] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[FINITE_IMAGE]
);;

let finite_monomial_vars_swap = prove(`
  !m:num->num i.
  FINITE(monomial_vars (m o swap(i,i+1))) <=>
  FINITE(monomial_vars m)
`,
  qed[PERMUTES_SWAP;IN_UNIV;finite_monomial_vars_permutation]
);;

let monomial_eq_swap = prove(`
  !m:V->num i j.
  m o swap(i,j) = m <=> 
  m i = m j
`,
  rw[swap;o_DEF;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let monomial_le_swap = prove(`
  !m:num->num i.
  FINITE(monomial_vars m) ==>
  ( monomial_le (<=) (m o swap(i,i+1)) m <=>
    m i <= m(i+1)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[MONOMIAL_LE_TOSET;TOSET_num;FLD_num] THEN
  simp[monomial;SUBSET_UNIV;finite_monomial_vars_swap] THEN
  rw[monomial_eq_swap] THEN
  rw[properly_le;swap;o_DEF] THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THENL [
      ASM_ARITH_TAC
    ;
      case `i' < i+1` THENL [
        num_linear_fact `~(i+1 = i)` THEN
        have `m i = m(i+1):num` [] THEN
        qed[LE_REFL]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      case `i' = i+1` THENL [
        num_linear_fact `~(i+1 = i)` THEN
        have `m(i:num):num < m(i+1)` [] THEN
        qed[LT_IMP_LE]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      num_linear_fact `~(i' < i+1) ==> ~(i' = i+1) ==> ~(i' = i)` THEN
      qed[LT_REFL]
    ]
  ;
    intro THEN
    proven_if `m(i):num = m(i+1)` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(m(i):num = m(i+1)) ==> m i <= m(i+1) ==> m i < m(i+1)` THEN
    simp[] THEN
    witness `i+1` THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(i + 1 = i)` THEN
    simp[] THEN
    intro THEN
    num_linear_fact `i+1 < j ==> ~(j = i)` THEN
    num_linear_fact `i+1 < j ==> ~(j = i+1)` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let monomial_induction = prove(`
  !P:(num->num)->bool.
  (!n. (!m. monomial_lt (<=) m n ==> P m) ==> P n) ==>
  (!n. P n)
`,
  once_rw[GSYM MONOMIAL_LT_PROPERLY] THEN
  simp[properly_le] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `WF ((<):num->num->bool)` [WF_num] THEN
  have `WF (monomial_lt ((<):num->num->bool))` [WF_MONOMIAL_LT] THEN
  qed[WF_IND]
);;

let monomial_le_mul2_eq = prove(`
  !m n M N:num->num.
  monomial_le (<=) m M ==>
  monomial_le (<=) n N ==>
  monomial_mul m n = monomial_mul M N ==>
  ( m = M /\ n = N )
`,
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  case `~(m = M:num->num)` THENL [
    have `monomial_lt (<=) m (M:num->num)` [monomial_lt] THEN
    have `monomial_lt (<=) (monomial_mul m n) (monomial_mul M N:num->num)` [MONOMIAL_LTE_MUL2;POSET_num] THEN
    qed[monomial_lt]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `~(n = N:num->num)` THENL [
    have `monomial_lt (<=) n (N:num->num)` [monomial_lt] THEN
    have `monomial_lt (<=) (monomial_mul m n) (monomial_mul M N:num->num)` [MONOMIAL_LET_MUL2;POSET_num] THEN
    qed[monomial_lt]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let monomial_pow_0 = prove(`
  !m:V->num.
  monomial_pow m 0 = monomial_1
`,
  rw[monomial_pow;monomial_1;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let monomial_pow_1 = prove(`
  !m:V->num.
  monomial_pow m 1 = m
`,
  rw[monomial_pow;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
  ARITH_TAC
);;

let monomial_pow_add = prove(`
  !m:V->num d e.
  monomial_pow m (d+e)
  = monomial_mul (monomial_pow m d) (monomial_pow m e)
`,
  rw[monomial_pow;monomial_mul] THEN
  rw[RIGHT_ADD_DISTRIB]
);;

let monomial_1_le = prove(`
  !m.
  monomial (:num) m ==>
  monomial_le (<=) monomial_1 m
`,
  simp[MONOMIAL_LE_TOSET;TOSET_num;FLD_num;MONOMIAL_1] THEN
  rw[properly_le;monomial_1;monomial;SUBSET_UNIV;monomial_vars] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `{i:num | ~(m i = 0)} = {}` THENL [
    DISJ1_TAC THEN
    rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[]
  ;
    DISJ2_TAC THEN
    pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`{i:num | ~(m i = 0)}`]max_finite THEN
  choose `i:num` `i IN {i:num | ~(m i = 0)} /\ (!j. i < j ==> ~(j IN {i | ~(m i = 0)}))` [] THEN
  witness `i:num` THEN
  intro THENL [
    have `i IN {i:num | ~(m i = 0)}` [] THEN
    set_fact `i IN {i:num | ~(m i = 0)} ==> ~(m i = 0)` THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `~(x = 0) ==> 0 < x`]
  ;
    have `~(j IN {i:num | ~(m i = 0)})` [] THEN
    set_fact `~(j IN {i:num | ~(m i = 0)}) ==> m j = 0` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let monomial_product_empty = prove(`
  monomial_product ({}:X->bool) (m:X->V->num)
  = monomial_1
`,
  rw[monomial_product;monomial_1] THEN
  rw[NSUM_CLAUSES]
);;

let monomial_product_insert = prove(`
  !(S:X->bool) (m:X->V->num) t.
  FINITE S ==>
  ~(t IN S) ==>
  monomial_product (t INSERT S) m
  = monomial_mul (m t) (monomial_product S m)
`,
  rw[monomial_product;monomial_mul] THEN
  simp[NSUM_CLAUSES]
);;

(* ===== support *)

let support_lt = new_definition `
  support_lt (r:R ring) (p:(num->num)->R) (M:num->num)
  <=> (!m. ~(p m = ring_0 r) ==> monomial_lt (<=) m M)
`;;

let support_le = new_definition `
  support_le (r:R ring) (p:(num->num)->R) (M:num->num)
  <=> (!m. ~(p m = ring_0 r) ==> monomial_le (<=) m M)
`;;

let support_le1 = new_definition `
  support_le1 (r:R ring) (p:(num->num)->R) (M:num->num)
  <=> ( support_le r p M /\ p M = ring_1 r )
`;;

(* POLY_TOP_MONOMIAL_LE is deg first *)
let poly_first_monomial = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(num->num)->R.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ~(p = poly_0 r) ==>
  (?t. ~(p t = ring_0 r) /\ support_le r p t)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[support_le] THEN
  def `M:(num->num)->bool` `{m:num->num | ~(p m = ring_0(r:R ring))}` THEN
  have `FINITE (M:(num->num)->bool)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  subgoal `~(M = {}:(num->num)->bool)` THENL [
    rw[EMPTY;EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    subgoal `p = poly_0 r:(num->num)->R` THENL [
      rw[poly_0;poly_const;FUN_EQ_THM;COND_ID] THEN
      ASM SET_TAC[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `toset (monomial_le ((<=):num->num->bool))` [TOSET_MONOMIAL_LE;FLD_num;TOSET_num] THEN
  subgoal `M SUBSET fld (monomial_le ((<=):num->num->bool))` THENL [
    simp[FLD_MONOMIAL_LE;monomial;SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM;IN_UNIV] THEN
    qed[ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries;INFINITE]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `monomial_le ((<=):num->num->bool)`;
    `M:(num->num)->bool`
  ]TOSET_MAX THEN
  choose `t:num->num` `t IN M /\ (!m:num->num. m IN M ==> monomial_le (<=) m t)` [] THEN
  witness `t:num->num` THEN
  ASM SET_TAC[]
);;

let support_le_0 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  support_le r (poly_0 r) monomial_1
`,
  rw[support_le;poly_0;poly_const;COND_ID]
);;

let support_le_exists = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(num->num)->R.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ?t. support_le r p t
`,
  qed[support_le_0;poly_first_monomial]
);;

let support_le_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q M N.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  support_le r p M ==>
  support_le r q N ==>
  support_le r (poly_mul r p q) (monomial_mul M N)
`,
  rw[support_le;poly_mul] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `!a. a IN {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:num->num} ==> (\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2)) a IN ring_carrier r ==> (\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2)) a = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `(\(m1,m2). ring_mul(r:R ring) (p(m1:num->num)) (q(m2:num->num)))`;
      `{m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:num->num}`
    ]RING_SUM_EQ_0 THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  choose `a:(num->num)#(num->num)` `a IN {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:num->num} /\ (\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2)) a IN ring_carrier r /\ ~((\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2)) a = ring_0(r:R ring))` [] THEN
  subgoal `(FST a,SND a) IN {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:num->num} <=> monomial_mul (FST a) (SND a) = m` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_PAIR_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `a IN {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:num->num}` [] THEN
  have `(FST a,SND a) IN {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = m:num->num}` [PAIR] THEN
  have `monomial_mul (FST a) (SND a) = m:num->num` [] THEN
  subgoal `(\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p(m1:num->num)) (q(m2:num->num))) a = ring_mul(r:R ring) (p (FST a)) (q (SND a))` THENL [
    rw[LAMBDA_PAIR]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `~(ring_mul(r:R ring) (p (FST a:num->num)) (q (SND a:num->num)) = ring_0 r)` [] THEN
  have `p (FST(a:(num->num)#(num->num))) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
  have `q (SND(a:(num->num)#(num->num))) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
  have `~(p (FST(a:(num->num)#(num->num))) = ring_0(r:R ring))` [RING_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  have `~(q (SND(a:(num->num)#(num->num))) = ring_0(r:R ring))` [RING_MUL_RZERO] THEN
  have `monomial_le (<=) (FST(a:(num->num)#(num->num))) M` [] THEN
  have `monomial_le (<=) (SND(a:(num->num)#(num->num))) N` [] THEN
  qed[MONOMIAL_LE_MUL2]
);;

let support_le_mul_top = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q M N.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  support_le r p M ==>
  support_le r q N ==>
  (poly_mul r p q) (monomial_mul M N)
  = ring_mul r (p M) (q N)
`,
  rw[support_le;poly_mul] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = monomial_mul M N:num->num} (\(m1,m2). ring_mul r (p m1) (q m2)) = ring_sum r {m1,m2 | monomial_mul m1 m2 = monomial_mul M N} (\a. if a = M,N then ring_mul r (p (FST a)) (q (SND a)) else ring_0 r)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;FORALL_PAIR_THM;PAIR_EQ;IN_ELIM_PAIR_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    proven_if `p1 = M:num->num /\ p2 = N:num->num` [] THEN
    case `p(p1:num->num) = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
      have `q(p2:num->num) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_LZERO]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    case `q(p2:num->num) = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
      have `p(p1:num->num) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_RZERO]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `monomial_le (<=) p1 (M:num->num)` [] THEN
    have `monomial_le (<=) p2 (N:num->num)` [] THEN
    qed[monomial_le_mul2_eq]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[RING_SUM_DELTA;IN_ELIM_PAIR_THM] THEN
  qed[RING_MUL;ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries]
);;

let support_le1_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q M N.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  support_le1 r p M ==>
  support_le1 r q N ==>
  support_le1 r (poly_mul r p q) (monomial_mul M N)
`,
  rw[support_le1] THEN
  qed[support_le_mul;support_le_mul_top;RING_1;RING_MUL_LID]
);;

let support_le_poly_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) m.
  monomial (:num) m ==>
  support_le r (poly_1 r) m
`,
  rw[support_le;poly_1;poly_const] THEN
  qed[monomial_1_le]
);;

let support_le1_poly_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  support_le1 r (poly_1 r) monomial_1
`,
  simp[support_le1;support_le_poly_1;MONOMIAL_1] THEN
  rw[poly_1;poly_const]
);;

let support_le1_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p M e.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  support_le1 r p M ==>
  support_le1 r (poly_pow r p e) (monomial_pow M e)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0;monomial_pow_0;support_le1_poly_1]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC e = e+1`] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p:(num->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;monomial_pow_add] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_1;monomial_pow_1] THEN
    qed[support_le1_mul;poly_pow_poly]
  ]
);;

let support_le1_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p M S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> support_le1 r (p s) (M s)) ==>
  support_le1 r (ring_product(poly_ring r (:num)) S p) (monomial_product S M)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;monomial_product_empty] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING;support_le1_poly_1]
  ;
    subgoal `!s:X. s IN x INSERT S ==> p s IN ring_carrier(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num))` THENL [
      rw[POLY_RING;SUBSET_UNIV;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;monomial_product_insert] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    subgoal `ring_polynomial r (ring_product(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (S:X->bool) p)` THENL [
      have `ring_product(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (S:X->bool) p IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:num))` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
      specialize[`r:R ring`;`(:num)`](CONJUNCT1 POLY_RING) THEN
      have `ring_product(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (S:X->bool) p IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET (:num)}` [] THEN
      set_fact `ring_product(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (S:X->bool) p IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET (:num)} ==> ring_polynomial r (ring_product(poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (S:X->bool) p)` THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[support_le1_mul]
  ]
);;

let support_le_cancel = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q M.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  support_le r p M ==>
  support_le1 r q M ==>
  support_lt r (poly_sub r p (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p M)) q)) M
`,
  rw[support_le;support_le1;support_lt;poly_sub] THEN
  intro_genonly THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  subgoal `poly_mul(r:R ring) (poly_const r (p(M:num->num))) q = (\d:num->num. ring_mul r (p M) (q d))` THENL [
    have `ring_powerseries r (q:(num->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p:(num->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `p(M:num->num) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_powerseries] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(M:num->num):R`;
      `q:(num->num)->R`
    ]poly_const_times THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `m = M:num->num` THENL [
    have `q(m:num->num) = ring_1(r:R ring)` [] THEN
    have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (p(M:num->num)) (q(m:num->num)) = p M` [RING_MUL_RID;ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
    have `ring_sub r (p m) (ring_mul(r:R ring) (p(M:num->num)) (q(m:num->num))) = ring_0 r` [RING_SUB_REFL;ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  proven_if `monomial_le (<=) m (M:num->num)` [monomial_lt] THEN
  have `p(m:num->num) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `q(m:num->num) = ring_0(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  have `p(M:num->num) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
  have `ring_mul(r:R ring) (p(M:num->num)) (q(m:num->num)) = ring_0 r` [RING_MUL_RZERO] THEN
  have `ring_sub r (ring_0 r) (ring_0(r:R ring)) = ring_0 r` [RING_SUB_REFL;RING_0] THEN
  have `ring_sub r (p(m:num->num)) (ring_0(r:R ring)) = ring_0 r` [] THEN
  have `ring_sub r (p m) (ring_mul(r:R ring) (p(M:num->num)) (q(m:num->num))) = ring_0 r` [] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== symmetric functions *)

let elementary_sympoly_range = new_definition `
  elementary_sympoly_range (r:R ring) n d
  = \m. if ?U. U SUBSET range n /\
               CARD U = d /\
               m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)
        then ring_1 r
        else ring_0 r
`;;

let elementary_sympoly_range_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G n d.
  elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d
  = elementary_sympoly_range r n d
`,
  rw[elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  rw[SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let powerseries_elementary_sympoly_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d.
  ring_powerseries r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d)
`,
  rw[ring_powerseries;elementary_sympoly_range;monomial_vars;INFINITE] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[RING_1;RING_0]
  ;
    subgoal `~(?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0))` THENL [
      rw[NOT_EXISTS_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `{i:num | ~(m i = 0)} = U` THENL [
        simp[] THEN
        SET_TAC[ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[FINITE_SUBSET;finite_range]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let polynomial_elementary_sympoly_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d.
  ring_polynomial r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d)
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  rw[powerseries_elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  rw[elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `ring_1(r:R ring) = ring_0 r` THENL [
    simp[COND_ID] THEN
    qed[FINITE_EMPTY;EMPTY_GSPEC]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `{m | ~((if ?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) then ring_1 r else ring_0 r) = ring_0(r:R ring))} = IMAGE (\U i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) {U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `FINITE(range n)` [finite_range] THEN
  specialize[`range n`;`d:num`]finite_subsets_card THEN
  qed[FINITE_IMAGE]
);;

let elementary_sympoly_range_in_poly_ring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d.
  elementary_sympoly_range r n d IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))
`,
  rw[POLY_RING;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  simp[polynomial_elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  rw[poly_vars;UNIONS_SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM;monomial_vars] THEN
  rw[SUBSET] THEN
  rw[elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  intro THEN
  choose `U:num->bool` `U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)` [] THEN
  set_fact `s = {i:num | ~(m i = 0)} ==> x IN s ==> ~(m x = 0)` THEN
  have `x:num IN U` [] THEN
  qed[SUBSET]
);;

let eval_elementary_sympoly_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d c.
  (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) c
  = ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d} (\U. ring_product r U c)
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_evaluate;poly_extend;elementary_sympoly_range;I_THM] THEN
  case `ring_1(r:R ring) = ring_0 r` THENL [
    have `trivial_ring(r:R ring)` [TRIVIAL_RING_10] THEN
    have `ring_carrier(r:R ring) = {ring_0 r}` [trivial_ring] THEN
    have `ring_sum(r:R ring) {U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d} (\U. ring_product r U c) = ring_0 r` [RING_SUM;IN_SING] THEN
    qed[RING_SUM;IN_SING]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `{m | ~((if ?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) then ring_1 r else ring_0 r) = ring_0(r:R ring))} = IMAGE (\U i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) {U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d}` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum(r:R ring) (IMAGE (\U i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) {U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d}) (\m. ring_mul r (if ?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) then ring_1 r else ring_0 r) (ring_product r (monomial_vars m) (\i. ring_pow r (c i) (m i)))) = ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d} ((\m. ring_mul r (if ?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) then ring_1 r else ring_0 r) (ring_product r (monomial_vars m) (\i. ring_pow r (c i) (m i)))) o (\U i. if i IN U then 1 else 0))` THENL [
    subgoal `!X Y. X IN {U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d} ==> Y IN {U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d} ==> (\U i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) X = (\U i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) Y ==> X = Y` THENL [
      rw[IN_ELIM_THM;EXTENSION;FUN_EQ_THM;IN] THEN
      num_linear_fact `~(1 = 0)` THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `\U i:num. if i IN U then 1 else 0`;
      `(\m. ring_mul(r:R ring) (if ?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0) then ring_1 r else ring_0 r) (ring_product r (monomial_vars m) (\i. ring_pow r (c i) (m i))))`;
      `{U | U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d}`
    ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM;o_THM;IN_ELIM_THM;monomial_vars] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ (\i. if i IN a then 1 else 0) = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)` [] THEN
  subgoal `{i:num | ~((if i IN a then 1 else 0) = 0)} = a` THENL [
    SET_TAC[ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`] 
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[RING_MUL_LID;RING_PRODUCT] THEN
  sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
  qed[RING_POW_1;SUBSET;range_lt]
);;

let eval_elementary_sympoly_range_coeff = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d c.
  (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  d <= n ==>
  poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) c
  = ring_mul r (
    ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) d
  ) (
    coeff (n - d) (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  simp[eval_elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  have `FINITE(range n)` [finite_range] THEN
  have `CARD(range n) = n` [card_range] THEN
  have `!i. i IN range n ==> c i IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [range_lt] THEN
  have `d <= CARD(range n)` [] THEN
  subgoal `coeff (CARD (range n) - d) (monic_vanishing_at(r:R ring) (range n) c) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) d) (ring_sum r {U | U SUBSET (range n) /\ CARD U = d} (\U. ring_product r U c))` THENL [
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `c:num->R`;
      `range n`
    ]coeff_monic_vanishing_at THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `coeff (n - d) (monic_vanishing_at(r:R ring) (range n) c) = coeff (CARD (range n) - d) (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c)` [] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`n:num`]ring_pow_neg_1_mul_refl THEN
  simp[RING_MUL_ASSOC;RING_SUM;RING_POW;RING_NEG;RING_1;RING_MUL_LID]
);;

let elementary_sympoly_range_o_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d f m.
  f permutes range n ==>
  elementary_sympoly_range r n d (m o f)
  = elementary_sympoly_range r n d m
`,
  rw[elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  intro THEN
  case `?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ (m:num->num) = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)` THENL [
    choose `U:num->bool` `U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ (m:num->num) = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)` [] THEN
    def `V:num->bool` `(U:num->bool) o (f:num->num)` THEN
    subgoal `?V. V SUBSET range n /\ CARD V = d /\ (m:num->num) o f = (\i. if i IN V then 1 else 0)` THENL [
      witness `V:num->bool` THEN
      intro THENL [
        qed[o_permutes_subset]
      ;
        qed[card_o_permutes;FINITE_SUBSET;finite_range]
      ;
        rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
        simp[IN;o_THM]
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ (m:num->num) o f = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)` THENL [
    choose `U:num->bool` `U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ (m:num->num) o f = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)` [] THEN
    def `V:num->bool` `IMAGE (f:num->num) (U:num->bool)` THEN
    subgoal `?V. V SUBSET range n /\ CARD V = d /\ (m:num->num) = (\i. if i IN V then 1 else 0)` THENL [
      witness `V:num->bool` THEN
      intro THENL [
        qed[image_permutes_subset]
      ;
        qed[card_image_permutes;FINITE_SUBSET;finite_range]
      ;
        rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        def `y:num` `inverse f (x:num):num` THEN
        have `f(y:num) = x:num` [PERMUTES_INVERSES] THEN
        have `m(x:num):num = (m o f)(y:num)` [o_THM] THEN
        case `y:num IN U` THENL [
          have `(m o (f:num->num))(y:num) = 1` [] THEN
          have `x:num IN V` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        have `(m o (f:num->num))(y:num) = 0` [] THEN
        subgoal `~(x:num IN V)` THENL [
          intro THEN
          choose `z:num` `z IN U /\ f(z:num) = x:num` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
          have `y = z:num` [PERMUTES_INJECTIVE] THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let elementary_sympoly_range_le = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d m.
  ~(elementary_sympoly_range r n d m = ring_0 r) ==>
  monomial_le (<=) m (\i. if n-d <= i /\ i < n then 1 else 0)
`,
  rw[elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  intro THEN
  choose `U:num->bool` `U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ m = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)` [] THEN
  have `FINITE(range n)` [finite_range] THEN
  have `CARD(U:num->bool) <= CARD(range n)` [CARD_SUBSET] THEN
  have `d <= n:num` [card_range] THEN
  simp[MONOMIAL_LE_TOSET;TOSET_num;FLD_num] THEN
  simp[monomial;monomial_vars;SUBSET_UNIV] THEN
  rw[properly_le] THEN
  intro THENL [
    subgoal `{i:num | ~((if i IN U then 1 else 0) = 0)} = U` THENL [
      SET_TAC[ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[FINITE_SUBSET;finite_range]
  ;
    set_fact `{i:num | ~((if n-d <= i /\ i < n then 1 else 0) = 0)} SUBSET {i:num | i < n}` THEN
    qed[FINITE_SUBSET;FINITE_NUMSEG_LT]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`n-d:num`;`n:num`]finite_le_lt THEN
  have `FINITE({i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} DIFF U)` [FINITE_DIFF] THEN
  case `({i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} DIFF U) = {}` THENL [
    set_fact `({i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} DIFF U) = {} ==> {i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} SUBSET U` THEN
    specialize[`n-d:num`;`n:num`]card_le_lt THEN
    num_linear_fact `d <= n:num ==> n-(n-d) = d` THEN
    have `CARD {i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} = d` [] THEN
    have `FINITE(U:num->bool)` [FINITE_SUBSET] THEN
    have `{i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} = U` [CARD_SUBSET_EQ] THEN
    DISJ1_TAC THEN
    rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[`{i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} DIFF U`]max_finite THEN
  choose `i:num` `i IN {i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} DIFF U /\ (!j. i < j ==> ~(j IN {i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} DIFF U))` [] THEN
  DISJ2_TAC THEN
  witness `i:num` THEN
  have `~(i:num IN U)` [IN_DIFF] THEN
  have `i IN {i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n}` [IN_DIFF] THEN
  set_fact `i IN {i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} ==> n-d <= i /\ i < n` THEN
  simp[ARITH_RULE `0 < 1`] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `~(j IN {i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n} DIFF U)` [] THEN
  have `n-d <= i:num` [] THEN
  num_linear_fact `n-d <= i ==> i < j ==> n-d <= j:num` THEN
  case `j < n:num` THENL [
    set_fact `n - d <= j ==> j < n ==> j IN {i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n}` THEN
    qed[IN_DIFF]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[SUBSET;range_lt]
);;

let support_le_elementary_sympoly_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d.
  support_le r
    (elementary_sympoly_range r n d)
    (\i. if n-d <= i /\ i < n then 1 else 0)
`,
  rw[support_le] THEN
  qed[elementary_sympoly_range_le]
);;

let support_le1_elementary_sympoly_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d.
  d <= n ==>
  support_le1 r
    (elementary_sympoly_range r n d)
    (\i. if n-d <= i /\ i < n then 1 else 0)
`,
  rw[support_le1;support_le_elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  rw[elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `?U. U SUBSET range n /\ CARD U = d /\ (\i. if n - d <= i /\ i < n then 1 else 0) = (\i. if i IN U then 1 else 0)` THENL [
    witness `{i:num | n-d <= i /\ i < n}` THEN
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM;card_le_lt;range_set_lt] THEN
    num_linear_fact `d <= n:num ==> n-(n-d) = d` THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[]
);;

let support_le1_pow_elementary_sympoly_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n d e.
  d <= n ==>
  support_le1 r
    (poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) e)
    (\i. if n-d <= i /\ i < n then e else 0)
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`;`n:num`;`d:num`]support_le1_elementary_sympoly_range THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n d)` [polynomial_elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n d`;
    `\i:num. if n - d <= i /\ i < n then 1 else 0`;
    `e:num`
  ]support_le1_pow THEN
  subgoal `monomial_pow (\i:num. if n - d <= i /\ i < n then 1 else 0) e = (\i. if n - d <= i /\ i < n then e else 0)` THENL [
    rw[monomial_pow;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let support_le1_product_pow_elementary_sympoly_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n e.
  support_le1 r
    (ring_product(poly_ring r (:num))
      (1..n)
      (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))
    )
    (\i. nsum (1..n) (\d. if n-d <= i /\ i < n then e d else 0))
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE (1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `!d. d IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))` [polynomial_elementary_sympoly_range;poly_pow_poly] THEN
  subgoal `!d. d IN 1..n ==> support_le1(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) (\i. if n-d <= i /\ i < n then e d else 0)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `d <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`
    ]support_le1_pow_elementary_sympoly_range THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n d) (e d)`;
    `\d i:num. if n-d <= i /\ i < n then e d else 0`;
    `1..n`
  ]support_le1_product THEN
  subgoal `monomial_product (1..n) (\d i:num. if n - d <= i /\ i < n then e d else 0) = (\i. nsum (1..n) (\d. if n - d <= i /\ i < n then e d else 0))` THENL [
    rw[monomial_product]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let support_le1_product_pow_elementary_sympoly_range_v2 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n e.
  support_le1 r
    (ring_product(poly_ring r (:num))
      (1..n)
      (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))
    )
    (\i. if i < n then nsum (n-i..n) e else 0)
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `(\i. if i < n then nsum (n-i..n) e else 0) = (\i. nsum (1..n) (\d. if n-d <= i /\ i < n then e d else 0))` THENL [
    rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    case `x < n:num` THENL [
      have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
      specialize[`\d. n-d <= x:num`;`1..n`;`e:num->num`](GSYM NSUM_RESTRICT_SET) THEN
      subgoal `(n-x..n) = {d | d IN 1..n /\ n-d <= x}` THENL [
        rw[EXTENSION;IN_NUMSEG;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        ASM_ARITH_TAC
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      simp[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[NSUM_0]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[support_le1_product_pow_elementary_sympoly_range]
);;

let symmetric_subring_if_poly_subring_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G n c:num->R M p.
  (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) p ==>
  poly_vars r p SUBSET range n ==>
  (!f m. f permutes range n ==>
         p(m o f) = p(m)) ==>
  support_le r p M ==>
  poly_evaluate r p c IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby monomial_induction THEN
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (p:(num->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
  case `p = poly_0(r:R ring):(num->num)->R` THENL [
    simp[POLY_EVALUATE_0] THEN
    qed[SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_0]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `n = 0` THENL [
    have `range n = {}` [range_0] THEN
    have `poly_vars(r:R ring) (p:(num->num)->R) = {}` [SUBSET_EMPTY] THEN
    have `p:(num->num)->R = poly_const r (p monomial_1)` [poly_vars_empty] THEN
    have `p(monomial_1:num->num):R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
    have `poly_evaluate r (p:(num->num)->R) c = p monomial_1` [POLY_EVALUATE_CONST] THEN
    qed[ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  choose `t:num->num` `~(p t = ring_0(r:R ring)) /\ support_le r p t` [poly_first_monomial] THEN
  case `monomial_lt ((<=):num->num->bool) t M` THENL [
    have `support_le(r:R ring) p t` [] THEN
    specialize[`t:num->num`](know(`!m:num->num. monomial_lt (<=) m M ==> (!p. (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)) ==> (!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)) ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) p ==> poly_vars r p SUBSET range n ==> (!f m. f permutes range n ==> p (m o f) = p m) ==> support_le r p m ==> poly_evaluate r p c IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G))`)) THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!i:num. i+1 < n ==> t i <= t (i+1):num` THENL [
    intro THEN
    subgoal `swap(i,i+1) permutes range n` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `i+1 < n ==> i < n` THEN
      qed[swap_permutes_range]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `p(t o (swap(i,i+1))) = p(t:num->num):R` [] THEN
    have `~(p((t:num->num) o (swap(i,i+1))) = ring_0(r:R ring))` [] THEN
    have `monomial_le (<=) (t o (swap(i,i+1))) (t:num->num)` [support_le] THEN
    have `FINITE(monomial_vars(t:num->num))` [ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries;INFINITE] THEN
    qed[monomial_le_swap]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  def `e:num->num` `\i. if i = n then t 0 else t(n-i) - t(n-i-1):num` THEN
  subgoal `t = (\i:num. if i < n then nsum(n-i..n) e else 0)` THENL [
    rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
    INDUCT_TAC THENL [
      num_linear_fact `~(n = 0) ==> 0 < n` THEN
      num_linear_fact `n-0 = n` THEN
      simp[NSUM_SING_NUMSEG]
    ;
      rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC x = x+1`] THEN
      case `x+1 < n` THENL [
        num_linear_fact `x+1 < n ==> n-(x+1)+1 = n-x` THEN
        num_linear_fact `n-(x+1) <= n` THEN
        specialize[
          `e:num->num`;
          `n-(x+1)`;
          `n:num`
        ]NSUM_CLAUSES_LEFT THEN
        havetac `nsum (n - (x + 1) + 1..n) e = nsum(n-x..n) e` (simp[]) THEN
        num_linear_fact `x + 1 < n ==> x < n` THEN
        havetac `nsum (n - (x + 1) + 1..n) e = t x` (simp[]) THEN
        subgoal `t(x+1) = e(n-(x+1)) + t x:num` THENL [
          num_linear_fact `x+1 < n ==> ~(n-(x+1) = n)` THEN
          have `e(n-(x+1)) = t(n-(n-(x+1))) - t(n-(n-(x+1))-1):num` [] THEN
          num_linear_fact `x+1 < n ==> n-(n-(x+1)) = x+1` THEN
          num_linear_fact `x+1 < n ==> n-(n-(x+1))-1 = x` THEN
          havetac `e(n-(x+1)) = t(x+1) - t(x):num` (simp[]) THEN
          have `t x <= t(x+1):num` [] THEN
          num_linear_fact `t x <= t(x+1):num ==> e (n - (x + 1)) = t (x + 1) - t x ==> t (x + 1) = e (n - (x + 1)) + t x` THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        simp[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `~(x+1 IN range n)` [range_lt] THEN
      have `~(x+1 IN poly_vars(r:R ring) (p:(num->num)->R))` [SUBSET] THEN
      have `~(x+1 IN UNIONS {monomial_vars m | ~((p:(num->num)->R) m = ring_0 r)})` [poly_vars] THEN
      have `!v. v IN {monomial_vars m | ~((p:(num->num)->R) m = ring_0 r)} ==> ~(x+1 IN v)` [IN_UNIONS] THEN
      proven_if `t(x+1) = 0` [] THEN
      subgoal `x+1 IN monomial_vars t` THENL [
        rw[monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `monomial_vars t IN {monomial_vars m | ~((p:(num->num)->R) m = ring_0 r)}` THENL [
        rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `n:num`;
    `e:num->num`
  ]support_le1_product_pow_elementary_sympoly_range_v2 THEN
  have `support_le1(r:R ring) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) t` [] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)))` THENL [
    have `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:num))` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`(:num)`](CONJUNCT1 POLY_RING) THEN
    have `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET (:num)}` [] THEN
    set_fact `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET (:num)} ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)))` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `support_le(r:R ring) p t` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:(num->num)->R`;
    `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))`;
    `t:num->num`
  ]support_le_cancel THEN
  def `s:(num->num)->R` `poly_sub(r:R ring) p (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))))` THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (s:(num->num)->R)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
  subgoal `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (s:(num->num)->R) c IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` THENL [
    case `s = poly_0 r:(num->num)->R` THENL [
      have `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (s:(num->num)->R) c = ring_0 r` [POLY_EVALUATE_0] THEN
      have `ring_0(r:R ring) = ring_0(subring_generated r G)` [SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
      have `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (s:(num->num)->R) c = ring_0(subring_generated r G)` [] THEN
      qed[RING_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    choose `S:num->num` `~(s S = ring_0(r:R ring)) /\ support_le r s S` [poly_first_monomial] THEN
    have `monomial_lt (<=) (S:num->num) t` [support_lt] THEN
    have `monomial_le (<=) (t:num->num) M` [support_le] THEN
    have `monomial_lt (<=) (S:num->num) M` [MONOMIAL_LTE_TRANS;POSET_num] THEN
    subgoal `ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (s:(num->num)->R)` THENL [
      intro THEN
      subgoal `s(m:num->num) = ring_sub(r:R ring) (p m) (ring_mul r (p t) ((ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) m))` THENL [
        once_rw[know(`s = poly_sub(r:R ring) p (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))))`)] THEN
        rw[poly_sub] THEN
        specialize_assuming[
          `r:R ring`;
          `p(t:num->num):R`;
          `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))`
        ]poly_const_times THEN
        qed[ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `!d. elementary_sympoly_range r n d = elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) n d` [elementary_sympoly_range_subring] THEN
      have `!d. ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) n d)` [polynomial_elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
      have `!d. poly_pow(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d) = poly_pow (subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d)` [poly_pow_subring;ring_polynomial] THEN
      have `!d. ring_polynomial(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (poly_pow (subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d))` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
      have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `r:R ring`;
        `G:R->bool`;
        `\d. poly_pow (subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d)`;
        `1..n`
      ]poly_product_subring_multi THEN
      subgoal `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) = ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow (subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d))` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow (subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d)) = ring_product (poly_ring(subring_generated r G) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow (subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d))` [ring_polynomial] THEN
      have `s = poly_sub(r:R ring) p (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring(subring_generated r G) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow(subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d))))` [] THEN
      have `poly_const r (p t) = poly_const(subring_generated r G) (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R` [poly_const_subring] THEN
      have `s = poly_sub(r:R ring) p (poly_mul r (poly_const(subring_generated r G) (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring(subring_generated r G) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow(subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d))))` [] THEN
      have `ring_polynomial (subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (poly_const (subring_generated r G) (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
      have `ring_powerseries (subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (poly_const (subring_generated r G) (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
      have `ring_powerseries (subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (ring_product (poly_ring (subring_generated r G) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow (subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range (subring_generated r G) n d) (e d)))` [RING_PRODUCT;GSYM poly_use;ring_polynomial] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `G:R->bool`;
        `poly_const(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R`;
        `ring_product (poly_ring(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow(subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d))`
      ]poly_mul_subring THEN
      have `s = poly_sub(r:R ring) p (poly_mul(subring_generated r G) (poly_const(subring_generated r G) (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring(subring_generated r G) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow(subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d))))` [] THEN
      have `s = poly_sub(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) p (poly_mul(subring_generated r G) (poly_const(subring_generated r G) (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring(subring_generated r G) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow(subring_generated r G) (elementary_sympoly_range(subring_generated r G) n d) (e d))))` [poly_sub_subring] THEN
      qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_SUB;RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL;RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;poly_use;RING_PRODUCT]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `!m:num->num. s m IN ring_carrier(subring_generated(r:R ring) G)` THENL [
      qed[ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `poly_vars r (s:(num->num)->R) SUBSET range n` THENL [
      have `!d. elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n d IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [elementary_sympoly_range_in_poly_ring] THEN
      have `!d. d IN 1..n ==> poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n d) (e d) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [poly_pow_in_poly_ring] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `r:R ring`;
        `\d. poly_pow(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)`;
        `range n`;
        `1..n`
      ]poly_product_in_poly_ring THEN
      have `ring_product(poly_ring (r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
      have `poly_const r (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [POLY_CONST;ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
      have `poly_mul r (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) (ring_product(poly_ring (r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [poly_mul_in_poly_ring] THEN
      subgoal `p:(num->num)->R IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` THENL [
        rw[POLY_RING;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `s:(num->num)->R IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [poly_sub_in_poly_ring] THEN
      specialize[`r:R ring`;`range n`](CONJUNCT1 POLY_RING) THEN
      have `s:(num->num)->R IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET range n}` [] THEN
      ASM SET_TAC[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `!f m:num->num. f permutes range n ==> s(m o f) = s m:R` THENL [
      intro THEN
      rw[know `s = poly_sub(r:R ring) p (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))))`] THEN
      rw[poly_sub_o_permutes] THEN
      have_rw `!m. p(m o f) = p(m:num->num):R` [] THEN
      subgoal `(\m:num->num. poly_mul(r:R ring) (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) (m o f)) = poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)))` THENL [
        rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        specialize[
          `r:R ring`;
          `poly_const(r:R ring) (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R`
        ]poly_mul_o_permutes THEN
        have_rw `poly_mul(r:R ring) (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) (x o f) = poly_mul r (\m:num->num. (poly_const r (p t)) (m o f)) (\m. (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) (m o f)) x` [] THEN
        have_rw `!m:num->num. poly_const r (p(t:num->num):R) (m o (f:num->num)) = poly_const r (p t) m` [poly_const_o_permutes] THEN
        subgoal `(\m:num->num. ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) (m o f)) = ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))` THENL [
          rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
          intro THEN
          have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
          specialize[
            `r:R ring`;
            `\d. poly_pow(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)`;
            `range n`;
            `f:num->num`;
            `1..n`
          ]poly_product_o_permutes THEN
          have `!s. s IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n s) (e s))` [poly_pow_poly;polynomial_elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
          specialize[
            `x':num->num`
          ](know `!m. f permutes range n ==> (!s. s IN 1..n ==> ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n s) (e s))) ==> ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) (m o f) = ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\s m. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n s) (e s) (m o f)) m`) THEN
          rw[know `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) (x' o f) = ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\s m. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n s) (e s) (m o f)) x'`] THEN
          subgoal `(\s m:num->num. poly_pow(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n s) (e s) (m o f)) = (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))` THENL [
            once_rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
            rw[fun_eq_thm_v] THEN
            intro THEN
            have `ring_powerseries(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n x'')` [powerseries_elementary_sympoly_range] THEN
            specialize[
              `r:R ring`;
              `elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n x''`;
              `range n`;
              `f:num->num`;
              `e(x'':num):num`;
              `v:num->num`
            ]poly_pow_o_permutes THEN
            rw[know `poly_pow(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n x'') (e x'') (v o (f:num->num)) = poly_pow r (\m. elementary_sympoly_range r n x'' (m o f)) (e x'') v`] THEN
            subgoal `(\m. elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n x'' (m o f)) = elementary_sympoly_range r n x''` THENL [
              rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
              qed[elementary_sympoly_range_o_permutes]
            ; pass
            ] THEN
            qed[]
          ; pass
          ] THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        rw[know `(\m:num->num. ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) (m o f)) = ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))`] THEN
        subgoal `(\m. poly_const r (p t) m) = poly_const(r:R ring) (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R` THENL [
          rw[FUN_EQ_THM]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `(\m:num->num. poly_mul(r:R ring) (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) (m o f)) = poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)))`] THEN
      havetac `(p:(num->num)->R) = (\m. p m)` (rw[FUN_EQ_THM]) THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[`S:num->num`](know(`!m:num->num. monomial_lt (<=) m M ==> (!p. (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)) ==> (!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)) ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) p ==> poly_vars r p SUBSET range n ==> (!f m. f permutes range n ==> p (m o f) = p m) ==> support_le r p m ==> poly_evaluate r p c IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G))`)) THEN
    have `support_le(r:R ring) (s:(num->num)->R) S` [] THEN
    specialize[`s:(num->num)->R`](know(`!p. (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)) ==> (!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)) ==> ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) p ==> poly_vars r p SUBSET range n ==> (!f m. f permutes range n ==> p (m o f) = p m) ==> support_le r p S ==> poly_evaluate r p c IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)`)) THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) s c = ring_sub r (poly_evaluate r p c) (ring_mul r (p t) (ring_product r (1..n) (\d. ring_pow r (poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) c) (e d))))` THENL [
    rw[know `s = poly_sub(r:R ring) p (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))))`] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_const r (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R)` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_CONST;ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `poly_const r (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R`;
      `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))`
    ]RING_POLYNOMIAL_MUL THEN
    have `ring_polynomial(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))))` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p:(num->num)->R`;
      `poly_mul(r:R ring) (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)))`;
      `c:num->R`
    ]POLY_EVALUATE_SUB THEN
    rw[know `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (poly_sub r p (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))))) c = ring_sub r (poly_evaluate r p c) (poly_evaluate r (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p t)) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)))) c)`] THEN
    subgoal `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)))) c = ring_mul r (p t) (ring_product r (1..n) (\d. ring_pow r (poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) c) (e d)))` THENL [
      subgoal `!i. i IN poly_vars r (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) UNION poly_vars r (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) ==> c i IN ring_carrier (r:R ring)` THENL [
        rw[IN_UNION;POLY_VARS_CONST;EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        have `!d. elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n d IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [elementary_sympoly_range_in_poly_ring] THEN
        have `!d. d IN 1..n ==> poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n d) (e d) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [poly_pow_in_poly_ring] THEN
        specialize_assuming[
          `r:R ring`;
          `\d. poly_pow(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)`;
          `range n`;
          `1..n`
        ]poly_product_in_poly_ring THEN
        have `ring_product(poly_ring (r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (range n))` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
        specialize[`r:R ring`;`range n`](CONJUNCT1 POLY_RING) THEN
        have `ring_product(poly_ring (r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET range n}` [] THEN
        intro THEN
        set_fact `ring_product(poly_ring (r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)) IN {q | ring_polynomial r q /\ poly_vars r q SUBSET range n} ==> i IN poly_vars r (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) ==> i IN range n` THEN
        qed[range_lt]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `poly_const r (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R`;
        `ring_product (poly_ring(r:R ring) (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))`;
        `c:num->R`
      ]POLY_EVALUATE_MUL THEN
      rw[know `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (poly_mul r (poly_const r (p(t:num->num))) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)))) c = ring_mul r (poly_evaluate r (poly_const r (p t)) c) (poly_evaluate r (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) c)`] THEN
      have_rw `poly_evaluate r (poly_const r (p(t:num->num)):(num->num)->R) c = p t` [POLY_EVALUATE_CONST;ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
      subgoal `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) c = ring_product r (1..n) (\d. ring_pow r (poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) c) (e d))` THENL [
        have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
        have `!v. v IN range n ==> c v IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [range_lt] THEN
        have `!s. s IN 1..n ==> poly_pow(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n s) (e s) IN ring_carrier (poly_ring r (range n))` [poly_pow_in_poly_ring;elementary_sympoly_range_in_poly_ring] THEN
        specialize[
          `r:R ring`;
          `\d. poly_pow(r:R ring) (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d)`;
          `c:num->R`;
          `range n`;
          `1..n`
        ]eval_poly_product_multi THEN
        rw[know `poly_evaluate(r:R ring) (ring_product (poly_ring r (:num)) (1..n) (\d. poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) (e d))) c = ring_product r (1..n) (\s.  poly_evaluate r (poly_pow r (elementary_sympoly_range r n s) (e s)) c)`] THEN
        sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        have `elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n a IN ring_carrier (poly_ring r (range n))` [elementary_sympoly_range_in_poly_ring] THEN
        have `!v. v IN range n ==> c v IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [range_lt] THEN
        specialize[
          `r:R ring`;
          `elementary_sympoly_range (r:R ring) n a`;
          `c:num->R`;
          `range n`;
          `e(a:num):num`
        ]eval_poly_pow_multi THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul(r:R ring) (p(t:num->num)) (ring_product r (1..n) (\d. ring_pow r (poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) c) (e d))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` THENL [
    have `(p(t:num->num)) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated(r:R ring) G)` [ring_polynomial;ring_powerseries] THEN
    subgoal `ring_product(r:R ring) (1..n) (\d. ring_pow r (poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) c) (e d)) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` THENL [
      sufficesby ring_product_in_subring THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range(r:R ring) n s') c IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` THENL [
        have `s' <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
        simp[eval_elementary_sympoly_range_coeff] THEN
        have `ring_1(r:R ring) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [SUBRING_GENERATED;RING_1] THEN
        have `ring_neg(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (ring_1 r) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_NEG] THEN
        have `ring_neg(r:R ring) (ring_1 r) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
        have `ring_pow(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) s':R IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_POW] THEN
        have `ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) s':R IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` [RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED] THEN
        have `(coeff (n - s') (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c)) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated(r:R ring) G)` [] THEN
        have `ring_mul(subring_generated r G) (ring_pow r (ring_neg r (ring_1 r)) s':R) (coeff (n - s') (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c)) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated(r:R ring) G)` [RING_MUL] THEN
        qed[SUBRING_GENERATED]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `ring_pow(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n s') c) (e s') IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [RING_POW] THEN
      qed[RING_POW_SUBRING_GENERATED]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_mul(subring_generated(r:R ring) G) (p(t:num->num)) (ring_product r (1..n) (\d. ring_pow r (poly_evaluate r (elementary_sympoly_range r n d) c) (e d))) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated r G)` [RING_MUL] THEN
    qed[SUBRING_GENERATED]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[sub_in_subring;POLY_EVALUATE]
);;

let symmetric_subring_if_poly_subring_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G n c:num->R p.
  (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at r (range n) c) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) p ==>
  poly_vars r p SUBSET range n ==>
  (!f m. f permutes range n ==>
         p(m o f) = p(m)) ==>
  poly_evaluate r p c IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (p:(num->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
  choose `M:num->num` `support_le r (p:(num->num)->R) M` [support_le_exists] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `G:R->bool`;
    `n:num`;
    `c:num->R`;
    `M:num->num`;
    `p:(num->num)->R`
  ]symmetric_subring_if_poly_subring_lemma THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== poly_reindex: reindexing polynomial variables *)

let poly_reindex = new_definition `
  poly_reindex (r:R ring) (q:(Y->num)->R) (f:X->Y) (A:X->bool) (B:Y->bool)
  = (\m. if monomial_vars m SUBSET A
         then q(\b. if b IN B
                    then m(@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = b)
                    else 0)
         else ring_0 r)
`;;

let poly_vars_poly_reindex = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) A B q f:X->Y.
  BIJ f A B ==>
  poly_vars r q SUBSET B ==>
  poly_vars r (poly_reindex r q f A B) SUBSET A
`,
  rw[poly_reindex] THEN
  rw[poly_vars;UNIONS_SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  rw[monomial_vars;SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM;EXTENSION] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let powerseries_poly_reindex = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) A B q f:X->Y.
  BIJ f A B ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  ring_powerseries r (poly_reindex r q f A B)
`,
  rw[poly_reindex] THEN
  rw[ring_powerseries;INFINITE;monomial_vars;SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[RING_0]
  ;
    case `!x:X. ~(m x = 0) ==> x IN A` THENL [
      subgoal `~FINITE {b:Y | ~((\b. if b IN B then m (@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = b) else 0) b = 0)}` THENL [
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        subgoal `{b:Y | ~((if b IN B then m (@a. a IN A /\ f a = b) else 0) = 0)} = IMAGE f {a:X | ~(m a = 0)}` THENL [
          rw[EXTENSION;IN_IMAGE;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
          intro THEN
          splitiff THENL [
            intro THEN
            have `x:Y IN B` [] THEN
            have `SURJ (f:X->Y) A B` [BIJ] THEN
            choose `a:X` `a:X IN A /\ f a = x:Y` [SURJ] THEN
            witness `a:X` THEN
            subgoal `(@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = x:Y) = a` THENL [
              sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
              qed[BIJ;INJ]
            ; pass
            ] THEN
            qed[]
          ;
            intro THEN
            have `x':X IN A` [] THEN
            have `x:Y IN B` [BIJ;INJ] THEN
            subgoal `(@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = x:Y) = x'` THENL [
              sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
              qed[BIJ;INJ]
            ; pass
            ] THEN
            qed[]
          ]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        specialize_assuming[
          `f:X->Y`;
          `{a:X | ~(m a = 0)}`
        ]FINITE_IMAGE_INJ_EQ THEN
        subgoal `!i j:X. i IN {a | ~(m a = 0)} ==> j IN {a | ~(m a = 0)} ==> f i = f j:Y ==> i = j` THENL [
          rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
          qed[BIJ;INJ]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[]
    ]
  ]
);;

let monomials_poly_reindex = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) A B q f:X->Y.
  BIJ f A B ==>
  ring_powerseries r q ==>
  poly_vars r q SUBSET B ==>
  {m | ~((poly_reindex r q f A B) m = ring_0 r)}
  = IMAGE
      (\m:Y->num. \a:X. if a IN A then m (f a) else 0)
      {m | ~(q m = ring_0 r)}
`,
  rw[poly_reindex] THEN
  rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    witness `(\b:Y. if b IN B then x (@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = b) else 0)` THEN
    intro THENL [
      rw[fun_eq_thm_e] THEN
      intro THEN
      case `e:X IN A` THENL [
        subgoal `(@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = f e:Y) = e` THENL [
          sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
          qed[BIJ;INJ]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[BIJ;INJ]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `monomial_vars(x:X->num) SUBSET A` [] THEN
      have `~(e:X IN monomial_vars x)` [SUBSET] THEN
      have `~(e:X IN {i | ~(x i = 0)})` [monomial_vars] THEN
      set_fact `~(e:X IN {i | ~(x i = 0)}) ==> x e = 0` THEN
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[]
    ]
  ;
    intro THEN
    subgoal `monomial_vars(x:X->num) SUBSET A` THENL [
      rw[monomial_vars;SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `(\b:Y. if b IN B then x (@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = b) else 0) = v` THENL [
      rw[fun_eq_thm_e] THEN
      intro THEN
      case `e:Y IN B` THENL [
        have `SURJ (f:X->Y) A B` [BIJ] THEN
        choose `a:X` `a:X IN A /\ f a = e:Y` [SURJ] THEN
        subgoal `(@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = e:Y) = a` THENL [
          sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
          qed[BIJ;INJ]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `v(e:Y) = 0` THENL [
        proven_if `v(e:Y) = 0` [] THEN
        subgoal `e IN monomial_vars(v:Y->num)` THENL [
          rw[monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        subgoal `e IN poly_vars r (q:(Y->num)->R)` THENL [
          rw[poly_vars;IN_UNIONS;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[SUBSET]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let polynomial_poly_reindex = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) A B q f:X->Y.
  BIJ f A B ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  poly_vars r q SUBSET B ==>
  ring_polynomial r (poly_reindex r q f A B)
`,
  rw[ring_polynomial] THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[powerseries_poly_reindex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `A:X->bool`;
    `B:Y->bool`;
  ]monomials_poly_reindex THEN
  qed[FINITE_IMAGE]
);;

let poly_reindex_permutes = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) A B q f:X->Y.
  BIJ f A B ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  (!h m. h permutes B ==>
         q(m o h) = q(m)) ==>
  (!g m. g permutes A ==>
         (poly_reindex r q f A B)(m o g)
         = (poly_reindex r q f A B)(m))
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[poly_reindex] THEN
  case `monomial_vars(m:X->num) SUBSET A` THENL [
    subgoal `monomial_vars(m:X->num o g:X->X) SUBSET A` THENL [
      rw[SUBSET;monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM;o_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      set_fact `~(m(g(x:X):X) = 0) ==> g(x:X):X IN {i | ~(m i = 0)}` THEN
      have `g(x:X):X IN monomial_vars m` [monomial_vars] THEN
      have `g(x:X):X IN A` [SUBSET] THEN
      qed[PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    def `h:Y->Y` `\y:Y. if y IN B then f(g(@x:X. x IN A /\ f x = y)) else y` THEN
    subgoal `h:Y->Y permutes B` THENL [
      have `!x y:X. x IN A ==> y IN A ==> f x = f y:Y ==> x = y` [BIJ;INJ] THEN
      subgoal `!a:X. a IN A ==> h(f a:Y) = f(g a)` THENL [
        intro THEN
        simp[o_THM] THEN
        subgoal `(@x:X. x IN A /\ f x = f a:Y) = a` THENL [
          sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[BIJ;INJ]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `!b:Y. ~(b IN IMAGE (f:X->Y) A) ==> h b = b` THENL [
        have `SURJ (f:X->Y) A B` [BIJ] THEN
        simp[image_surj]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `f:X->Y`;
        `g:X->X`;
        `h:Y->Y`;
        `A:X->bool`
      ]PERMUTES_TRANSFER THEN
      qed[BIJ;image_surj]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `(\b:Y. if b IN B then (m o g) (@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = b) else 0) = (\b. if b IN B then m (@a. a IN A /\ f a = b) else 0) o h` THENL [
      rw[fun_eq_thm_e;o_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      case `e:Y IN B` THENL [
        have `h(e:Y):Y IN B` [PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE] THEN
        simp[] THEN
        have `SURJ (f:X->Y) A B` [BIJ] THEN
        choose `a:X` `a:X IN A /\ f a = e:Y` [SURJ] THEN
        subgoal `(@x:X. x IN A /\ f x = e:Y) = a` THENL [
          sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
          qed[BIJ;INJ]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        simp[] THEN
        subgoal `(@a':X. a' IN A /\ f a' = f (g a):Y) = g(a:X):X` THENL [
          sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
          have `g(a:X):X IN A` [PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE] THEN
          qed[BIJ;INJ]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        simp[]
      ;
        qed[]
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    subgoal `~(monomial_vars(m:X->num o g:X->X) SUBSET A)` THENL [
      rw[SUBSET;monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM;o_THM] THEN
      rw[NOT_FORALL_THM;NOT_IMP] THEN
      choose `a:X` `a IN monomial_vars m /\ ~(a:X IN A)` [SUBSET] THEN
      witness `a:X` THEN
      have `g(a:X) = a` [permutes] THEN
      have `a:X IN {i | ~(m i = 0)}` [monomial_vars] THEN
      set_fact `a:X IN {i | ~(m i = 0)} ==> ~(m a = 0)` THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let poly_evaluate_poly_reindex = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) A B q f:X->Y c:Y->R.
  BIJ f A B ==>
  ring_polynomial r q ==>
  poly_vars r q SUBSET B ==>
  poly_evaluate r (poly_reindex r q f A B) (c o f)
  = poly_evaluate r q c
`,
  rw[poly_evaluate;poly_extend] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `ring_powerseries r (q:(Y->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `A:X->bool`;
    `B:Y->bool`;
    `q:(Y->num)->R`;
    `f:X->Y`
  ]monomials_poly_reindex THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `!x y:Y->num. x IN {m | ~(q m:R = ring_0 r)} ==> y IN {m | ~(q m = ring_0 r)} ==> (\a:X. if a IN A then x (f a) else 0) = (\a. if a IN A then y (f a) else 0) ==> x = y` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM;fun_eq_thm_e] THEN
    intro THEN
    case `e:Y IN B` THENL [
      choose `a:X` `a:X IN A /\ f a = e:Y` [BIJ;SURJ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    case `~(x(e:Y) = 0)` THENL [
      subgoal `e:Y IN monomial_vars x` THENL [
        rw[monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `e IN poly_vars r (q:(Y->num)->R)` THENL [
        rw[poly_vars;IN_UNIONS;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[SUBSET]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    case `~(y(e:Y) = 0)` THENL [
      subgoal `e:Y IN monomial_vars y` THENL [
        rw[monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `e IN poly_vars r (q:(Y->num)->R)` THENL [
        rw[poly_vars;IN_UNIONS;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[SUBSET]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `\m a:X. if a IN A then m (f a:Y) else 0`;
    `\m:X->num. ring_mul(r:R ring) (I (poly_reindex r q (f:X->Y) A B m)) (ring_product r (monomial_vars m) (\i. ring_pow r ((c o f) i) (m i)))`;
    `{m:Y->num | ~(q m:R = ring_0 r)}`
  ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby ring_sum_eq_name_d THEN
  rw[BETA_THM;o_THM;I_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!x:Y. ~(d x = 0) ==> x IN B` THENL [
    intro THEN
    subgoal `x:Y IN monomial_vars d` THENL [
      rw[monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `x IN poly_vars r (q:(Y->num)->R)` THENL [
      rw[poly_vars;IN_UNIONS;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[SUBSET]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_reindex r q f A B (\a:X. if a IN A then d (f a:Y) else 0) = q d:R` THENL [
    rw[poly_reindex;monomial_vars;SUBSET;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    subgoal `(\b:Y. if b IN B then if (@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = b) IN A then d (f (@a. a IN A /\ f a = b)) else 0 else 0) = d` THENL [
      rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      case `x:Y IN B` THENL [
        choose `a:X` `a:X IN A /\ f a = x:Y` [BIJ;SURJ] THEN
        subgoal `(@a:X. a IN A /\ f a = x:Y) = a` THENL [
          sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
          qed[BIJ;INJ]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `monomial_vars (d:Y->num) = IMAGE f (monomial_vars (\a:X. if a IN A then d(f a) else 0))` THENL [
    rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    splitiff THENL [
      intro THEN
      choose `a:X` `a:X IN A /\ f a = x:Y` [BIJ;SURJ] THEN
      witness `a:X` THEN
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `!x y:X. x IN monomial_vars (\a. if a IN A then d (f a:Y) else 0) ==> y IN monomial_vars (\a:X. if a IN A then d (f a) else 0) ==> f x = f y ==> x = y` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM;fun_eq_thm_e;monomial_vars] THEN
    intro THEN
    qed[BIJ;INJ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `f:X->Y`;
    `\i:Y. ring_pow(r:R ring) (c i) (d i)`;
    `monomial_vars (\a:X. if a IN A then d (f a:Y) else 0)`
  ]RING_PRODUCT_IMAGE THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `ring_product r (monomial_vars (\a:X. if a IN A then d (f a:Y) else 0)) (\i. ring_pow r (c (f i):R) (if i IN A then d (f i) else 0)) = ring_product r (monomial_vars (\a. if a IN A then d (f a) else 0)) ((\i. ring_pow r (c i) (d i)) o f)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;o_THM;monomial_vars;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[]
);;

let poly_reindex_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G A B q f:X->Y.
  poly_reindex(subring_generated r G) q f A B
  = poly_reindex r q f A B
`,
  rw[poly_reindex] THEN
  rw[SUBRING_GENERATED]
);;

let symmetric_subring_if_poly_subring = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) G S c:X->R q.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at r S c) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)) ==>
  ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) q ==>
  poly_vars r q SUBSET S ==>
  (!f m. f permutes S ==>
         q(m o f) = q(m)) ==>
  poly_evaluate r q c IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `f:num->X` `IMAGE f (range(CARD S)) = S:X->bool` [finite_ordering] THEN
  def `p:(num->num)->R` `poly_reindex (r:R ring) q (f:num->X) (range(CARD S)) (S:X->bool)` THEN
  subgoal `!i. i < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> c(f i:X) IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `i IN range(CARD(S:X->bool))` [range_lt] THEN
    have `f(i:num) IN (S:X->bool)` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at r (range(CARD(S:X->bool))) (\i:num. c(f i:X):R)) IN ring_carrier(subring_generated r G)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `(\i:num. c(f i:X):R) = c o f` [FUN_EQ_THM;o_THM] THEN
    specialize[
      `S:X->bool`;
      `f:num->X`
    ]injective_finite_ordering THEN
    have `!x y. x IN range(CARD(S:X->bool)) ==> y IN range(CARD S) ==> f x:X = f y ==> x = y` [range_lt] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `range(CARD(S:X->bool))`;
      `f:num->X`;
      `c:X->R`
    ]monic_vanishing_at_image THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `p:(num->num)->R = poly_reindex(subring_generated r G) q (f:num->X) (range(CARD S)) S` [poly_reindex_subring] THEN
  have `poly_vars(subring_generated r G) (q:(X->num)->R) SUBSET S` [poly_vars_subring] THEN
  have `BIJ(f:num->X) (range(CARD S)) (S:X->bool)` [bij_finite_ordering] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial(subring_generated r G) (p:(num->num)->R)` [polynomial_poly_reindex] THEN
  specialize[
    `subring_generated (r:R ring) G`;
    `range(CARD(S:X->bool))`;
    `S:X->bool`;
    `q:(X->num)->R`;
    `f:num->X`
  ]poly_vars_poly_reindex THEN
  have `poly_vars r (p:(num->num)->R) SUBSET range(CARD(S:X->bool))` [poly_vars_subring] THEN
  specialize[
    `subring_generated (r:R ring) G`;
    `range(CARD(S:X->bool))`;
    `S:X->bool`;
    `q:(X->num)->R`;
    `f:num->X`
  ]poly_reindex_permutes THEN
  have `!f m:num->num. f permutes range (CARD(S:X->bool)) ==> p (m o f) = p m:R` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `G:R->bool`;
    `CARD(S:X->bool)`;
    `\i:num. c(f i:X):R`;
    `p:(num->num)->R`
  ]symmetric_subring_if_poly_subring_range THEN
  have `ring_polynomial r (q:(X->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial_if_subring] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `range(CARD(S:X->bool))`;
    `S:X->bool`;
    `q:(X->num)->R`;
    `f:num->X`;
    `c:X->R`
  ](GSYM poly_evaluate_poly_reindex) THEN
  simp[o_DEF] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== ring_ord *)
(* XXX: should factor poly_ord and some of the UFD theorems above via this *)

let ring_ord = new_definition `
  ring_ord (r:R ring) (p:R) (a:R)
  = @e:num. (
      ?u:R. (
        u IN ring_carrier r /\
        ~(ring_divides r p u) /\
        a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) u
      )
    )
`;;

(* could prove via ring_ord_unit *)
let ring_ord_1 = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_unit r p) ==>
  ring_ord r p (ring_1 r) = 0
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ring_ord] THEN
  sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    proven_if `y = 0` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(y = 0) ==> y = 1+(y-1)` THEN
    have `ring_pow(r:R ring) p y = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p 1) (ring_pow r p (y-1))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
    have `ring_1(r:R ring) = ring_mul r (ring_mul r p (ring_pow r p (y-1))) u` [RING_POW_1] THEN
    have `ring_1(r:R ring) = ring_mul r p (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (y-1)) u)` [RING_MUL_ASSOC;RING_POW] THEN
    subgoal `ring_divides(r:R ring) p (ring_1 r)` THENL [
      rw[ring_divides] THEN
      simp[RING_MUL;RING_POW] THEN
      witness `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_pow r p (y-1)) u` THEN
      simp[RING_MUL;RING_POW] THEN
      RING_TAC
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[ring_unit;ring_divides]
  ;
    intro THEN
    witness `ring_1(r:R ring)` THEN
    qed[RING_1;ring_unit;ring_divides;RING_POW_0;RING_MUL_LID]
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_notdivides = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p v.
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  v IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_divides r p v) ==>
  ring_ord r p v = 0
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ring_ord] THEN
  sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `~(ring_unit r (p:R))` [RING_UNIT_DIVIDES_ANY] THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    proven_if `y = 0` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `~(y = 0) ==> y = 1+(y-1)` THEN
    have `ring_pow(r:R ring) p y = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p 1) (ring_pow r p (y-1))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
    have `v:R = ring_mul r (ring_mul r p (ring_pow r p (y-1))) u` [RING_POW_1] THEN
    have `v:R = ring_mul r p (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (y-1)) u)` [RING_MUL_ASSOC;RING_POW] THEN
    subgoal `ring_divides(r:R ring) p v` THENL [
      rw[ring_divides] THEN
      simp[RING_MUL;RING_POW] THEN
      witness `ring_mul(r:R ring) (ring_pow r p (y-1)) u` THEN
      simp[RING_MUL;RING_POW] THEN
      have `v IN ring_carrier(r:R ring)` [ring_unit] THEN
      RING_TAC
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_divides(r:R ring) v (ring_1 r)` THENL [
      rw[ring_divides] THEN
      qed[ring_unit;RING_1]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    intro THEN
    witness `v:R` THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[RING_POW_0;RING_MUL_LID]
    ]
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_unit = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p v.
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_unit r p) ==>
  ring_unit r v ==>
  ring_ord r p v = 0
`,
  intro THEN
  have `v:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_unit] THEN
  have `~ring_divides r (p:R) v` [RING_UNIT_DIVISOR] THEN
  qed[ring_ord_notdivides]
);;

let ring_ord_pow_refl = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p e.
  integral_domain r ==>
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_unit r p) ==>
  ~(p = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_ord r p (ring_pow r p e) = e
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[ring_ord] THEN
  sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    case `y < e:num` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `y < e:num ==> e = y+((e-1-y)+1)` THEN
      have `ring_pow r (p:R) e = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p y) (ring_pow r p ((e-1-y)+1))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
      have `ring_pow r (p:R) ((e-1-y)+1) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (e-1-y)) (ring_pow r p 1)` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
      have `ring_pow r (p:R) 1 = p` [RING_POW_1] THEN
      havetac `ring_mul r (ring_pow r p y) u:R = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p y) (ring_mul r p (ring_pow r p (e-1-y)))` RING_TAC THEN
      subgoal `u:R = ring_mul r p (ring_pow r p (e - 1 - y))` THENL [
        specialize_assuming[
          `r:R ring`;
          `ring_pow r (p:R) y`;
          `u:R`;
          `ring_mul r (p:R) (ring_pow r p (e - 1 - y))`
        ]INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_MUL_LCANCEL THEN
        have `~(ring_pow r (p:R) y = ring_0 r)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0] THEN
        qed[RING_MUL;RING_POW]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[ring_divides;RING_POW]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    case `e < y:num` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `e < y:num ==> y = e+((y-1-e)+1)` THEN
      have `ring_pow r (p:R) y = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) (ring_pow r p ((y-1-e)+1))` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
      have `ring_pow r (p:R) ((y-1-e)+1) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (y-1-e)) (ring_pow r p 1)` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
      have `ring_pow r (p:R) 1 = p` [RING_POW_1] THEN
      havetac `ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) (ring_1 r):R = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) (ring_mul r p (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (y-1-e)) u))` RING_TAC THEN
      subgoal `(ring_1 r):R = ring_mul r p (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (y-1-e)) u)` THENL [
        specialize_assuming[
          `r:R ring`;
          `ring_pow r (p:R) e`;
          `ring_1 r:R`;
          `ring_mul r (p:R) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (y - 1 - e)) u)`
        ]INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_MUL_LCANCEL THEN
        have `~(ring_pow r (p:R) e = ring_0 r)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0] THEN
        qed[RING_MUL;RING_POW;RING_1]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[ring_unit;RING_MUL;RING_POW]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ;
    intro THEN
    witness `ring_1 r:R` THEN
    qed[RING_1;ring_unit;ring_divides;RING_MUL_RID;RING_POW]
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_refl = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  integral_domain r ==>
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_unit r p) ==>
  ~(p = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_ord r p p = 1
`,
  qed[ring_ord_pow_refl;RING_POW_1]
);;

let ring_ord_exists = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(ring_unit r p) ==>
  !a.
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  ?e u:R. (
    u IN ring_carrier r /\
    ~(ring_divides r p u) /\
    a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) u
  )
`,
  intro_genonly THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  specialize[`r:R ring`]RING_DIVIDES_WF THEN
  specialize_forward[`\x y:R. ring_divides r x y /\ ~ring_divides r y x`](GEN `(<<):A->A->bool` WF_IND) THEN
  sufficesby (know `!P. (!x:R. (!y. ring_divides r y x ==> ~ring_divides r x y ==> P y) ==> P x) ==> (!x. P x)`) THEN
  intro THEN
  case `ring_divides r (p:R) a` THENL [
    choose `b:R` `b:R IN ring_carrier r /\ a = ring_mul r p b` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (b:R) a` [ring_divides;RING_MUL_SYM] THEN
    have `~(b:R = ring_0 r)` [RING_MUL_RZERO] THEN
    subgoal `~ring_divides r (a:R) b` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `ring_associates r (a:R) b` [ring_associates] THEN
      qed[INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_DIVIDES_ASSOCIATES_MUL_SELF]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `b:R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
    specialize[`b:R`](know `!y:R. ring_divides r y a /\ ~ring_divides r a y ==> y IN ring_carrier r ==> ~(y = ring_0 r) ==> (?e u.  u IN ring_carrier r /\ ~ring_divides r p u /\ y = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) u)`) THEN
    choose2 `e:num` `u:R` `u:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~ring_divides r p u /\ b = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) u` [] THEN
    witness `e+1` THEN
    witness `u:R` THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[]
    ;
      have `b:R = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) u` [] THEN
      have `ring_pow r (p:R) (e+1) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) (ring_pow r p 1)` [RING_POW_ADD] THEN
      have `ring_pow r (p:R) (e+1) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) p` [RING_POW_1] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `ring_pow r (p:R) e`;
        `ring_pow r (p:R) (e+1)`;
      ](
        GENL[`E:R`;`E1:R`](
        RING_RULE `E1:R = ring_mul r E p ==> a = ring_mul r p b ==> b = ring_mul r E u ==> a = ring_mul r E1 u`
      )) THEN
      qed[RING_POW]
    ]
  ;
    witness `0` THEN
    witness `a:R` THEN
    qed[RING_POW_0;RING_MUL_LID]
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_unique_lemma = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p e f u v.
  integral_domain r ==>
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  u IN ring_carrier r ==>
  v IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ~(ring_divides r p v) ==>
  ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) u
  = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p f) v
  ==> e <= f
`,
  intro THEN
  proven_if `e <= f:num` [] THEN
  num_linear_fact `~(e <= f) ==> e = f+(1+(e-1-f))` THEN
  subgoal `ring_pow r (p:R) e = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p f) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p 1) (ring_pow r p (e-1-f)))` THENL [
    simp[GSYM RING_POW_ADD] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_pow r (p:R) e = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p f) (ring_mul r p (ring_pow r p (e-1-f)))` [RING_POW_1] THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul r (ring_pow r p f:R) (ring_mul r p (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (e - 1 - f)) u)) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p f) v` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[
      `ring_pow r (p:R) e`;
      `ring_pow r (p:R) (e-1-f)`;
      `ring_pow r (p:R) f`;
    ](GENL[`E:R`;`E1F:R`;`X:R`](
      RING_RULE `ring_mul r (E:R) u = ring_mul r X v ==> E = ring_mul r X (ring_mul r p E1F) ==> ring_mul r X (ring_mul r p (ring_mul r E1F u)) = ring_mul r X v`
    )) THEN
    qed[RING_POW;RING_MUL]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul r (p:R) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (e - 1 - f)) u) = v` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `ring_pow r (p:R) f`;
      `ring_mul r (p:R) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (e - 1 - f)) u)`;
      `v:R`
    ]INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_MUL_LCANCEL THEN
    have `~(ring_pow r (p:R) f = ring_0 r)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0;ring_prime] THEN
    qed[RING_MUL;RING_POW]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[ring_divides;RING_POW;RING_MUL]
);;

let ring_ord_unique = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p e f u v.
  integral_domain r ==>
  p IN ring_carrier r ==>
  u IN ring_carrier r ==>
  v IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ~(ring_divides r p u) ==>
  ~(ring_divides r p v) ==>
  ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) u
  = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p f) v
  ==> e = f
`,
  intro THEN
  have `e <= f:num` [ring_ord_unique_lemma] THEN
  have `f <= e:num` [ring_ord_unique_lemma] THEN
  ASM_ARITH_TAC
);;

let ring_ord_exists_unique = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  ?u:R. (
    u IN ring_carrier r /\
    ~(ring_divides r p u) /\
    a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) u
  )
`,
  intro_genonly THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  have `p:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `~ring_unit r (p:R)` [ring_prime] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`
  ]ring_ord_exists THEN
  choose2 `e:num` `v:R` `v:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~ring_divides r p v /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) v` [] THEN
  subgoal `(@e. ?u:R. u IN ring_carrier r /\ ~ring_divides r p u /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p e) u) = e` THENL [
    sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
    qed[ring_ord_unique]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  witness `v:R` THEN
  rw[ring_ord] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let divides_pow_ring_ord = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) a
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `~ring_unit r (p:R)` [ring_prime] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `a:R`
  ]ring_ord_exists_unique THEN
  choose `u:R` `u:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~ring_divides r p u /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) u` [] THEN
  rw[ring_divides] THEN
  qed[RING_POW;ring_prime]
);;

let divides_le_pow_ring_ord = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a e.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  e <= ring_ord r p a ==>
  ring_divides r (ring_pow r p e) a
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `ring_divides r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) (a:R)` [divides_pow_ring_ord] THEN
  qed[ring_divides_pow_pow;ring_prime;RING_DIVIDES_TRANS]
);;

let nonzero_ring_ord_if_divides = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_divides r p a ==>
  ~(ring_ord r p a = 0)
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `~ring_unit r (p:R)` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `p:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
  have `a:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `a:R`
  ]ring_ord_exists_unique THEN
  choose `u:R` `u:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~ring_divides r p u /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) u` [] THEN
  have `a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p 0) u:R` [] THEN
  have `a = ring_mul r (ring_1 r) u:R` [RING_POW_0] THEN
  have `a = u:R` [RING_MUL_LID] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_ord_mul = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a b.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(b = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_ord r p (ring_mul r a b)
  = (ring_ord r p a) + (ring_ord r p b)
`,
  intro_genonly THEN
  REPEAT DISCH_TAC THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `a:R`
  ]ring_ord_exists_unique THEN
  choose `u:R` `u:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~(ring_divides r p u) /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) u` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `b:R`
  ]ring_ord_exists_unique THEN
  choose `v:R` `v:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~(ring_divides r p v) /\ b = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p b)) v` [] THEN
  have `ring_mul r a b:R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL] THEN
  have `~(ring_mul r a b:R = ring_0 r)` [integral_domain] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `ring_mul r (a:R) b`
  ]ring_ord_exists_unique THEN
  choose `w:R` `w:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~(ring_divides r p w) /\ ring_mul r a b = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p (ring_mul r a b))) w` [] THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a + ring_ord r p b)) (ring_mul r u v) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p (ring_mul r a b))) w:R` THENL [
    have `a:R = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) u` [] THEN
    have `b:R = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p b)) v` [] THEN
    have `ring_mul r a b:R = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p (ring_mul r a b))) w` [] THEN
    have `p:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
    simp[RING_POW_ADD] THEN
    RING_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `ring_ord r (p:R) a + ring_ord r (p:R) b`;
    `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_mul r a b)`;
    `ring_mul r u v:R`;
    `w:R`
  ]ring_ord_unique THEN
  qed[ring_prime;RING_MUL]
);;

let ring_ord_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a e.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_ord r p (ring_pow r a e)
  = e * ring_ord r p a
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[RING_POW_0] THEN
    intro_gendisch THEN
    have `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_1 r) = 0` [ring_ord_1;ring_prime] THEN
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC e = 1+e`] THEN
    intro_gendisch THEN
    simp[RING_POW_ADD] THEN
    subgoal `ring_ord r p (ring_mul r (ring_pow r a 1) (ring_pow r a e)) = ring_ord r p (ring_pow r a 1) + ring_ord r p (ring_pow r a e:R)` THENL [
      specialize_assuming[
        `r:R ring`;
        `p:R`;
        `ring_pow r (a:R) 1`;
        `ring_pow r (a:R) e`
      ]ring_ord_mul THEN
      qed[RING_POW;INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[RING_POW_1] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_product_waterfall = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> a s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(a s = ring_0 r)) ==>
  ring_ord r p (ring_product r S a)
  = nsum S (\s. ring_ord r p (a s))
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[ring_ord_1;ring_prime]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;NSUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p:R`;
      `a(x:X):R`;
      `ring_product r S (a:X->R)`
    ]ring_ord_mul THEN
    qed[RING_PRODUCT;INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0]
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p S a.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> a s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(a s = ring_0 r)) ==>
  ring_ord r p (ring_product r S a)
  = nsum S (\s. ring_ord r p (a s))
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `a:X->R`
  ]ring_ord_product_waterfall THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_ord_divides = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a b.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ~(b = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_divides r a b ==>
  ring_ord r p a <= ring_ord r p b
`,
  rw[ring_divides] THEN
  intro_genonly THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN
  intro THEN
  have `~(a:R = ring_0 r)` [RING_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  have `~(x:R = ring_0 r)` [RING_MUL_RZERO] THEN
  have `ring_ord r (p:R) b = ring_ord r p a + ring_ord r p x` [ring_ord_mul] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `e <= e+f:num`]
);;

let ring_ord_prime_divides = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p b.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (noetherian_ring r \/ UFD r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ~(b = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_divides r p b ==>
  1 <= ring_ord r p b
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `ring_ord r p (p:R) = 1` [ring_ord_refl;ring_prime] THEN
  qed[ring_ord_divides]
);;

let ring_ord_gcd = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a b.
  UFD r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(b = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_ord r p (ring_gcd r (a,b))
  = MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b)
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  have `ring_divides r (ring_gcd r (a,b)) (a:R)` [RING_GCD_DIVIDES] THEN
  have `ring_divides r (ring_gcd r (a,b)) (b:R)` [RING_GCD_DIVIDES] THEN
  have `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_gcd r (a,b)) <= ring_ord r p a` [ring_ord_divides;RING_GCD] THEN
  have `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_gcd r (a,b)) <= ring_ord r p b` [ring_ord_divides;RING_GCD] THEN
  have `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_gcd r (a,b)) <= MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b)` [le_min] THEN
  have `MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b) <= ring_ord r p (a:R)` [min_le] THEN
  have `MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b) <= ring_ord r p (b:R)` [min_le] THEN
  have `ring_divides r (ring_pow r (p:R) (MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b))) a` [divides_le_pow_ring_ord] THEN
  have `ring_divides r (ring_pow r (p:R) (MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b))) b` [divides_le_pow_ring_ord] THEN
  have `ring_divides r (ring_pow r (p:R) (MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b))) (ring_gcd r (a,b))` [UFD_DIVIDES_GCD] THEN
  have `~(ring_gcd r (a,b) = ring_0 r:R)` [ring_divides;RING_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  have `ring_ord r p (ring_pow r (p:R) (MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b))) <= ring_ord r p (ring_gcd r (a,b))` [ring_ord_divides] THEN
  have `MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b) <= ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_gcd r (a,b))` [ring_ord_pow_refl;ring_prime] THEN
  ASM_ARITH_TAC
);;

let ring_ord_associates = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p a b.
  UFD r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ring_associates r a b ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_ord r p a = ring_ord r p b
`,
  intro THEN
  have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  choose `u:R` `ring_unit r (u:R) /\ ring_mul r a u = b` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_ASSOCIATES] THEN
  have `ring_ord r p (u:R) = 0` [ring_ord_unit;ring_prime] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `a:R`;
    `u:R`
  ]ring_ord_mul THEN
  have `~(b = ring_0 r:R)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_0] THEN
  have `a:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_associates;ring_divides] THEN
  have `~(u = ring_0 r:R)` [RING_MUL_RZERO] THEN
  have `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_mul r a u) = ring_ord r p a + ring_ord r p u` [ring_unit] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `e+0 = e`]
);;

let ring_associates_ord = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q a.
  UFD r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ring_associates r p q ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_ord r p a = ring_ord r q a
`,
  intro THEN
  have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  choose `u:R` `ring_unit r (u:R) /\ ring_mul r q u = p` [RING_ASSOCIATES_SYM;INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_ASSOCIATES] THEN
  have `noetherian_ring r \/ UFD(r:R ring)` [] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `p:R`;
    `a:R`
  ]ring_ord_exists_unique THEN
  choose `v:R` `v:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~ring_divides r p v /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) v` [] THEN
  subgoal `a:R = ring_mul r (ring_pow r q (ring_ord r p a)) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r u (ring_ord r p a)) v)` THENL [
    have `p:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
    have `q:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_associates;ring_divides] THEN
    have `u:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_unit] THEN
    have `ring_pow r (p:R) (ring_ord r p a) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r q (ring_ord r p a)) (ring_pow r u (ring_ord r p a))` [RING_MUL_POW] THEN
    have `a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p a)) v:R` [] THEN
    RING_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_unit r (ring_pow r u (ring_ord r p a):R)` [RING_UNIT_POW] THEN
  have `ring_associates r (v:R) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r u (ring_ord r p a)) v)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_LMUL] THEN
  have `~ring_divides r (q:R) (ring_mul r (ring_pow r u (ring_ord r p a)) v)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_DIVIDES] THEN
  have `ring_prime r (q:R)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_PRIME] THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `q:R`;
    `a:R`
  ]ring_ord_exists_unique THEN
  choose `w:R` `w:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ~ring_divides r q w /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_pow r q (ring_ord r q a)) w` [] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `q:R`;
    `ring_ord r p (a:R)`;
    `ring_ord r q (a:R)`;
    `ring_mul r (ring_pow r u (ring_ord r p a)) v:R`;
    `w:R`
  ]ring_ord_unique THEN
  qed[ring_prime;RING_MUL;RING_POW;ring_unit]
);;

let ring_ord_prime = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p q.
  UFD r ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ring_prime r q ==>
  ring_ord r p q
  = if ring_associates r p q then 1 else 0
`,
  intro THEN
  case `ring_divides r (p:R) q` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p:R`;
      `q:R`;
      `p:R`
    ]prime_divides_prime_and THEN
    have `ring_divides r q (p:R)` [RING_DIVIDES_REFL;ring_prime] THEN
    have `ring_associates r p (q:R)` [ring_associates] THEN
    have `ring_ord r (p:R) p = 1` [ring_ord_refl;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN;ring_prime] THEN
    qed[ring_ord_associates;ring_prime]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[ring_ord_notdivides;ring_prime;ring_associates]
);;

let primefact_ord_waterfall = prove(`
  !(r:R ring).
  UFD r ==>
  !a.
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  (?n q.
    (!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_prime r (q i)) /\
    (!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_divides r (q i) a) /\
    (!i j. i IN (1..n) ==> j IN (1..n) ==> ring_associates r (q i) (q j) ==> i = j) /\
    ring_associates r a (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)))
  )
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  sufficesby UFD_PRIME_FACTOR_INDUCT THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[]
  ;
    witness `0` THEN
    witness `\i:num. ring_0 r:R` THEN
    have `!i. ~(i IN 1..0)` [IN_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `~(1 <= i /\ i <= 0)`] THEN
    set_fact `(!i. ~(i IN 1..0)) ==> 1..0 = {}` THEN
    rw[know `1..0 = {}`] THEN
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[RING_ASSOCIATES_1]
  ;
    have `~(a = ring_0 r:R)` [RING_MUL_RZERO;ring_prime] THEN
    recall (know `~(a = ring_0 r:R) ==> (?n q. (!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_prime r (q i)) /\ (!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_divides r (q i) a) /\ (!i j.  i IN 1..n ==> j IN 1..n ==> ring_associates r (q i) (q j) ==> i = j) /\ ring_associates r a (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))))`) THEN
    choose2 `n:num` `q:num->R` `(!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_prime r (q i:R)) /\ (!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_divides r (q i) a) /\ (!i j. i IN (1..n) ==> j IN (1..n) ==> ring_associates r (q i) (q j) ==> i = j) /\ ring_associates r a (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)))` [] THEN
    case `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ~ring_associates r p (q i:R)` THENL [
      witness `n+1` THEN
      witness `\i:num. if i = n+1 then p else q i:R` THEN
      subgoal `!i. i IN (1..n+1) ==> ~(i = n+1) ==> i IN 1..n` THENL [
        intro THEN
        have `i <= n+1` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
        have `1 <= i` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
        num_linear_fact `i <= n+1 ==> ~(i = n+1) ==> i <= n` THEN
        qed[IN_NUMSEG]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THENL [
        proven_if `i = n+1` [] THEN
        qed[]
      ;
        proven_if `i = n+1` [ring_divides;ring_prime;RING_MUL] THEN
        have `ring_divides r (q(i:num):R) a` [] THEN
        qed[ring_prime;RING_MUL;RING_DIVIDES_LMUL]
      ;
        case `i = n+1` THENL [
          proven_if `j = n+1` [] THEN
          have `j IN 1..n` [] THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        case `j = n+1` THENL [
          proven_if `i = n+1` [] THEN
          have `i IN 1..n` [] THEN
          qed[RING_ASSOCIATES_SYM]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ;
        subgoal `ring_product r (1..n + 1) (\i. ring_pow r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_ord r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_mul r p a))) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p (ring_mul r p a))) (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))):R` THENL [
          have `FINITE(1..n+1)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
          have `n+1 IN 1..n+1` [IN_NUMSEG;ARITH_RULE `1 <= n+1 /\ n+1 <= n+1`] THEN
          have `ring_pow r (p:R) (ring_ord r p (ring_mul r p a)) IN ring_carrier r` [RING_POW;ring_prime] THEN
          specialize[
            `r:R ring`;
            `1..n+1`;
            `n+1`;
            `\i. ring_pow r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_ord r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i:R) (ring_mul r p a))`
          ]ring_product_delete THEN
          rw[know `ring_product r (1..n + 1) (\i. ring_pow r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_ord r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_mul r p a))) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p (ring_mul r p a))) (ring_product r ((1..n + 1) DELETE (n + 1)) (\i.  ring_pow r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_ord r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_mul r p a)))):R`] THEN
          subgoal `(1..n+1) DELETE (n+1) = (1..n)` THENL [
            rw[EXTENSION;IN_DELETE;IN_NUMSEG] THEN
            ARITH_TAC
          ; pass
          ] THEN
          rw[know `(1..n+1) DELETE (n+1) = (1..n)`] THEN
          subgoal `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_ord r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_mul r p a))) = ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)):R` THENL [
            sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
            rw[BETA_THM] THEN
            intro THEN
            have `a' <= n:num` [IN_NUMSEG] THEN
            num_linear_fact `a' <= n:num ==> ~(a' = n+1)` THEN
            have `ring_ord r (q(a':num):R) p = 0` [ring_ord_prime;RING_ASSOCIATES_SYM] THEN
            specialize_assuming[
              `r:R ring`;
              `q(a':num):R`;
              `p:R`;
              `a:R`
            ]ring_ord_mul THEN
            have `ring_ord r (q(a':num):R) (ring_mul r p a) = ring_ord r (q a') p + ring_ord r (q a') a` [UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN;ring_prime] THEN
            have `ring_ord r (q(a':num):R) (ring_mul r p a) = 0 + ring_ord r (q a') a` [] THEN
            have `ring_ord r (q(a':num):R) (ring_mul r p a) = ring_ord r (q a') a` [ARITH_RULE `0+e = e`] THEN
            qed[]
          ; pass
          ] THEN
          rw[know `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_ord r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_mul r p a))) = ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)):R`]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        rw[know `ring_product r (1..n + 1) (\i. ring_pow r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_ord r (if i = n + 1 then p else q i) (ring_mul r p a))) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r p (ring_ord r p (ring_mul r p a))) (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))):R`] THEN
        subgoal `ring_ord r p (ring_mul r p a:R) = 1` THENL [
          have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
          have `noetherian_ring r \/ UFD (r:R ring)` [] THEN
          subgoal `ring_ord r p (a:R) = 0` THENL [
            subgoal `ring_ord r p (a:R) = nsum (1..n) (\s. ring_ord r p (ring_pow r (q s) (ring_ord r (q s) a)))` THENL [
              have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
              have `!s. s IN 1..n ==> ring_pow r (q s) (ring_ord r (q s) a):R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_POW;ring_prime] THEN
              have `!s. s IN 1..n ==> ~(q s:R = ring_0 r)` [ring_prime] THEN
              subgoal `!s. s IN 1..n ==> ~(ring_pow r (q s) (ring_ord r (q s) a):R = ring_0 r)` THENL [
                intro THEN
                have `~(q(s:num):R = ring_0 r)` [ring_prime] THEN
                have `q(s:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
                qed[INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POW_EQ_0]
              ; pass
              ] THEN
              specialize[
                `r:R ring`;
                `p:R`;
                `1..n`;
                `\i:num. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a):R`
              ]ring_ord_product THEN
              qed[ring_ord_associates]
            ; pass
            ] THEN
            subgoal `nsum (1..n) (\s. ring_ord r p (ring_pow r (q s) (ring_ord r (q s:R) a))) = nsum (1..n) (\s. 0)` THENL [
              sufficesby NSUM_EQ THEN
              rw[BETA_THM] THEN
              intro THEN
              have `ring_ord r (p:R) (q(x:num)) = 0` [ring_ord_prime] THEN
              have `q(x:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
              have `~(q(x:num):R = ring_0 r)` [ring_prime] THEN
              specialize[
                `r:R ring`;
                `p:R`;
                `q(x:num):R`;
                `ring_ord r (q(x:num):R) a`
              ]ring_ord_pow THEN
              qed[ARITH_RULE `e*0 = 0`]
            ; pass
            ] THEN
            qed[NSUM_0]
          ; pass
          ] THEN
          specialize_assuming[
            `r:R ring`;
            `p:R`;
            `p:R`;
            `a:R`
          ]ring_ord_mul THEN
          have `ring_ord r (p:R) p = 1` [ring_ord_refl;ring_prime] THEN
          qed[ARITH_RULE `1+0 = 1`;ring_prime]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        rw[know `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_mul r p a) = 1`] THEN
        qed[RING_POW_1;RING_ASSOCIATES_MUL;RING_ASSOCIATES_REFL;RING_PRODUCT;RING_POW;ring_prime]
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    choose `b:num` `b IN 1..n /\ ring_associates r p (q b:R)` [] THEN
    witness `n:num` THEN
    witness `q:num->R` THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ;
      have `ring_divides r (q(i:num):R) a` [] THEN
      qed[RING_DIVIDES_LMUL;ring_prime]
    ;
      qed[]
    ;
      subgoal `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) (ring_mul r p a))) = ring_product r (1..n) (\i.  ring_mul r (ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) p)) (ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)):R)` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        have `p:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
        have `~(p:R = ring_0 r)` [ring_prime] THEN
        have_rw `ring_ord r (q(a':num):R) (ring_mul r p a) = ring_ord r (q a') p + ring_ord r (q a') a` [ring_ord_mul;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
        have `q(a':num):R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
        qed[RING_POW_ADD]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) (ring_mul r p a))) = ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_mul r (ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) p)) (ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))):R`] THEN
      subgoal `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_mul r (ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) p)) (ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))) = ring_mul r (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) p))) (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))):R` THENL [
        have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
        sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_MUL THEN
        qed[RING_POW;ring_prime]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_mul r (ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) p)) (ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))) = ring_mul r (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) p))) (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))):R`] THEN
      subgoal `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) p)) = ring_product r (1..n) (\i. if i = b then q b else ring_1 r):R` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        case `a' = b:num` THENL [
          have `ring_associates r (q(a':num):R) p` [RING_ASSOCIATES_SYM] THEN
          have_rw `ring_ord r (q(a':num):R) p = 1` [ring_ord_prime] THEN
          qed[RING_POW_1;ring_prime]
        ;
          have `~(ring_associates r (q(a':num):R) p)` [RING_ASSOCIATES_SYM;RING_ASSOCIATES_TRANS] THEN
          have_rw `ring_ord r (q(a':num):R) p = 0` [ring_ord_prime] THEN
          qed[RING_POW_0]
        ]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) p)) = ring_product r (1..n) (\i. if i = b then q b else ring_1 r):R`] THEN
      subgoal `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. if i = b then q b else ring_1 r) = q b:R` THENL [
        rw[RING_PRODUCT_DELTA] THEN
        qed[ring_prime]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. if i = b then q b else ring_1 r) = q b:R`] THEN
      qed[RING_ASSOCIATES_MUL]
    ]
  ]
);;

let primefact_ord = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a.
  UFD r ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  (?n q.
    (!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_prime r (q i)) /\
    (!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_divides r (q i) a) /\
    (!i j. i IN (1..n) ==> j IN (1..n) ==> ring_associates r (q i) (q j) ==> i = j) /\
    ring_associates r a (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)))
  )
`,
  simp[primefact_ord_waterfall]
);;

let primefact_divides = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n q e b.
  UFD r ==>
  (!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_prime r (q i)) ==>
  (!i j. i IN 1..n ==> j IN (1..n) ==> ring_associates r (q i) (q j) ==> i = j) ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(b = ring_0 r) ==>
  (!i. i IN 1..n ==> e i <= ring_ord r (q i) b) ==>
  ring_divides r (
    ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (e i))
  ) b
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_divides r (ring_pow r (q i) (e i)) (b:R)` [divides_le_pow_ring_ord] THEN
  subgoal `!i j. i IN 1..n ==> j IN 1..n ==> ~(i = j) ==> ring_coprime r (ring_pow r (q i:R) (e i),ring_pow r (q j) (e j))` THENL [
    intro THEN
    proven_if `ring_coprime r (q(i:num):R,q j)` [ring_coprime_lrpow] THEN
    qed[ring_coprime_associates_prime]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `\i:num. ring_pow r (q i) (e i):R`;
    `b:R`;
    `1..n`
  ]ring_product_divides_if_coprime THEN
  qed[]
);;

let ring_ord_divides_eq = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  UFD r ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(b = ring_0 r) ==>
  ( ring_divides r a b <=>
    (!p. ring_prime r p ==>
         ring_ord r p a <= ring_ord r p b
    )
  )
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    qed[ring_ord_divides;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN]
  ;
    specialize[`r:R ring`;`a:R`]primefact_ord THEN
    intro THEN
    choose2 `n:num` `q:num->R` `(!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_prime r (q i:R)) /\ (!i j. i IN (1..n) ==> j IN (1..n) ==> ring_associates r (q i) (q j) ==> i = j) /\ ring_associates r a (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)))` [primefact_ord] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `n:num`;
      `q:num->R`;
      `\i:num. ring_ord r (q i) (a:R)`;
      `b:R`
    ]primefact_divides THEN
    subgoal `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_ord r (q i:R) a <= ring_ord r (q i) b` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `ring_prime r (q(i:num):R)` [] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a))) (b:R)` [] THEN
    qed[RING_ASSOCIATES_DIVIDES;RING_ASSOCIATES_REFL]
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_associates_eq = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  UFD r ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(b = ring_0 r) ==>
  ( ring_associates r a b <=>
    (!p. ring_prime r p ==>
         ring_ord r p a = ring_ord r p b
    )
  )
`,
  rw[ring_associates] THEN
  simp[ring_ord_divides_eq] THEN
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_ord r (p:R) a <= ring_ord r p b` [] THEN
    have `ring_ord r (p:R) b <= ring_ord r p a` [] THEN
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ;
    intro THENL [
      have `ring_ord r (p:R) a = ring_ord r p b` [] THEN
      ASM_ARITH_TAC
    ;
      have `ring_ord r (p:R) a = ring_ord r p b` [] THEN
      ASM_ARITH_TAC
    ]
  ]
);;

(* ===== lcm *)

let lcm_exists = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  UFD r ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  b IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ?c. (
    c IN ring_carrier r /\
    ring_divides r a c /\
    ring_divides r b c /\
    (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
         ring_divides r a d ==>
         ring_divides r b d ==>
         ring_divides r c d
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  case `a = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
    witness `ring_0(r:R ring)` THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_0;RING_0;RING_DIVIDES_ZERO]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `b = ring_0(r:R ring)` THENL [
    witness `ring_0(r:R ring)` THEN
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_0;RING_0;RING_DIVIDES_ZERO]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_divides r (ring_gcd r (a,b)) (a:R)` [RING_GCD_DIVIDES] THEN
  have `~(ring_gcd r (a,b):R = ring_0 r)` [RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
  have `ring_gcd r (a,b):R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_GCD] THEN
  choose `u:R` `u:R IN ring_carrier r /\ a = ring_mul r (ring_gcd r (a,b)) u` [ring_divides;RING_GCD] THEN
  have `~(u:R = ring_0 r)` [RING_MUL_RZERO] THEN
  have `ring_divides r (ring_gcd r (a,b)) (b:R)` [RING_GCD_DIVIDES] THEN
  choose `v:R` `v:R IN ring_carrier r /\ b = ring_mul r (ring_gcd r (a,b)) v` [ring_divides;RING_GCD] THEN
  have `~(v:R = ring_0 r)` [RING_MUL_RZERO] THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul r u (b:R) = ring_mul r a v` THENL [
    have `ring_mul r (ring_gcd r (a,b)) v = b:R` [] THEN
    have `ring_mul r (ring_gcd r (a,b)) u = a:R` [] THEN
    RING_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  witness `ring_mul r u b:R` THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[RING_MUL]
  ;
    rw[ring_divides] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[RING_MUL]
    ;
      witness `v:R` THEN
      qed[]
    ]
  ;
    rw[ring_divides] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[RING_MUL]
    ;
      witness `u:R` THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_SYM]
    ]
  ;
    have `ring_mul r u b:R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL] THEN
    proven_if `d = ring_0 r:R` [RING_DIVIDES_0] THEN
    have `~(ring_mul r u b:R = ring_0 r)` [integral_domain] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `ring_mul r u b:R`;
      `d:R`
    ]ring_ord_divides_eq THEN
    rw[know `ring_divides r (ring_mul r u b:R) d <=> (!p. ring_prime r p ==> ring_ord r p (ring_mul r u b) <= ring_ord r p d)`] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_gcd r (a,b)) = MIN (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b)` [ring_ord_gcd] THEN
    case `ring_ord r p (a:R) <= ring_ord r p b` THENL [
      have_rw `ring_ord r p (ring_mul r u b:R) = ring_ord r p u + ring_ord r p b` [ring_ord_mul] THEN
      have `ring_ord r p (ring_gcd r (a,b):R) = ring_ord r p a` [MIN] THEN
      subgoal `ring_ord r p a = ring_ord r p (ring_gcd r (a,b)) + ring_ord r p (u:R)` THENL [
        specialize_assuming[
          `r:R ring`;
          `p:R`;
          `ring_gcd r (a,b):R`;
          `u:R`
        ]ring_ord_mul THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      num_linear_fact `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_gcd r (a,b)) = ring_ord r p a ==> ring_ord r p a = ring_ord r p (ring_gcd r (a,b)) + ring_ord r p u ==> ring_ord r p u = 0` THEN
      rw[know `ring_ord r p (u:R) = 0`] THEN
      rw[ARITH_RULE `0+e = e`] THEN
      have `ring_ord r p (b:R) <= ring_ord r p d` [ring_ord_divides] THEN
      qed[]
    ;
      rw[know `ring_mul r u b = ring_mul r a v:R`] THEN
      have_rw `ring_ord r p (ring_mul r a v:R) = ring_ord r p a + ring_ord r p v` [ring_ord_mul] THEN
      have `ring_ord r p (ring_gcd r (a,b):R) = ring_ord r p b` [MIN] THEN
      subgoal `ring_ord r p b = ring_ord r p (ring_gcd r (a,b)) + ring_ord r p (v:R)` THENL [
        specialize_assuming[
          `r:R ring`;
          `p:R`;
          `ring_gcd r (a,b):R`;
          `v:R`
        ]ring_ord_mul THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      num_linear_fact `ring_ord r (p:R) (ring_gcd r (a,b)) = ring_ord r p b ==> ring_ord r p b = ring_ord r p (ring_gcd r (a,b)) + ring_ord r p v ==> ring_ord r p v = 0` THEN
      rw[know `ring_ord r p (v:R) = 0`] THEN
      rw[ARITH_RULE `e+0 = e`] THEN
      have `ring_ord r p (a:R) <= ring_ord r p d` [ring_ord_divides] THEN
      qed[]
    ]
  ]
);;

let lcm_set_exists = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a S.
  FINITE S ==>
  UFD r ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> a s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  ?c. (
    c IN ring_carrier r /\
    (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) c) /\
    (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
         (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) d) ==>
         ring_divides r c d
    )
  )
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    witness `ring_1 r:R` THEN
    rw[EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM;RING_1;RING_DIVIDES_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    choose `b:R` `b:R IN ring_carrier r /\ (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) b) /\ (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==> (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) d) ==> ring_divides r b d)` [] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `a(x:X):R`;
      `b:R`
    ]lcm_exists THEN
    choose `c:R` `c:R IN ring_carrier r /\ ring_divides r (a(x:X)) c /\ ring_divides r b c /\ (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==> ring_divides r (a x) d ==> ring_divides r b d ==> ring_divides r c d)` [] THEN
    witness `c:R` THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ; 
      proven_if `s = x:X` [] THEN
      set_fact `~(s = x:X) ==> s IN x INSERT S ==> s IN S` THEN
      qed[RING_DIVIDES_TRANS]
    ;
      qed[]
    ]
  ]
);;

let lcm_set_units = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a S c.
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> a s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
       (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) d) ==>
       ring_divides r c d
  ) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_unit r (a s)) ==>
  ring_unit r c
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) (ring_1 r:R)` [RING_UNIT_DIVIDES] THEN
  have `ring_divides r (c:R) (ring_1 r)` [RING_1] THEN
  qed[RING_UNIT_DIVIDES]
);;

let zero_lcm_set = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a S c.
  integral_domain r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> a s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) c) ==>
  (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
       (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) d) ==>
       ring_divides r c d
  ) ==>
  ( c = ring_0 r <=>
    ( ?s. s IN S /\ a s = ring_0 r )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    def `d:R` `ring_product r S (a:X->R)` THEN
    have `d:R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s:R) d` [ring_divides_product] THEN
    have `ring_divides r c (d:R)` [] THEN
    have `d = ring_0 r:R` [RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
    qed[INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0]
  ;
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_ZERO]
  ]
);;

(* could extract from zero_lcm_set *)
let zero_lcm = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b.
  integral_domain r ==>
  ring_divides r a c ==>
  ring_divides r b c ==>
  (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
       ring_divides r a d ==>
       ring_divides r b d ==>
       ring_divides r c d
  ) ==>
  ( c = ring_0 r <=>
    ( a = ring_0 r \/ b = ring_0 r )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    def `d:R` `ring_mul r a b:R` THEN
    have `d:R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL;ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (a:R) d` [ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (b:R) d` [ring_divides;RING_MUL_SYM] THEN
    have `ring_divides r c (d:R)` [] THEN
    have `d = ring_0 r:R` [RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
    qed[integral_domain;ring_divides]
  ;
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_ZERO]
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_lcm_set = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a S c p t.
  UFD r ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> a s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) c) ==>
  (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
       (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) d) ==>
       ring_divides r c d
  ) ==>
  ~(c = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  t IN S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_ord r p (a s) <= ring_ord r p (a t)) ==>
  ring_ord r p c = ring_ord r p (a t)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(a s = ring_0 r:R)` [RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_ord r p (a s:R) <= ring_ord r p c` [ring_ord_divides;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  have `ring_ord r p (a(t:X):R) <= ring_ord r p c` [] THEN
  case `ring_ord r p (a(t:X):R) < ring_ord r p c` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_divides r p (c:R)` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `ring_ord r p (a(t:X):R) < ring_ord r p c ==> 1 <= ring_ord r p c` THEN
      have `c:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `r:R ring`;
        `p:R`;
        `c:R`;
        `1`
      ]divides_le_pow_ring_ord THEN
      qed[RING_POW_1;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN;ring_prime]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    choose `u:R` `u IN ring_carrier r /\ c = ring_mul r p u:R` [ring_divides] THEN
    subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) (u:R)` THENL [
      intro_gendisch THEN
      have `a(s:X):R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
      have `~(a(s:X):R = ring_0 r)` [RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
      have `u:R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
      have `~(u:R = ring_0 r)` [RING_MUL_RZERO;ring_prime] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `a(s:X):R`;
        `u:R`
      ]ring_ord_divides_eq THEN
      rw[know `ring_divides r (a(s:X)) u <=> (!q:R. ring_prime r q ==> ring_ord r q (a(s:X)) <= ring_ord r q u)`] THEN
      intro THEN
      case `ring_associates r p (q:R)` THENL [
        have `~(p:R = ring_0 r)` [ring_prime] THEN
        have `ring_ord r p (c:R) = ring_ord r p p + ring_ord r p u` [ring_ord_mul;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN;ring_prime] THEN
        have `ring_ord r (p:R) p = 1` [ring_ord_refl;ring_prime;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
        have `ring_ord r p (c:R) = 1 + ring_ord r p u` [] THEN
        have `ring_ord r p ((a(s:X)):R) < ring_ord r p c` [LET_TRANS] THEN
        simp[GSYM ring_associates_ord] THEN
        ASM_ARITH_TAC
      ;
        have `ring_ord r q (c:R) = ring_ord r q p + ring_ord r q u` [ring_ord_mul;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN;ring_prime] THEN
        specialize[
          `r:R ring`;
          `q:R`;
          `p:R`
        ]ring_ord_prime THEN
        have `ring_ord r q (p:R) = 0` [RING_ASSOCIATES_SYM] THEN
        have `ring_ord r q (c:R) = 0 + ring_ord r q u` [] THEN
        have `ring_ord r q ((a(s:X)):R) <= ring_ord r q c` [ring_ord_divides;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
        ASM_ARITH_TAC
      ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (c:R) u` [] THEN
    choose `v:R` `v:R IN ring_carrier r /\ u = ring_mul r c v` [ring_divides] THEN
    subgoal `ring_mul r c (ring_1 r) = ring_mul r c (ring_mul r p v):R` THENL [
      specialize[
      ](GENL[
        `c:R`;`p:R`;`u:R`;`v:R`
      ](RING_RULE
        `c = ring_mul r p u:R ==> u = ring_mul r c v ==> ring_mul r c (ring_1 r) = ring_mul r c (ring_mul r p v)`
      )) THEN
      qed[ring_prime;ring_divides]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_1 r:R = ring_mul r p v` THENL [
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `c:R`
      ]INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_MUL_LCANCEL THEN
      qed[RING_MUL;RING_1;ring_divides;ring_prime;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[ring_unit;ring_prime]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  ASM_ARITH_TAC
);;

let ring_ord_lcm = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b c p.
  UFD r ==>
  ring_divides r a c ==>
  ring_divides r b c ==>
  (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
       ring_divides r a d ==>
       ring_divides r b d ==>
       ring_divides r c d
  ) ==>
  ~(c = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ring_ord r p c
  = MAX (ring_ord r p a) (ring_ord r p b)
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s. s IN 0..1 ==> (if s = 0 then a else b:R) IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `c:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `!s. s IN 0..1 ==> ring_divides r (if s = 0 then a else b:R) c` [] THEN
  have `0 IN 0..1` [IN_NUMSEG_0;ARITH_RULE `0 <= 1`] THEN
  have `1 IN 0..1` [IN_NUMSEG_0;ARITH_RULE `1 <= 1`] THEN
  subgoal `!d:R. d IN ring_carrier r ==> (!s. s IN 0..1 ==> ring_divides r (if s = 0 then a else b) d) ==> ring_divides r c d` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_divides r (a:R) d` [] THEN
    have `ring_divides r (b:R) d` [ARITH_RULE `~(0 = 1)`] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `ring_ord r p (a:R) <= ring_ord r p b` THENL [
    have `!s. s IN 0..1 ==> ring_ord r p (if s = 0 then a else b:R) <= ring_ord r p (if 1 = 0 then a else b)` [ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`;LE_REFL] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `\i:num. if i = 0 then a else b:R`;
      `0..1`;
      `c:R`;
      `p:R`;
      `1`
    ]ring_ord_lcm_set THEN
    simp[MAX] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`]
  ;
    num_linear_fact `~(ring_ord r p (a:R) <= ring_ord r p b) ==> ring_ord r p b <= ring_ord r p a` THEN
    have `!s. s IN 0..1 ==> ring_ord r p (if s = 0 then a else b:R) <= ring_ord r p a` [LE_REFL] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `\i:num. if i = 0 then a else b:R`;
      `0..1`;
      `c:R`;
      `p:R`;
      `0`
    ]ring_ord_lcm_set THEN
    simp[MAX]
  ]
);;

let ring_ord_squarefree = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a.
  UFD r ==>
  a IN ring_carrier r ==>
  ~(a = ring_0 r) ==>
  ( ring_squarefree r a <=>
    (!p. ring_prime r p ==>
         ring_ord r p a <= 1
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `integral_domain(r:R ring)` [UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN] THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    case `2 <= ring_ord r (p:R) a` THENL [
      have `p:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
      have `~(ring_unit r (p:R))` [ring_prime] THEN
      have `noetherian_ring r \/ UFD(r:R ring)` [] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `p:R`;
        `a:R`;
        `2`
      ]divides_le_pow_ring_ord THEN
      have `ring_divides r (ring_mul r p p:R) a` [RING_POW_2] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `a:R`;
        `p:R`
      ]not_squarefree_if_divisible_by_square THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ;
    intro THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `a:R`
    ]primefact_ord THEN
    choose2 `n:num` `q:num->R` `(!i. i IN (1..n) ==> ring_prime r (q i:R)) /\ (!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_divides r (q i) a) /\ (!i j. i IN (1..n) ==> j IN (1..n) ==> ring_associates r (q i) (q j) ==> i = j) /\ ring_associates r a (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)))` [] THEN
    subgoal `ring_squarefree r (ring_product r (1..n) q:R)` THENL [
      have `FINITE(1..n)` [FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
      have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> ring_prime r (q i:R)` [] THEN
      have `!i. i IN 1..n ==> q i:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_prime] THEN
      have `!i j. i IN 1..n ==> j IN 1..n ==> ring_divides r (q i) (q j:R) ==> i = j` [ring_divides_associates_prime] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `1..n`;
        `q:num->R`
      ]ring_squarefree_if_product_coprime_primes_indexed THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a):R) = ring_product r (1..n) q` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `ring_ord r (q(a':num)) (a:R) = 1` THENL [
        have `1 <= ring_ord r (q(a':num)) (a:R)` [ring_ord_prime_divides] THEN
        have `ring_ord r (q(a':num)) (a:R) <= 1` [] THEN
        num_linear_fact `1 <= ring_ord r (q(a':num)) (a:R) ==> ring_ord r (q a') a <= 1 ==> ring_ord r (q a') a = 1` THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[RING_POW_1;ring_prime]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_squarefree r (ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)):R)` [] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `ring_product r (1..n) (\i. ring_pow r (q i) (ring_ord r (q i) a)):R`;
      `a:R`
    ]ring_squarefree_associates THEN
    qed[RING_ASSOCIATES_SYM]
  ]
);;

let ring_squarefree_lcm = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a b c.
  UFD r ==>
  ring_divides r a c ==>
  ring_divides r b c ==>
  (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
       ring_divides r a d ==>
       ring_divides r b d ==>
       ring_divides r c d
  ) ==>
  ~(c = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_squarefree r a ==>
  ring_squarefree r b ==>
  ring_squarefree r c
`,
  intro THEN
  have `~(a = ring_0 r:R)` [RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
  have `~(b = ring_0 r:R)` [RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
  have `c:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
  simp[ring_ord_squarefree] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `a:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `ring_ord r p (a:R) <= 1` [ring_ord_squarefree] THEN
  have `b:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `ring_ord r p (b:R) <= 1` [ring_ord_squarefree] THEN
  simp[ring_ord_lcm] THEN
  simp[max_le]
);;

let ring_squarefree_lcm_set = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a S c.
  UFD r ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> a s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) c) ==>
  (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
       (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) d) ==>
       ring_divides r c d
  ) ==>
  ~(c = ring_0 r) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_squarefree r (a s)) ==>
  ring_squarefree r c
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(a s = ring_0 r:R)` [RING_DIVIDES_ZERO] THEN
  have `c:R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
  simp[ring_ord_squarefree] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> (a s):R IN ring_carrier r` [ring_divides] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_ord r p ((a s):R) <= 1` [ring_ord_squarefree] THEN
  case `?t:X. t IN S /\ ring_ord r p (a t:R) = 1` THENL [
    choose `t:X` `t:X IN S /\ ring_ord r p (a t:R) = 1` [] THEN
    have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_ord r p (a s:R) <= ring_ord r p (a t)` [] THEN
    specialize_assuming[
      `r:R ring`;
      `a:X->R`;
      `S:X->bool`;
      `c:R`;
      `p:R`;
      `t:X`
    ]ring_ord_lcm_set THEN
    have `ring_ord r p c = ring_ord r p (a(t:X):R)` [] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!t:X. t IN S ==> ring_ord r p (a t:R) = 0` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `ring_ord r p (a(t:X):R) <= 1` [] THEN
    have `~(ring_ord r p (a(t:X):R) = 1)` [] THEN
    ASM_ARITH_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  case `S = {}:X->bool` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_divides r c (ring_1 r:R)` THENL [
      subgoal `!s:X. s IN {} ==> ring_divides r (a s:R) (ring_1 r)` THENL [
        rw[EMPTY;IN_ELIM_THM]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[RING_1]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_unit r (c:R)` [ring_unit;ring_divides] THEN
    have `ring_ord r p (c:R) = 0` [ring_ord_unit;ring_prime] THEN
    qed[ARITH_RULE `0 <= 1`]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  set_fact `~(S = {}) ==> ?t:X. t IN S` THEN
  choose `t:X` `t:X IN S` [] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_ord r p (a s:R) <= ring_ord r p (a t)` [ARITH_RULE `0 <= 0`] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `a:X->R`;
    `S:X->bool`;
    `c:R`;
    `p:R`;
    `t:X`
  ]ring_ord_lcm_set THEN
  have `ring_ord r p c = ring_ord r p (a(t:X):R)` [] THEN
  qed[ARITH_RULE `0 <= 1`]
);;

let ring_prime_divides_lcm_set = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a S c p.
  UFD r ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> a s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  c IN ring_carrier r ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) c) ==>
  (!d. d IN ring_carrier r ==>
       (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides r (a s) d) ==>
       ring_divides r c d
  ) ==>
  ~(c = ring_0 r) ==>
  ring_prime r p ==>
  ( ring_divides r p c <=>
    (?s. s IN S /\ ring_divides r p (a s))
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  splitiff THENL [
    intro THEN
    case `S = {}:X->bool` THENL [
      subgoal `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_unit r (a s:R)` THENL [
        simp[IN_ELIM_THM;EMPTY]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `a:X->R`;
        `S:X->bool`;
        `c:R`
      ]lcm_set_units THEN
      qed[RING_DIVIDES_UNIT;ring_prime]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    case `!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(ring_divides r (p:R) (a s))` THENL [
      choose `t:X` `t:X IN S` [MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY] THEN
      have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_ord r (p:R) (a s) = 0` [ring_ord_notdivides;ring_prime] THEN
      have `!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_ord r (p:R) (a s) <= ring_ord r p (a t)` [ARITH_RULE `0 <= 0`] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `a:X->R`;
        `S:X->bool`;
        `c:R`;
        `p:R`;
        `t:X`
      ]ring_ord_lcm_set THEN
      have `ring_ord r (p:R) c <= 0` [] THEN
      num_linear_fact `ring_ord r (p:R) c <= 0 ==> ring_ord r p c = 0` THEN
      qed[nonzero_ring_ord_if_divides;UFD_IMP_INTEGRAL_DOMAIN]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[RING_DIVIDES_TRANS]
  ]
);;

(* ===== polynomial lcm *)

let poly_lcm_set_exists = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a S.
  field r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (a s)) ==>
  ?c. (
    ring_polynomial r c /\
    (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) (a s) c) /\
    (!d. ring_polynomial r d ==>
         (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) (a s) d) ==>
         ring_divides(x_poly r) c d
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `UFD(x_poly(r:R ring))` [UFD_x_poly_field] THEN
  have `!s:X. s IN S ==> a s:(1->num)->R IN ring_carrier(x_poly r)` [x_poly_use] THEN
  specialize[
    `x_poly(r:R ring)`;
    `a:X->(1->num)->R`;
    `S:X->bool`
  ]lcm_set_exists THEN
  choose `c:(1->num)->R` `c:(1->num)->R IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) /\ (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) (a s) c) /\ (!d. d IN ring_carrier(x_poly r) ==> (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) (a s) d) ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) c d)` [] THEN
  witness `c:(1->num)->R` THEN
  rw[x_poly_use] THEN
  qed[lcm_set_exists]
);;

let monic_lcm_set_exists = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) a S.
  field r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (a s)) ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> ~(a s = poly_0 r)) ==>
  ?c. (
    ring_polynomial r c /\
    monic r c /\
    (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) (a s) c) /\
    (!d. ring_polynomial r d ==>
         (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) (a s) d) ==>
         ring_divides(x_poly r) c d
    )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `r:R ring`;
    `a:X->(1->num)->R`;
    `S:X->bool`
  ]poly_lcm_set_exists THEN
  choose `c:(1->num)->R` `ring_polynomial (r:R ring) c /\ (!s:X. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) (a s) c) /\ (!d. ring_polynomial r d ==> (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) (a s) d) ==> ring_divides(x_poly r) c d)` [] THEN
  subgoal `~(c = poly_0 r:(1->num)->R)` THENL [
    specialize_assuming[
      `x_poly(r:R ring)`;
      `a:X->(1->num)->R`;
      `S:X->bool`;
      `c:(1->num)->R`
    ]zero_lcm_set THEN
    qed [x_poly_use;integral_domain_x_poly_field]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `r:R ring`;
    `c:(1->num)->R`
  ]x_poly_field_monic_associate THEN
  choose `q:(1->num)->R` `ring_polynomial r (q:(1->num)->R) /\ monic r q /\ ring_associates(x_poly r) c q` [] THEN
  witness `q:(1->num)->R` THEN
  qed[RING_ASSOCIATES_DIVIDES;RING_ASSOCIATES_REFL;x_poly_use]
);;

(* ===== more on algebraic numbers *)

let minimal_squarefree_from_algebraic_set = prove(`
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  S SUBSET algebraic_number ==>
  (?p.
    ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\
    ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p /\
    monic QinC_ring p /\
    S SUBSET complex_root p /\
    (!z. complex_root p z ==> (?s. s IN S /\ minimal_polynomial s = minimal_polynomial z))
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  recall field_QinC THEN
  have `!z:complex. z IN S ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial z)` [SUBSET;IN;algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
  have `!z:complex. z IN S ==> ~(minimal_polynomial z = poly_0 QinC_ring)` [SUBSET;IN;algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
  specialize[
    `QinC_ring`;
    `minimal_polynomial`;
    `S:complex->bool`
  ]monic_lcm_set_exists THEN
  choose `p:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\ monic QinC_ring p /\ (!s:complex. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial s) p) /\ (!d. ring_polynomial QinC_ring d ==> (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial s) d) ==> ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) p d)` [] THEN
  witness `p:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  intro THENL [
    qed[]
  ;
    recall UFD_x_poly_QinC THEN
    have `!z:complex. z IN S ==> minimal_polynomial z IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `!z:complex. z IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z) p` [] THEN
    have `~(p = ring_0(x_poly QinC_ring))` [x_poly_use;monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_QinC;in_complex_ring] THEN
    subgoal `!z:complex. z IN S ==> ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z)` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `algebraic_number z` [SUBSET;IN] THEN
      have `ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z)` [SUBSET;IN;algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
      qed[squarefree_if_irreducible_over_field]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `!z:complex. z IN S ==> ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z) p` [] THEN
    have `!d. d IN ring_carrier (x_poly QinC_ring) ==> (!s:complex. s IN S ==> ring_divides (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial s) d) ==> ring_divides (x_poly QinC_ring) p d` [x_poly_use] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_poly QinC_ring`;
      `minimal_polynomial`;
      `S:complex->bool`;
      `p:(1->num)->complex`
    ]ring_squarefree_lcm_set THEN
    qed[]
  ;
    qed[]
  ;
    rw[SUBSET] THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[IN] THEN
    have `algebraic_number x` [SUBSET;IN] THEN
    have `poly_eval complex_ring (minimal_polynomial x) x = Cx(&0)` [algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial x) p` [] THEN
    choose `u:(1->num)->complex` `u IN ring_carrier(x_poly QinC_ring) /\ p = ring_mul(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial x) u` [ring_divides] THEN
    subgoal `p = poly_mul complex_ring (minimal_polynomial x) u:(1->num)->complex` THENL [
      recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
      have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial x:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
      have `ring_powerseries QinC_ring (u:(1->num)->complex)` [ring_polynomial;x_poly_use] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `complex_ring`;
        `QinC`;
        `minimal_polynomial x`;
        `u:(1->num)->complex`
      ]poly_mul_subring THEN
      qed[x_poly_use]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `poly_eval complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (minimal_polynomial x) u) x = (poly_eval complex_ring (minimal_polynomial x) x) * (poly_eval complex_ring u x)` THENL [
      rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      specialize_assuming[
        `complex_ring`;
        `minimal_polynomial x`;
        `u:(1->num)->complex`;
        `x:complex`
      ]POLY_EVAL_MUL THEN
      qed[poly_complex_if_poly_QinC;x_poly_use;in_complex_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `poly_eval complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (minimal_polynomial x) u) x = Cx(&0) * (poly_eval complex_ring u x)` [] THEN
    complex_field_fact `Cx(&0) * (poly_eval complex_ring u x) = Cx(&0)` THEN
    have `poly_eval complex_ring (poly_mul complex_ring (minimal_polynomial x) u) x = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    have `poly_eval complex_ring p x = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    qed[complex_root]
  ;
    intro THEN
    recall UFD_x_poly_QinC THEN
    have `!s. s IN S ==> minimal_polynomial s IN ring_carrier (x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `p IN ring_carrier (x_poly QinC_ring)` [x_poly_use] THEN
    have `!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial s) p` [] THEN
    subgoal `!d. d IN ring_carrier (x_poly QinC_ring) ==> (!s. s IN S ==> ring_divides (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial s) d) ==> ring_divides (x_poly QinC_ring) p d` THENL [
      rw[GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_QinC] THEN
    subgoal `~(p = ring_0 (x_poly QinC_ring))` THENL [
      rw[GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `algebraic_number z` [algebraic_number_root_QinC_poly;complex_root] THEN
    have `ring_irreducible (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z)` [algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_prime (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z)` [prime_iff_irreducible_over_field;field_QinC] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_poly QinC_ring`;
      `minimal_polynomial`;
      `S:complex->bool`;
      `p:(1->num)->complex`;
      `minimal_polynomial z`
    ]ring_prime_divides_lcm_set THEN
    have `ring_divides(x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z) p` [minimal_polynomial_divides] THEN
    choose `s:complex` `s IN S /\ ring_divides (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z) (minimal_polynomial s)` [] THEN
    witness `s:complex` THEN
    have `algebraic_number s` [SUBSET;IN] THEN
    have `ring_irreducible (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial s)` [algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_prime (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial s)` [prime_iff_irreducible_over_field;field_QinC] THEN
    have `ring_associates (x_poly QinC_ring) (minimal_polynomial z) (minimal_polynomial s)` [ring_divides_associates_prime;integral_domain_x_poly_QinC] THEN
    have `monic QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial s)` [algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
    have `monic QinC_ring (minimal_polynomial z)` [algebraic_has_minimal_polynomial] THEN
    recall field_QinC THEN
    specialize[
      `QinC_ring`;
      `minimal_polynomial z`;
      `minimal_polynomial s`
    ]monic_associates THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let squarefree_from_algebraic_set = prove(`
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  S SUBSET algebraic_number ==>
  (?p.
    ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\
    ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p /\
    monic QinC_ring p /\
    S SUBSET complex_root p
  )
`,
  qed[minimal_squarefree_from_algebraic_set]
);;

let squarefree_from_algebraic_set_avoiding_0 = prove(`
  !S.
  FINITE S ==>
  S SUBSET algebraic_number ==>
  ~(Cx(&0) IN S) ==>
  (?p.
    ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\
    ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p /\
    monic QinC_ring p /\
    S SUBSET complex_root p /\
    ~(complex_root p (Cx(&0)))
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`S:complex->bool`]minimal_squarefree_from_algebraic_set THEN
  choose `p:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\ ring_squarefree (x_poly QinC_ring) p /\ monic QinC_ring p /\ S SUBSET complex_root p /\ (!z. complex_root p z ==> (?s. s IN S /\ minimal_polynomial s = minimal_polynomial z))` [] THEN
  witness `p:(1->num)->complex` THEN
  simp[] THEN
  case `complex_root p (Cx(&0))` THENL [
    choose `s:complex` `s IN S /\ minimal_polynomial s = minimal_polynomial(Cx(&0))` [] THEN
    have `minimal_polynomial s = x_minus_const QinC_ring (Cx(&0))` [minimal_polynomial_QinC;QinC_0] THEN
    have `minimal_polynomial s = x_minus_const complex_ring (Cx(&0))` [x_minus_const_QinC_eq_x_minus_const_complex] THEN
    have `poly_eval complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring (Cx(&0))) s = Cx(&0)` [maybe_algebraic_minimal_polynomial] THEN
    have `poly_eval complex_ring (x_minus_const complex_ring (Cx(&0))) s = ring_sub complex_ring s (Cx(&0))` [eval_x_minus_const;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `ring_sub complex_ring s (Cx(&0)) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
    have `s - (Cx(&0)) = Cx(&0)` [ring_sub_complex] THEN
    complex_field_fact `s - (Cx(&0)) = Cx(&0) ==> s = Cx(&0)` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== more on multivariate polynomials *)

let poly_vars_sum_poly_subset = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R U S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> poly_vars r (p s) SUBSET U) ==>
  poly_vars r (ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S p) SUBSET U
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;POLY_RING;POLY_VARS_0;EMPTY_SUBSET]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `p(x:X):(V->num)->R IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:V))` [poly_in_full_ring] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S (p:X->(V->num)->R))` [RING_SUM;ring_polynomial;poly_in_full_ring] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S (p:X->(V->num)->R)`
    ]POLY_VARS_ADD THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[]
  ]
);;

let poly_vars_product_poly_subset = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R U S.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> poly_vars r (p s) SUBSET U) ==>
  poly_vars r (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p) SUBSET U
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POLY_RING;POLY_VARS_1;EMPTY_SUBSET]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    have `p(x:X):(V->num)->R IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:V))` [poly_in_full_ring] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p(x:X):(V->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S (p:X->(V->num)->R))` [RING_PRODUCT;ring_polynomial;poly_in_full_ring] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p(x:X):(V->num)->R`;
      `ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S (p:X->(V->num)->R)`
    ]POLY_VARS_MUL THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[]
  ]
);;

let poly_vars_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R n.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_vars r (poly_pow r p n)
  SUBSET poly_vars r p
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0;POLY_VARS_1;EMPTY_SUBSET]
  ;
    intro THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = 1+n`] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1] THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (poly_pow r p n:(V->num)->R)` [poly_pow_series] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p:(V->num)->R`;
      `poly_pow r p n:(V->num)->R`
    ]POLY_VARS_MUL THEN
    ASM SET_TAC[]
  ]
);;

let poly_vars_pow_subset = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R n U.
  ring_powerseries r p ==>
  poly_vars r p SUBSET U ==>
  poly_vars r (poly_pow r p n) SUBSET U
`,
  qed[poly_vars_pow;SUBSET_TRANS]
);;

let poly_evaluate_pow = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:(V->num)->R q:V->R n.
  ring_polynomial r p ==>
  (!i. i IN poly_vars r p ==> q i IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  poly_evaluate r (poly_pow r p n) q
  = ring_pow r (poly_evaluate r p q) n
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    rw[poly_pow_0;ring_pow;POLY_RING_CLAUSES;POLY_EVALUATE_1]
  ;
    rw[ring_pow] THEN
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = 1+n`] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_powerseries r (p:(V->num)->R)` [ring_polynomial] THEN
    simp[poly_pow_add;poly_pow_1] THEN
    have `ring_polynomial r (poly_pow r p n:(V->num)->R)` [poly_pow_poly] THEN
    subgoal `!i. i IN poly_vars r p UNION poly_vars r (poly_pow r p n:(V->num)->R) ==> q i IN ring_carrier r` THENL [
      rw[IN_UNION] THEN
      qed[poly_vars_pow;SUBSET]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `p:(V->num)->R`;
      `poly_pow r p n:(V->num)->R`;
      `q:V->R`
    ]POLY_EVALUATE_MUL THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let poly_evaluate_sum = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R q:V->R S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  poly_evaluate r (ring_sum(poly_ring r (:V)) S p) q
  = ring_sum r S (\s. poly_evaluate r (p s) q)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;POLY_RING_CLAUSES;POLY_EVALUATE_0]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    subgoal `p(x:X):(V->num)->R IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:V))` THENL [
      rw[POLY_RING_CLAUSES;IN_ELIM_THM;SUBSET_UNIV] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_CLAUSES;POLY_EVALUATE] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[poly_in_full_ring;RING_SUM;POLY_EVALUATE_ADD]
  ]
);;

(* XXX: limit q v condition to variables appearing *)
let poly_evaluate_product = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) p:X->(V->num)->R q:V->R S:X->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  (!v. q v IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ring_polynomial r (p s)) ==>
  poly_evaluate r (ring_product(poly_ring r (:V)) S p) q
  = ring_product r S (\s. poly_evaluate r (p s) q)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN GEN_TAC THEN
  sufficesby FINITE_INDUCT_STRONG THEN
  intro THENL [
    rw[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POLY_RING_CLAUSES;POLY_EVALUATE_1]
  ;
    set_fact `(x:X) IN x INSERT S` THEN
    set_fact `!s:X. s IN S ==> s IN x INSERT S` THEN
    subgoal `p(x:X):(V->num)->R IN ring_carrier(poly_ring r (:V))` THENL [
      rw[POLY_RING_CLAUSES;IN_ELIM_THM;SUBSET_UNIV] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[RING_PRODUCT_CLAUSES;POLY_EVALUATE] THEN
    rw[POLY_RING_CLAUSES] THEN
    qed[poly_in_full_ring;RING_PRODUCT;POLY_EVALUATE_MUL]
  ]
);;

(* ===== vandermonde *)

(* can prove this via det *)
(* or via transpose and monic_vanishing_at *)
let vandermonde_indep_range = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) n c v.
  integral_domain r ==>
  (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!i. i < n ==> v i IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!i j. i < n ==> j < n ==> v i = v j ==> i = j) ==>
  (!e. e < n ==> ring_sum r (range n) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_0 r) ==>
  (!i. i < n ==> c i = ring_0 r)
`,
  GEN_TAC THEN
  INDUCT_TAC THENL [
    qed[ARITH_RULE `~(i < 0)`]
  ;
    rw[ARITH_RULE `SUC n = n+1`] THEN
    intro_gendisch THEN
    def `d:num->R` `\i:num. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_sub r (v i) (v n)):R` THEN
    num_linear_fact `!i:num. i < n ==> i < n+1` THEN
    num_linear_fact `n < n+1` THEN
    subgoal `!i:num. i < n ==> d i:R IN ring_carrier r` THENL [
      intro THEN
      qed[RING_MUL;RING_SUB]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `!i:num. i < n ==> v i:R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
    have `!i j:num. i < n ==> j < n ==> v i = v j:R ==> i = j` [] THEN
    subgoal `!e:num. e < n ==> ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (d i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_0 r:R` THENL [
      intro THEN
      rw[know `d = (\i:num. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_sub r (v i) (v n)):R)`] THEN
      num_linear_fact `e < n ==> e < n+1` THEN
      num_linear_fact `e < n ==> e+1 < n+1` THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_sub r (v i) (v n))) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_sub r (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) (e+1))) (ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e))):R)` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        have `a < n+1` [range_lt] THEN
        have `v(a:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
        specialize[
          `r:R ring`;
          `v(a:num):R`;
          `e:num`;
          `1`
        ]RING_POW_ADD THEN
        rw[know `ring_pow r (v(a:num)) (e + 1) = ring_mul r (ring_pow r (v a) e) (ring_pow r (v a) 1):R`] THEN
        have `c(a:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
        have `v(n:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
        RING_TAC
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_sub r (v i) (v n))) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_sub r (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) (e + 1))) (ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)))):R`] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\s. ring_sub r (ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) (e + 1))) (ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) e)))) = ring_sub r (ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) (e + 1)))) (ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)))):R` THENL [
        specialize_assuming[
          `r:R ring`;
          `\i:num. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) (e + 1)):R`;
          `\i:num. ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)):R`;
          `range(n+1)`
        ]ring_sum_sub THEN
        qed[RING_MUL;RING_POW;range_lt;finite_range]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\s. ring_sub r (ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) (e + 1))) (ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) e)))) = ring_sub r (ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) (e + 1)))) (ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)))):R`] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e))) = ring_mul r (v n) (ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e))):R` THENL [
        specialize_assuming[
          `r:R ring`;
          `\i:num. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e):R`;
          `v(n:num):R`;
          `range(n+1)`
        ]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
        qed[finite_range;range_lt;RING_MUL;RING_POW]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (v n) (ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e))) = ring_mul r (v n) (ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e))):R`] THEN
      have `!i j:num. i < n ==> j < n ==> v i = v j:R ==> i = j` [ARITH_RULE `i < n ==> i < n+1`] THEN
      have_rw `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) (e + 1))) = ring_0 r:R` [] THEN
      have_rw `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_0 r:R` [] THEN
      have `v(n:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
      qed[RING_MUL_RZERO;RING_SUB_RZERO;RING_0]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `!e:num. e < n ==> ring_sum r (range n) (\i. ring_mul r (d i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_0 r:R` THENL [
      intro THEN
      num_linear_fact `n < n+1` THEN
      subgoal `d(n:num):R IN ring_carrier r` THENL [
        rw[know `d = (\i:num. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_sub r (v i) (v n)):R)`] THEN
        qed[RING_MUL;RING_SUB]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have `ring_mul r (d(n:num)) (ring_pow r (v n) e):R IN ring_carrier r` [RING_MUL;RING_POW] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `n:num`;
        `\i:num. ring_mul r (d i) (ring_pow r (v i) e):R`
      ]ring_sum_range_add_1_sub THEN
      rw[know `ring_sum r (range n) (\i. ring_mul r (d i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_sub r (ring_sum r (range (n + 1)) (\i. ring_mul r (d i) (ring_pow r (v i) e))) (ring_mul r (d n) (ring_pow r (v n) e)):R`] THEN
      have_rw `ring_sum r (range (n + 1)) (\i. ring_mul r (d i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_0 r:R` [] THEN
      subgoal `d(n:num):R = ring_0 r` THENL [
        rw[know `d = (\i:num. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_sub r (v i) (v n)):R)`] THEN
        have `ring_sub r (v(n:num)) (v n):R = ring_0 r` [RING_SUB_REFL] THEN
        qed[RING_MUL_RZERO]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `d(n:num):R = ring_0 r`] THEN
      qed[RING_POW;RING_MUL_LZERO;RING_SUB_RZERO]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `d:num->R`;
      `v:num->R`
    ](know `!c v. integral_domain r ==> (!i. i < n ==> c i IN ring_carrier r) ==> (!i. i < n ==> v i IN ring_carrier r) ==> (!i j. i < n ==> j < n ==> v i = v j ==> i = j) ==> (!e.  e < n ==> ring_sum r (range n) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) e)) = ring_0 r) ==> (!i. i < n ==> c i = ring_0 r:R)`) THEN
    subgoal `!i:num. i < n ==> c i = ring_0 r:R` THENL [
      intro THEN
      num_linear_fact `i < n:num ==> ~(i = n)` THEN
      num_linear_fact `i < n:num ==> i < n+1` THEN
      have `v(i:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
      have `v(n:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
      have `ring_mul r (c(i:num)) (ring_sub r (v i) (v n)) = ring_0 r:R` [] THEN
      subgoal `~(ring_sub r (v(i:num)) (v n) = ring_0 r:R)` THENL [
        have `~(v(i:num) = v(n:num):R)` [] THEN
        qed[RING_SUB_EQ_0]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[integral_domain;RING_SUB]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) c = ring_0 r:R` THENL [
      num_linear_fact `0 < n+1` THEN
      have `ring_sum r (range (n + 1)) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) 0)) = ring_0 r:R` [] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum r (range (n + 1)) (\i. ring_mul r (c i) (ring_pow r (v i) 0)) = ring_sum r (range(n+1)) c:R` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        qed[range_lt;RING_POW_0;RING_MUL_RID]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum r (range(n+1)) c = c n:R` THENL [
      have `c(n:num):R IN ring_carrier r` [] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `n:num`;
        `c:num->R`
      ]ring_sum_range_add_1 THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum r (range n) c = ring_0 r:R` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ_0 THEN
        qed[range_lt]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[RING_ADD_RZERO]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    intro THEN
    proven_if `i < n:num` [] THEN
    num_linear_fact `i < n+1 ==> ~(i < n) ==> i = n` THEN
    qed[]
  ]
);;

let vandermonde_indep = prove(`
  !(r:R ring) S c v.
  integral_domain r ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  (!s:X. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> v s IN ring_carrier r) ==>
  (!s t. s IN S ==> t IN S ==> v s = v t ==> s = t) ==>
  (!e. e < CARD S ==> ring_sum r S (\s. ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) e)) = ring_0 r) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> c s = ring_0 r)
`,
  intro THEN
  choose `f:num->X` `IMAGE f (range(CARD S)) = S:X->bool` [finite_ordering] THEN
  subgoal `!i. i < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> (c:X->R o f) i = ring_0 r` THENL [
    subgoal `!i. i < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> f i:X IN S` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `i IN range(CARD(S:X->bool))` [range_lt] THEN
      once_rw[GSYM(know `IMAGE f (range(CARD S)) = S:X->bool`)] THEN
      rw[IN_IMAGE] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `!i. i < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> (c:X->R o f) i:R IN ring_carrier r` THENL [
      rw[o_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `!i. i < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> (v:X->R o f) i:R IN ring_carrier r` THENL [
      rw[o_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `!i j. i < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> j < CARD S ==> (v:X->R o f) i = (v o f) j ==> i = j` THENL [
      rw[o_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `f(i:num):X = f j` [] THEN
      qed[injective_finite_ordering]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `!e. e < CARD(S:X->bool) ==> ring_sum r (range (CARD S)) (\i. ring_mul r ((c:X->R o f) i) (ring_pow r ((v o f) i) e)) = ring_0 r:R` THENL [
      rw[o_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `!x y. x IN range (CARD(S:X->bool)) ==> y IN range (CARD S) ==> f x = f y:X ==> x = y` [injective_finite_ordering;range_lt] THEN
      specialize[
        `r:R ring`;
        `f:num->X`;
        `\s:X. ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) e):R`;
        `range(CARD(S:X->bool))`
      ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
      have `ring_sum r S (\s:X. ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) e)) = ring_0 r:R` [] THEN
      have `ring_sum r (IMAGE f (range (CARD(S:X->bool)))) (\s:X. ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) e)) = ring_0 r:R` [] THEN
      have `ring_sum r (range (CARD(S:X->bool))) ((\s:X. ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) e)) o f) = ring_0 r:R` [] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum r (range (CARD S)) (\i. ring_mul r (c (f i)) (ring_pow r (v (f i)) e)) = ring_sum r (range (CARD(S:X->bool))) ((\s:X. ring_mul r (c s) (ring_pow r (v s) e)) o f):R` THENL [
        rw[o_DEF]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `r:R ring`;
      `CARD(S:X->bool)`;
      `c:X->R o f:num->X`;
      `v:X->R o f:num->X`
    ]vandermonde_indep_range THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  choose `i:num` `i IN range(CARD(S:X->bool)) /\ s:X = f i` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
  have `i < CARD(S:X->bool)` [range_lt] THEN
  have `c(f(i:num):X):R = ring_0 r` [o_THM] THEN
  qed[injective_finite_ordering]
);;

let expformal_linearly_independent = prove(`
  !S:complex->bool B:complex->complex.
  FINITE S ==>
  poly_sum complex_ring S (
    \z. poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_const complex_ring (B z)
    ) (
      expformal z
    )
  ) = poly_0 complex_ring ==>
  (!z. z IN S ==> B z = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!d. ring_sum complex_ring S (\z:complex. B z * z pow d) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `coeff d (poly_0 complex_ring) = Cx(&0)` [coeff_poly_0;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    subgoal `coeff d (poly_sum complex_ring S (\z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B z)) (expformal z))) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. coeff d (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B z)) (expformal z)))` THENL [
      specialize[
        `complex_ring`;
        `\z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B z)) (expformal z)`
      ]coeff_poly_sum THEN
      qed[series_complex]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. coeff d (poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B z)) (expformal z))) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. (B z * z pow d) / Cx(&(FACT d)))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      simp[coeff_poly_const_times;series_complex;in_complex_ring] THEN
      rw[expformal;coeff_series_from_coeffs;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. (B z * z pow d) / Cx(&(FACT d))) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. B z * z pow d) / Cx(&(FACT d))` THENL [
      simp[GSYM vsum_ring_sum_complex] THEN
      rw[complex_div] THEN
      specialize[
        `inv(Cx(&(FACT d)))`;
        `\z:complex. B z * z pow d`;
        `S:complex->bool`
      ]VSUM_COMPLEX_RMUL THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. B z * z pow d) / Cx(&(FACT d)) = Cx (&0)` [] THEN
    have `~(FACT d = 0)` [FACT_NZ] THEN
    have `~(&(FACT d) = &0:real)` [REAL_OF_NUM_EQ] THEN
    have `~(Cx(&(FACT d)) = Cx(&0))` [CX_INJ] THEN
    complex_field_fact `~(Cx (&(FACT d)) = Cx (&0)) ==> ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. B z * z pow d) / Cx (&(FACT d)) = Cx (&0) ==> ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. B z * z pow d) = Cx (&0)` THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  recall integral_domain_complex THEN
  have `!s:complex. s IN S ==> B s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!s:complex. s IN S ==> I s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!s t:complex. s IN S ==> t IN S ==> I s = I t ==> s = t` [I_THM] THEN
  subgoal `!e. e < CARD S ==> ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. ring_mul complex_ring (B s) (ring_pow complex_ring (I s) e)) = ring_0 complex_ring` THENL [
    rw[I_THM;ring_pow_complex;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `S:complex->bool`;
    `B:complex->complex`;
    `I:complex->complex`
  ]vandermonde_indep THEN
  qed[complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let expformal_perm_linearly_independent = prove(`
  !S:complex->bool B:complex->complex i:complex->complex.
  FINITE S ==>
  i permutes S ==>
  poly_sum complex_ring S (
    \z. poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_const complex_ring (B z)
    ) (
      expformal (i z)
    )
  ) = poly_0 complex_ring ==>
  (!z. z IN S ==> B z = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum complex_ring S (\z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B z)) (expformal (i z))) = poly_sum complex_ring S (\z. poly_mul complex_ring ( poly_const complex_ring (B(inverse i z))) (expformal z))` THENL [
    rw[poly_sum] THEN
    have `!x y:complex. x IN S ==> y IN S ==> i x = i y:complex ==> x = y` [PERMUTES_INJECTIVE] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_series complex_ring`;
      `i:complex->complex`;
      `\z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B (inverse i z:complex))) (expformal z)`;
      `S:complex->bool`
    ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
    have `IMAGE (i:complex->complex) S = S` [PERMUTES_IMAGE] THEN
    have_rw` ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) S (\z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B(inverse i z))) (expformal z)) = ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) S ((\z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B (inverse i z))) (expformal z)) o i)` [] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;o_THM] THEN
    qed[PERMUTES_INVERSES]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!z:complex. z IN S ==> B(inverse i z:complex) = Cx(&0)` [expformal_linearly_independent] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `z = (inverse i) (i z:complex):complex` [PERMUTES_INVERSES] THEN
  have `i(z:complex):complex IN S` [PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE] THEN
  qed[]
);;

(* ===== expanding prod_pi sum c_z exp(pi(z)) *)

let ring_product_perm_sum_mul_exp_expand = prove(`
  !(a:A ring) (b:B ring) E:A->B c:A->B S:A->bool.
  (!x:A. x IN ring_carrier a ==>
         E x IN ring_carrier b) ==>
  E(ring_0 a) = ring_1 b ==>
  (!x y:A. E(ring_add a x y)
           = ring_mul b (E x) (E y)) ==>
  FINITE S ==>
  S SUBSET ring_carrier a ==>
  (!s:A. s IN S ==> c s IN ring_carrier b) ==>
  ring_product b (perm S) (
    \i. ring_sum b S (
      \z. ring_mul b (c z) (E(i z))
    )
  )
  =
  ring_sum b (
    IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S)
  ) (
    \e.
      ring_mul b (
        ring_product b {y | ~(e y = 0)} (
          \y. ring_pow b (c y) (e y)
        )
      ) (
        ring_sum b {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = e} (
          E o (\f. ring_sum a (perm S) (\i. i (f i)))
        )
      )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[o_DEF] THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(S:A->bool))` [finite_perm] THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (perm S) (S:A->bool))` [finite_functions] THEN
  subgoal `!p q. p IN perm S ==> q:A IN S ==> p q IN S` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `p:A->A permutes S` [perm;IN] THEN
    qed[PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!f p. f IN functions (perm S) S ==> p IN perm S ==> f p:A IN S` [image_functions_subset;SUBSET;IN_IMAGE] THEN
  have `!q:A. q IN S ==> q IN ring_carrier a` [SUBSET] THEN
  have `!p q. p IN perm S ==> q:A IN S ==> ring_mul b (c q) (E(p q)):B IN ring_carrier b` [RING_MUL] THEN
  specialize[
    `b:B ring`;
    `\i:A->A z:A. ring_mul b (c z) (E(i z)):B`;
    `S:A->bool`;
    `perm(S:A->bool)`
  ]ring_product_sum_expand THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum b (functions (perm S) S) (\f. ring_product b (perm S) (\i:A->A. ring_mul b (c (f i)) (E (i (f i))))) = ring_sum b (functions (perm S) S) (\f. ring_mul b (ring_product b (perm S) (c o f)) (E(ring_sum a (perm S) (\i. i(f i))))):B` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;o_DEF] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `!i:A->A. i IN perm S ==> c(a' i:A):B IN ring_carrier b /\ E(i(a' i)) IN ring_carrier b` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `b:B ring`;
      `\i. c ((a':(A->A)->A) i):B`;
      `\i. E(i((a':(A->A)->A) i)):B`;
      `perm(S:A->bool)`
    ]RING_PRODUCT_MUL THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `E (ring_sum a (perm S) (\i:A->A. i (a' i))) = ring_product b (perm S) (E o (\i. i (a' i))):B` THENL [
      sufficesby ring_exp_sum THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[o_DEF]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum b (functions (perm S) S) (\f. ring_mul b (ring_product b (perm S) (c o f)) (E(ring_sum a (perm S) (\i. i(f i))))) = ring_sum b (functions (perm S) S) (\f. ring_mul b (ring_product b {y | ~(numpreimages f (perm S) y = 0)} (\y. ring_pow b (c y) (numpreimages f (perm S) y))) (E(ring_sum a (perm S) (\i:A->A. i(f i)))):B)` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    subgoal `!y:A. y IN IMAGE a' (perm(S:A->bool)) ==> c y:B IN ring_carrier b` THENL [
      rw[IN_IMAGE] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `b:B ring`;
      `perm(S:A->bool)`;
      `a':(A->A)->A`;
      `c:A->B`
    ]ring_product_o_v2 THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  specialize[
    `b:B ring`;
    `\f:(A->A)->A. numpreimages f (perm S)`;
    `\f:(A->A)->A. ring_mul b (ring_product b {y | ~(numpreimages f (perm S) y = 0)} (\y. ring_pow b (c y) (numpreimages f (perm S) y))) (E (ring_sum a (perm S) (\i. i (f i)))):B`;
    `functions (perm S) (S:A->bool)`
  ]RING_SUM_IMAGE_GEN THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM;IN_IMAGE] THEN
  intro THEN
  specialize[
    `functions (perm S) (S:A->bool)`;
    `\f:(A->A)->A. numpreimages f (perm S) = a'`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum b {x:(A->A)->A | x IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages x (perm S) = a'} (\g. ring_mul b (ring_product b {y | ~(numpreimages g (perm S) y = 0)} (\y. ring_pow b (c y) (numpreimages g (perm S) y))) (E (ring_sum a (perm S) (\i. i (g i)))):B) = ring_sum b {x | x IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages x (perm S) = a'} (\g. ring_mul b (ring_product b {y | ~(a' y = 0)} (\y. ring_pow b (c y) (a' y))) (E (ring_sum a (perm S) (\i. i (g i)))))` THENL [
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    simp[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `b:B ring`;
    `\f:(A->A)->A. E (ring_sum a (perm S) (\i. i (f i))):B`;
    `ring_product b {y | ~(numpreimages x (perm(S:A->bool)) y = 0)} (\a:A. ring_pow b (c a) (numpreimages x (perm S) a)):B`;
    `{f:(A->A)->A | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = numpreimages x (perm S)}`
  ]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
  qed[RING_PRODUCT;RING_SUM]
);;

let product_perm_sum_mul_cexp_expand = prove(`
  !c:complex->complex S:complex->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_product complex_ring (perm S) (
    \i. ring_sum complex_ring S (
      \z. ring_mul complex_ring (c z) (cexp(i z))
    )
  )
  =
  ring_sum complex_ring (
    IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S)
  ) (
    \e.
      ring_product complex_ring {y | ~(e y = 0)} (
        \y. (c y) pow (e y)
      )
      * 
      ring_sum complex_ring {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = e} (
        cexp o (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i)))
      )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[GSYM ring_pow_complex] THEN
  rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `complex_ring`;
    `complex_ring`;
    `cexp`;
    `c:complex->complex`;
    `S:complex->bool`
  ]ring_product_perm_sum_mul_exp_expand THEN
  qed[in_complex_ring;CEXP_0;CEXP_ADD;SUBSET;complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let product_perm_sum_mul_expformal_expand = prove(`
  !c:complex->((1->num)->complex) S:complex->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_product(x_series complex_ring) (perm S) (
    \i. ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) S (
      \z. poly_mul complex_ring (c z) (expformal(i z))
    )
  )
  =
  ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) (
    IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S)
  ) (
    \e.
      ring_mul(x_series complex_ring) (
        ring_product(x_series complex_ring) {y | ~(e y = 0)} (
          \y. ring_pow(x_series complex_ring) (c y) (e y)
        )
      ) (
        ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = e} (
          expformal o (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i)))
        )
      )
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `complex_ring`;
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `expformal`;
    `c:complex->(1->num)->complex`;
    `S:complex->bool`
  ]ring_product_perm_sum_mul_exp_expand THEN
  qed[complex_ring_clauses;in_complex_ring;series_complex;x_series_use;expformal_0;mul_expformal;SUBSET]
);;

let product_perm_sum_mul_expformal_expand_v2 = prove(`
  !c:complex->((1->num)->complex) S:complex->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_product(x_series complex_ring) (perm S) (
    \i. ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) S (
      \z. poly_mul complex_ring (c z) (expformal(i z))
    )
  )
  =
  ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) (
    IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) (functions (perm S) S)
  ) (\y.
    ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) (
      IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S)
    ) (
      \e.
        poly_mul complex_ring (
          ring_product(x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(e z = 0)} (
            \z. ring_pow(x_series complex_ring) (c z) (e z)
          )
        ) (
          poly_mul complex_ring (
            ring_of_num(x_series complex_ring) (numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = e} y)
          ) (expformal y)
        )
      )
  )
`,
  simp[product_perm_sum_mul_expformal_expand] THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(S:complex->bool))` [finite_perm] THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (perm(S:complex->bool)) (S:complex->bool))` [finite_functions] THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))) (functions (perm S) S))` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) (S:complex->bool)))` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  have `!i j. i IN IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) (functions (perm S) S) ==> j IN IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S) ==> ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(j z = 0)} (\z. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (c z) (j z))) (ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (ring_of_num (x_series complex_ring) (numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = j} i)) (expformal i)) IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
  specialize[
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `\y e. ring_mul(x_series complex_ring) (ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(e z = 0)} (\z. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (c z) (e z))) (ring_mul(x_series complex_ring) (ring_of_num (x_series complex_ring) (numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = e} y)) (expformal y))`;
    `IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))) (functions (perm S) S)`;
    `IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) (S:complex->bool))`
  ]RING_SUM_SWAP THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(a z = 0)} (\z:complex. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (c z) (a z)) IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
  have `!z. z IN IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\y. y (f y))) (functions (perm S) S) ==> ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (ring_of_num (x_series complex_ring) (numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a} z)) (expformal z) IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
  specialize[
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `\y. ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (ring_of_num (x_series complex_ring) (numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a} y)) (expformal y)`;
    `ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z:complex | ~(a z = 0)} (\z. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (c z) (a z))`;
    `IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\y:complex->complex. y (f y))) (functions (perm S) S)`
  ]RING_SUM_LMUL THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a} (expformal o (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i)))) = ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) (IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\y. y (f y))) (functions (perm S) S)) (\y. ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (ring_of_num (x_series complex_ring) (numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a} y)) (expformal y))` THENL [
    specialize[
      `functions (perm (S:complex->bool)) (S:complex->bool)`;
      `\f:(complex->complex)->complex. numpreimages f (perm(S:complex->bool)) = a`
    ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
    have `!y. y IN IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\y:complex->complex. y (f y))) (functions (perm S) S) ==> expformal y IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
    have `!y. y IN IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a} ==> expformal y IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
    subgoal `IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a} SUBSET IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\y:complex->complex. y (f y))) (functions (perm S) S)` THENL [
      rw[SUBSET;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `x_series complex_ring`;
      `{f | f IN functions (perm S) (S:complex->bool) /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a}`;
      `\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))`;
      `IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\y:complex->complex. y (f y))) (functions (perm S) S)`;
      `expformal`
    ]ring_sum_o_v3 THEN
    simp[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[]
);;

let product_perm_sum_mul_expformal_expand_v3 = prove(`
  !c:complex->complex S:complex->bool.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_product(x_series complex_ring) (perm S) (
    \i. ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) S (
      \z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (c z)) (expformal(i z))
    )
  )
  =
  ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) (
    IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) (functions (perm S) S)
  ) (\y.
    poly_mul complex_ring (
      poly_const complex_ring (
        ring_sum complex_ring (
          IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S)
        ) (\e.
          ring_product complex_ring {z | ~(e z = 0)} (
            \z. (c z) pow (e z)
          ) * (
            Cx(&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = e} y))
          )
        )
      )
    ) (expformal y)
  )
`,
  simp[product_perm_sum_mul_expformal_expand_v2] THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  intro THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(S:complex->bool))` [finite_perm] THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (perm(S:complex->bool)) (S:complex->bool))` [finite_functions] THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))) (functions (perm S) S))` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) (S:complex->bool)))` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  have `!s. s IN IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S) ==> ring_product complex_ring {z | ~(s z = 0)} (\z. c z pow s z) * Cx (&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = s} a)) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `\e. ring_product complex_ring {z | ~(e z = 0)} (\z. c z pow e z) * Cx(&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = e} a))`;
    `IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) (S:complex->bool))`
  ]poly_const_sum THEN
  simp[poly_const_sum] THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S)) (\s. poly_const complex_ring ((ring_product complex_ring {z | ~(s z = 0)} (\z. c z pow s z)) * (Cx (&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = s} a))))) = poly_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S)) (\s. poly_mul complex_ring (ring_product(x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(s z = 0)} (\z. ring_pow(x_series complex_ring) (poly_const complex_ring (c z)) (s z))) (poly_const complex_ring (Cx (&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = s} a)))))` THENL [
    sufficesby poly_sum_eq THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_product complex_ring {z | ~(s z = 0)} (\z:complex. c z pow s z) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `Cx(&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = s} a)) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `ring_product complex_ring {z | ~(s z = 0)} (\z:complex. c z pow s z)`;
      `Cx(&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = s} a))`
    ]POLY_CONST_MUL THEN
    rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `FINITE {z:complex | ~(s z = 0)}` THENL [
      choose `f:(complex->complex)->complex` `s:complex->num = (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) f /\ f IN functions (perm S) S` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
      have `s = numpreimages (f:(complex->complex)->complex) (perm S)` [] THEN
      subgoal `{z:complex | ~(s z = 0)} = {z | ~(numpreimages f (perm(S:complex->bool)) z = 0)}` THENL [
        rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      simp[GSYM image_numpreimages] THEN
      qed[FINITE_IMAGE]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `!t. t IN {z:complex | ~(s z = 0)} ==> c t pow s t IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\z:complex. (c z pow s z):complex`;
      `{z:complex | ~(s z = 0)}`
    ]poly_const_product THEN
    simp[poly_product] THEN
    subgoal `ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z:complex | ~(s z = 0)} (\t. poly_const complex_ring (c t pow s t)) = ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(s z = 0)} (\z. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (poly_const complex_ring (c z)) (s z))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `c(a':complex) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
      rw[GSYM ring_pow_complex] THEN
      simp[poly_const_pow;x_series_use_pow]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  rw[GSYM poly_sum] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  rw[poly_sum;x_series_use] THEN
  have `expformal a IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
  have `!e. e IN IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) S) ==> ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(e z = 0)} (\z. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (poly_const complex_ring (c z)) (e z))) (poly_const complex_ring (Cx (&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = e} a)))) IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
  specialize[
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `\s. ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(s z = 0)} (\z. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (poly_const complex_ring (c z)) (s z))) (poly_const complex_ring (Cx(&(numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = s} a))))`;
    `expformal a`;
    `IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm S)) (functions (perm S) (S:complex->bool))`
  ](GSYM RING_SUM_RMUL) THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  have `ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z:complex | ~(a' z = 0)} (\z. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (poly_const complex_ring (c z)) (a' z)) IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
  have `ring_of_num (x_series complex_ring) (numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) S /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a'} a) IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [RING_OF_NUM] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `ring_product (x_series complex_ring) {z | ~(a' z = 0)} (\z:complex. ring_pow (x_series complex_ring) (poly_const complex_ring (c z)) (a' z))`;
    `ring_of_num (x_series complex_ring) (numpreimages (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))) {f | f IN functions (perm S) (S:complex->bool) /\ numpreimages f (perm S) = a'} a)`;
    `expformal a`
  ]RING_MUL_ASSOC THEN
  simp[] THEN
  rw[ring_of_num_x_series] THEN
  rw[ring_of_num_complex;complex_of_num]
);;

(* ===== more general transcendence results, part 1: alpha symmetrization *)

let zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_sym_powersums = prove(`
  !p e d.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring
    {f | f IN functions (perm(complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm(complex_root p)) = e}
    (\f. (ring_sum complex_ring (perm(complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i))) pow d)
  IN QinC
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [complex_root_le_deg] THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(complex_root p))` [finite_perm] THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (perm(complex_root p)) (complex_root p))` [finite_functions] THEN
  specialize[
    `functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p)`;
    `\f:(complex->complex)->complex. numpreimages f (perm(complex_root p)) = e`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  def `Z:(complex->num)->complex` `ring_sum(poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) {f | f IN functions (perm(complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm(complex_root p)) = e} (\f. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum(poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) (perm(complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (f i)))) d)` THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i)) pow d) = poly_evaluate complex_ring Z I` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `(!s. s IN {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i)))) d))` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i))) IN ring_carrier(poly_ring complex_ring (:complex))` [RING_SUM] THEN
      qed[poly_pow_in_poly_ring;poly_in_full_ring;poly_ring_use_pow]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\f. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (f i)))) d`;
      `I:complex->complex`;
      `{f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e}`
    ]poly_evaluate_sum THEN
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i))))` [RING_SUM;poly_in_full_ring] THEN
    have `(!i. i IN poly_vars complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i)))) ==> I i IN ring_carrier complex_ring)` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i)))`;
      `I:complex->complex`;
      `d:num`
    ]poly_evaluate_pow THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[ring_pow_complex] THEN
    subgoal `poly_evaluate complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i)))) I = ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (a i))` THENL [
      have `!s. s IN perm (complex_root p) ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_var complex_ring (s (a s)))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_VAR] THEN
      specialize[
        `complex_ring`;
        `\i:complex->complex. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i))`;
        `I:complex->complex`;
        `perm (complex_root p)`
      ]poly_evaluate_sum THEN
      simp[] THEN
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      qed[POLY_EVALUATE_VAR;in_complex_ring;I_THM]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  rw[know `ring_sum complex_ring {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i)) pow d) = poly_evaluate complex_ring Z I`] THEN
  have `!s. s IN complex_root p ==> I s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  subgoal `!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` THENL [
    have `ring_squarefree(x_poly complex_ring) p` [monic_QinC_squarefree_complex_squarefree] THEN
    have `monic complex_ring p` [monic_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    simp[monic_vanishing_at_complex_root] THEN
    simp[subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    qed[coeff_poly_in_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial (subring_generated complex_ring QinC) (Z:(complex->num)->complex)` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `(!s. s IN {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} ==> ring_polynomial (subring_generated complex_ring QinC) (poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i)))) d))` THENL [
      rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `poly_pow (subring_generated complex_ring QinC) (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i)))) d = poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i)))) d` THENL [
        sufficesby poly_pow_subring THEN
        sufficesby ring_powerseries_if_polynomial THEN
        sufficesby ring_polynomial_subring_sum THEN
        qed[ring_polynomial_subring_var]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      subgoal `ring_polynomial (subring_generated complex_ring QinC) (poly_pow (subring_generated complex_ring QinC) (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i)))) d)` THENL [
        sufficesby poly_pow_poly THEN
        sufficesby ring_polynomial_subring_sum THEN
        qed[ring_polynomial_subring_var]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `QinC`;
      `\f. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (f i)))) d`;
      `{f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e}`
    ](GSYM poly_sum_subring_multi) THEN
    simp[] THEN
    qed[RING_SUM;poly_in_full_ring]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_vars complex_ring (Z:(complex->num)->complex) SUBSET complex_root p` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby poly_vars_sum_poly_subset THEN
    simp[IN_ELIM_THM;functions] THEN
    intro THENL [
      sufficesby poly_pow_poly THEN
      qed[RING_SUM;poly_in_full_ring]
    ;
      sufficesby poly_vars_pow_subset THEN
      intro THENL [
        sufficesby ring_powerseries_if_polynomial THEN
        qed[RING_SUM;poly_in_full_ring]
      ;
        sufficesby poly_vars_sum_poly_subset THEN
        simp[] THEN
        intro THENL [
          qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_VAR]
        ;
          rw[POLY_VARS_VAR;SUBSET] THEN
          have `s(s':complex->complex) IN complex_root p` [IN_IMAGE;SUBSET] THEN
          have `s' permutes complex_root p` [IN;perm] THEN
          have `s'(s(s':complex->complex)) IN complex_root p` [PERMUTES_IN_IMAGE] THEN
          ASM SET_TAC[]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!g m. g permutes complex_root p ==> Z (m o g) = (Z:(complex->num)->complex) m` THENL [
    intro THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `!s. s IN {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i)))) d)` THENL [
      rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      sufficesby poly_pow_poly THEN
      qed[RING_SUM;poly_in_full_ring]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `(\f. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (f i)))) d)`;
      `m:complex->num`;
      `g:complex->complex`;
      `complex_root p`;
      `{f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e}`
    ]ring_sum_poly_o_permutes THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\s m. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i)))) d (m o g)) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\s m. poly_pow complex_ring (\m. (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i)))) (m o g)) d m)` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;FUN_EQ_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `ring_powerseries complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i:complex->complex. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i))))` THENL [
        sufficesby ring_powerseries_if_polynomial THEN
        sufficesby poly_sum_poly_multi THEN
        qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_VAR]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `complex_ring`;
        `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i)))`;
        `complex_root p`;
        `g:complex->complex`;
        `d:num`;
        `x:complex->num`
      ]poly_pow_o_permutes THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\s m. poly_pow complex_ring (\m. ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (s i))) (m o g)) d m) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\s. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (g (i (s i))))) d)` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      once_rw[fun_eq_thm_v] THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `(\m. ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i))) (m o g)) = (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (g (i (a i)))))` THENL [
        rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        have `!s. s IN perm (complex_root p) ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_var complex_ring (s (a s)))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_VAR] THEN
        specialize[
          `complex_ring`;
          `\i:complex->complex. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i))`;
          `x:complex->num`;
          `g:complex->complex`;
          `complex_root p`;
          `perm(complex_root p)`
        ]ring_sum_poly_o_permutes THEN
        simp[] THEN
        subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\s m. poly_var complex_ring (s (a s)) (m o g)) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (g (i (a i))))` THENL [
          sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
          rw[BETA_THM] THEN
          intro THEN
          rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
          qed[poly_var_o_permutes]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\s. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (g (i (s i))))) d) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\f. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (f i)))) d)` THENL [
      subgoal `!x y. x IN {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} ==> y IN {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} ==> (\i. x ((g:complex->complex) o i)) = (\i. y (g o i)) ==> x = y` THENL [
        once_rw[fun_eq_thm_v] THEN
        rw[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        have `I:complex->complex = (g:complex->complex) o inverse g` [PERMUTES_INVERSES_o] THEN
        have `v:complex->complex = ((g:complex->complex) o inverse g) o v` [I_O_ID;I_THM] THEN
        subgoal `v:complex->complex = (g:complex->complex) o inverse g o v` THENL [
          rw[o_ASSOC] THEN
          qed[]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        have `x(v:complex->complex):complex = x ((g:complex->complex) o (inverse g o v))` [] THEN
        have `y(v:complex->complex):complex = x ((g:complex->complex) o (inverse g o v))` [] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)`;
        `\f:(complex->complex)->complex i:complex->complex. f ((g:complex->complex) o i)`;
        `\s. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (g (i (s i))))) d`;
        `{f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e}`
      ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
      subgoal `IMAGE (\f i. f (g o i)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} = {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e}` THENL [
        rw[EXTENSION;IN_ELIM_THM;IN_IMAGE] THEN
        intro THEN
        splitiff THENL [
          intro THENL [
            specialize[
              `complex_root p`;
              `complex_root p`;
              `g:complex->complex`
            ]image_permutes_o_functions_perm THEN
            ASM SET_TAC[]
          ;
            rw[know `x:(complex->complex)->complex = (\i. x' ((g:complex->complex) o i))`] THEN
            qed[numpreimages_permutes_o_perm]
          ]
        ;
          intro THEN
          witness `\i:complex->complex. x(inverse g:complex->complex o i):complex` THEN
          have `inverse g permutes complex_root p` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
          intro THENL [
            rw[fun_eq_thm_e] THEN
            qed[inverse_permutes_o_refl_o]
          ;
            specialize[
              `complex_root p`;
              `complex_root p`;
              `inverse g:complex->complex`
            ]image_permutes_o_functions_perm THEN
            ASM SET_TAC[]
          ;
            qed[numpreimages_permutes_o_perm]
          ]
        ]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      have_rw `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\s. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (g (i (s i))))) d) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} ((\s. poly_pow complex_ring (ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (g (i (s i))))) d) o (\f i. f (g o i)))` [] THEN
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[IN_ELIM_THM;BETA_THM;o_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (g (i (a (g o i))))) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i)))` THENL [
        have `!x y. x IN perm (complex_root p) ==> y IN perm (complex_root p) ==> g o x = (g:complex->complex) o y ==> x = y` [inverse_permutes_o_refl_o] THEN
        specialize[
          `poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)`;
          `\i:complex->complex. (g:complex->complex) o i`;
          `\i:complex->complex. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i))`;
          `perm(complex_root p)`
        ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
        specialize[
          `complex_root p`;
          `g:complex->complex`
        ]image_permutes_o_perm THEN
        have_rw `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i))) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (perm (complex_root p)) ((\i. poly_var complex_ring (i (a i))) o (\i. g o i))` [] THEN
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM;o_THM]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `QinC`;
    `complex_root p`;
    `I:complex->complex`;
    `Z:(complex->num)->complex`
  ]symmetric_subring_if_poly_subring THEN
  qed[subring_complex_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses]
);;

let zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_sym_coeff_poly = prove(`
  !p e n.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  coeff n (
    monic_vanishing_at complex_ring
      {f | f IN functions (perm(complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm(complex_root p)) = e}
      (\f. (ring_sum complex_ring (perm(complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i))))
  ) IN QinC
`,
  intro THEN
  recall subring_complex_QinC THEN
  recall QinC_ring_clauses THEN
  subgoal `!d. ring_sum complex_ring {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\s. ring_pow complex_ring (ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (s i))) d) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` THENL [
    specialize[
      `p:(1->num)->complex`;
      `e:complex->num`
    ]zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_sym_powersums THEN
    rw[ring_pow_complex] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [complex_root_le_deg] THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(complex_root p))` [finite_perm] THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (perm(complex_root p)) (complex_root p))` [finite_functions] THEN
  specialize[
    `functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p)`;
    `\f:(complex->complex)->complex. numpreimages f (perm(complex_root p)) = e`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  have `ring_hasQ (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [subring_complex_QinC;ring_hasQ_QinC] THEN
  have `!s. s IN {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} ==> ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (s i)) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `QinC`;
    `{f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e}`;
    `\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))`
  ]coeff_poly_subring_if_powersums_subring THEN
  qed[]
);;

let zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_sym_poly = prove(`
  !p e.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring (
    monic_vanishing_at complex_ring
      {f | f IN functions (perm(complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm(complex_root p)) = e}
      (\f. (ring_sum complex_ring (perm(complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i))))
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [complex_root_le_deg] THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(complex_root p))` [finite_perm] THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (perm(complex_root p)) (complex_root p))` [finite_functions] THEN
  specialize[
    `functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p)`;
    `\f:(complex->complex)->complex. numpreimages f (perm(complex_root p)) = e`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  rw[GSYM subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  sufficesby ring_polynomial_subring_if_coeffs THEN
  specialize[`p:(1->num)->complex`;`e:complex->num`]zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_sym_coeff_poly THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `complex_ring`;
    `{x | x IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages x (perm (complex_root p)) = e}`;
    `\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))`
  ]monic_vanishing_at_poly THEN
  qed[in_complex_ring;subring_complex_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses]
);;

let zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_denouement = prove(`
  !S:complex->bool B:complex->complex.
  FINITE S ==>
  ( !a.
    ring_sum complex_ring
      (
        IMAGE
          (\f. numpreimages f (perm S))
          (functions (perm S) S)
      ) (
        \s.
          ring_product complex_ring
            {y | ~(s y = 0)}
            ( \y. (B y) pow (s y))
          * Cx(&(
              numpreimages (
                \f.
                  ring_sum complex_ring
                    (perm S)
                    (\i. i (f i))
              ) {
                f | f IN functions (perm S) (S) /\
                    numpreimages f (perm S) = s
              } a
          ))
      )
    = Cx (&0)
  ) ==>
  (!z. z IN S ==> B z = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_product (x_series complex_ring) (perm S) (\i. ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) S (\z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B z)) (expformal (i z)))) = ring_0(x_series complex_ring)` THENL [
    specialize[
      `B:complex->complex`;
      `S:complex->bool`
    ]product_perm_sum_mul_expformal_expand_v3 THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses;POLY_CONST_0] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) (IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) (functions (perm S) S)) (\a. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_0 complex_ring) (expformal a)) = ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) (IMAGE (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm S) (\i. i (f i))) (functions (perm S) S)) (\a. ring_0(x_series complex_ring))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      intro THEN
      have `ring_powerseries complex_ring (expformal a)` [series_complex] THEN
      simp[POWSER_MUL_0] THEN
      rw[x_series_use]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[RING_SUM_0]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `integral_domain complex_ring` [integral_domain_complex] THEN
  have `integral_domain(x_series complex_ring)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POWSER_RING;x_series] THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(S:complex->bool))` [finite_perm] THEN
  choose `i:complex->complex` `i IN perm(S:complex->bool) /\ ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) S (\z. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B z)) (expformal (i z))) = ring_0 (x_series complex_ring)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0] THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum complex_ring S (\z:complex. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (B z)) (expformal (i z))) = poly_0 complex_ring` THENL [
    rw[poly_sum] THEN
    qed[x_series_use]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[expformal_perm_linearly_independent;IN;perm]
);;

let zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots = prove(`
  !p B.
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  (!z:complex. complex_root p z ==> B z IN QinC) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. (B z) * cexp z) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!z. complex_root p z ==> B z = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro_gendisch THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
  have `FINITE(complex_root p)` [complex_root_le_deg] THEN
  have `FINITE(perm(complex_root p))` [finite_perm] THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (perm(complex_root p)) (complex_root p))` [finite_functions] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p))) (functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p))) (\e. ring_product complex_ring {y | ~(e y = 0)} (\y. (B y) pow (e y)) * ring_sum complex_ring {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\f. cexp (ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i))))) = Cx (&0)` THENL [
    rw[ISPEC `cexp` (GSYM o_DEF)] THEN
    specialize[
      `B:complex->complex`;
      `complex_root p`
    ](GSYM product_perm_sum_mul_cexp_expand) THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `I IN perm(complex_root p)` [IN;perm;PERMUTES_I] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. (B z) * cexp (I z)) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
      rw[I_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. B z * cexp (I z)) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `perm(complex_root p)`;
      `I:complex->complex`;
      `\i. ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. (B z) * cexp (i z))`
    ]ring_product_delete THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!e. ring_polynomial QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e} (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i))))` [zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_sym_poly] THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p))) (functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p)))` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  subgoal `!s. s IN IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p))) (functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p)) ==> ring_product complex_ring {y | ~(s y = 0)} (\y. (B y) pow (s y)) IN QinC` THENL [
    rw[IN_IMAGE] THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[GSYM QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
    rw[GSYM subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    sufficesby ring_product_in_subring THEN
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM;BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    rw[GSYM ring_pow_complex] THEN
    sufficesby ring_pow_in_subring THEN
    rw[QinC_ring_clauses;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
    subgoal `s' IN {y:complex | ~(numpreimages x (perm(complex_root p)) y = 0)}` THENL [
      rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    subgoal `s':complex IN IMAGE x (perm(complex_root p))` THENL [
      simp[image_numpreimages]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `IMAGE x (perm(complex_root p)) SUBSET complex_root p` [image_functions_subset] THEN
    have `s' IN complex_root p` [SUBSET] THEN
    qed[IN]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!s. s IN IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p))) (functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p)) ==> FINITE {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = s}` THENL [
    rw[IN_IMAGE] THEN
    intro THEN
    specialize[
      `functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p)`;
      `\f:(complex->complex)->complex. numpreimages f (perm(complex_root p)) = s`
    ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!s. s IN IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p))) (functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p)) ==> ring_polynomial QinC_ring (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = s} (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i))))` [] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p))) (functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p))) (\s. ring_product complex_ring {y | ~(s y = 0)} (\y. (B y) pow (s y)) * ring_sum complex_ring {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = s} (cexp o (\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i. i (f i))))) = Cx (&0)` THENL [
    rw[o_DEF] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `IMAGE (\f. numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p))) (functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p))`;
    `\e. ring_product complex_ring {y:complex | ~(e y = 0)} (\y. (B y) pow (e y))`;
    `\f. ring_sum complex_ring (perm (complex_root p)) (\i:complex->complex. i (f i))`;
    `\e. {f | f IN functions (perm (complex_root p)) (complex_root p) /\ numpreimages f (perm (complex_root p)) = e}`
  ]transcendence_weighted_QinC_monic_vanishing_at THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `complex_root p`;
    `B:complex->complex`
  ]zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_denouement THEN
  qed[zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots_lemma_denouement;IN]
);;

let zero_sum_QinC_exp_algebraic = prove(`
  !S B.
  FINITE S ==>
  S SUBSET algebraic_number ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> B s IN QinC) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. (B s) * cexp s) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> B s = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro THEN
  specialize[`S:complex->bool`]squarefree_from_algebraic_set THEN
  choose `p:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\ ring_squarefree (x_poly QinC_ring) p /\ monic QinC_ring p /\ S SUBSET complex_root p` [] THEN
  def `C:complex->complex` `\z:complex. if z IN S then B z else Cx(&0)` THEN
  subgoal `!z. complex_root p z ==> C z IN QinC` THENL [
    intro THEN
    rw[know `C = (\z:complex. if z IN S then B z else Cx(&0))`] THEN
    qed[QinC_0]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize_assuming[
    `p:(1->num)->complex`;
    `C:complex->complex`
  ]zero_sum_QinC_exp_squarefree_roots THEN
  subgoal `!z. complex_root p z ==> C z = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. C z * cexp z) = Cx (&0)` THENL [
      subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. C z * cexp z) = ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. if s IN S then C s * cexp s else ring_0 complex_ring)` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        rw[know `C = (\z:complex. if z IN S then B z else Cx(&0))`] THEN
        rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
        qed[COMPLEX_MUL_LZERO]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\z. C z * cexp z) = ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. if s IN S then C s * cexp s else ring_0 complex_ring)`] THEN
      have `S SUBSET complex_root p` [] THEN
      specialize[
        `complex_ring`;
        `S:complex->bool`;
        `complex_root p`;
        `\z. C z * cexp z`
      ]ring_sum_restrict_subset THEN
      rw[know `ring_sum complex_ring (complex_root p) (\s. if s IN S then C s * cexp s else ring_0 complex_ring) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. C z * cexp z)`] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. C z * cexp z) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\z. B z * cexp z)` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        rw[know `C = (\z:complex. if z IN S then B z else Cx(&0))`] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      simp[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `complex_root p s` [IN;SUBSET] THEN
  have `C(s:complex) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let transcendental_if_exp_nonzero_algebraic = prove(`
  !a.
  algebraic_number a /\ algebraic_number(cexp a)
  ==> a = Cx(&0)
`,
  intro THEN
  proven_if `a = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  choose `f:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial QinC_ring f /\ ~(f = poly_0 QinC_ring) /\ monic QinC_ring f /\ ring_irreducible(x_poly QinC_ring) f /\ poly_eval complex_ring f (cexp a) = Cx(&0)` [algebraic_number_is_root_monic_irreducible_QinC_poly] THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (\i. Cx(&i) * a) (0..poly_deg complex_ring(f:(1->num)->complex)))` [FINITE_IMAGE;FINITE_NUMSEG] THEN
  subgoal `IMAGE (\i. Cx (&i) * a) (0..poly_deg complex_ring(f:(1->num)->complex)) SUBSET algebraic_number` THENL [
    rw[SUBSET;IN_IMAGE] THEN
    qed[algebraic_number_mul;algebraic_number_ZinC;num_in_ZinC;IN]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!s. s IN IMAGE (\i. Cx (&i) * a) (0..poly_deg complex_ring f) ==> coeff (@i. s = Cx (&i) * a) f IN QinC` [coeff_poly_in_ring;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  subgoal `!i j. Cx(&i)*a = Cx(&j)*a ==> i = j` THENL [
    intro THEN
    complex_field_fact `~(a = Cx(&0)) ==> Cx(&i)*a = Cx(&j)*a ==> Cx(&i) = Cx(&j)` THEN
    qed[CX_INJ;REAL_OF_NUM_EQ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (\i. Cx (&i) * a) (0..poly_deg complex_ring f)) (\s. coeff (@i. s = Cx (&i) * a) f * cexp s) = Cx (&0)` THENL [
    have `cexp a IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    subgoal `f IN ring_carrier(poly_ring complex_ring (:1))` THENL [
      rw[GSYM x_poly;GSYM x_poly_use] THEN
      qed[poly_complex_if_poly_QinC]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[`complex_ring`;`cexp a`;`f:(1->num)->complex`]POLY_EVAL_EXPAND THEN
    subgoal `!x y. x IN 0..poly_deg complex_ring(f:(1->num)->complex) ==> y IN 0..poly_deg complex_ring f ==> Cx (&x) * a = Cx (&y) * a ==> x = y` THENL [
      intro THEN
      complex_field_fact `~(a = Cx(&0)) ==> Cx(&x)*a = Cx(&y)*a ==> Cx(&x) = Cx(&y)` THEN
      qed[CX_INJ;REAL_OF_NUM_EQ]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\i. Cx(&i) * a`;
      `\s. coeff (@i. s = Cx (&i) * a) f * cexp s`;
      `0..poly_deg complex_ring(f:(1->num)->complex)`
    ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
    rw[know `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (\i. Cx (&i) * a) (0..poly_deg complex_ring f)) (\s. coeff (@i. s = Cx (&i) * a) f * cexp s) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..poly_deg complex_ring f) ((\s. coeff (@i. s = Cx (&i) * a) f * cexp s) o (\i. Cx (&i) * a))`] THEN
    rw[o_DEF] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (0..poly_deg complex_ring f) (\x. coeff (@i. Cx (&x) * a = Cx (&i) * a) f * cexp (Cx (&x) * a)) = ring_sum complex_ring (0..poly_deg complex_ring f) (\i. ring_mul complex_ring (f (\v. i)) (ring_pow complex_ring (cexp a) i))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `(@i. Cx(&a')*a = Cx(&i)*a) = a'` THENL [
        sufficesby SELECT_UNIQUE THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      rw[know `(@i. Cx(&a')*a = Cx(&i)*a) = a'`] THEN
      rw[complex_ring_clauses;ring_pow_complex] THEN
      rw[coeff;x_monomial;CEXP_N]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `IMAGE (\i. Cx(&i) * a) (0..poly_deg complex_ring(f:(1->num)->complex))`;
    `\z. coeff (@i. z = Cx(&i) * a) f:complex`
  ]zero_sum_QinC_exp_algebraic THEN
  subgoal `Cx(&(poly_deg complex_ring (f:(1->num)->complex)))*a IN IMAGE (\i.Cx(&i)*a) (0..poly_deg complex_ring f)` THENL [
    rw[IN_IMAGE] THEN
    witness `poly_deg complex_ring (f:(1->num)->complex)` THEN
    rw[IN_NUMSEG] THEN
    ARITH_TAC
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `coeff (@i. Cx(&(poly_deg complex_ring (f:(1->num)->complex)))*a = Cx (&i)*a) f = Cx (&0)` [] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg complex_ring (f:(1->num)->complex)) f = Cx (&0)` [] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg QinC_ring (f:(1->num)->complex)) f = Cx (&1)` [monic;QinC_ring_clauses] THEN
  have `coeff (poly_deg complex_ring (f:(1->num)->complex)) f = Cx (&1)` [poly_deg_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  qed[CX_INJ;REAL_OF_NUM_EQ;ARITH_RULE `~(1 = 0)`]
);;

(* ===== expanding prod_f sum_y f(y) exp(y) *)

let ring_product_functions_sum_mul_exp_expand = prove(`
  !(a:A ring) (b:B ring) E:A->B c:C->B Y:A->bool Z:C->bool.
  (!x:A. x IN ring_carrier a ==>
         E x IN ring_carrier b) ==>
  E(ring_0 a) = ring_1 b ==>
  (!x y:A. E(ring_add a x y)
           = ring_mul b (E x) (E y)) ==>
  FINITE Y ==>
  FINITE Z ==>
  Y SUBSET ring_carrier a ==>
  IMAGE c Z SUBSET ring_carrier b ==>
  ring_product b (functions Y Z) (
    \f. ring_sum b Y (
      \y. ring_mul b (c (f y)) (E y)
    )
  )
  =
  ring_sum b (
    IMAGE (ring_sum a (functions Y Z)) (functions (functions Y Z) Y)
  ) (
    \z.
      ring_mul b (
        ring_sum b {g |
          g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\
          ring_sum a (functions Y Z) g = z
        } (\g.
          ring_product b (functions Y Z) (\f. c(f(g f)))
        )
      ) (E z)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool))` [finite_functions] THEN
  subgoal `!p q. p IN functions Y Z ==> q:A IN Y ==> ring_mul b (c (p q:C)) (E q):B IN ring_carrier b` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `IMAGE (p:A->C) Y SUBSET Z` [image_functions_subset] THEN
    have `(p:A->C) q IN IMAGE (p:A->C) Y` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    have `(p:A->C) q IN Z` [SUBSET] THEN
    have `c((p:A->C) q):B IN IMAGE c Z` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    have `c((p:A->C) q):B IN ring_carrier b` [SUBSET] THEN
    have `q:A IN ring_carrier a` [SUBSET] THEN
    have `(E:A->B) q IN ring_carrier b` [] THEN
    qed[RING_MUL]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `b:B ring`;
    `\f:A->C y:A. ring_mul b (c (f y:C)) (E y):B`;
    `Y:A->bool`;
    `functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool)`
  ]ring_product_sum_expand THEN
  simp[] THEN
  have `FINITE(functions (functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool)) Y)` [finite_functions] THEN
  specialize[
    `b:B ring`;
    `ring_sum a (functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool)):((A->C)->A)->A`;
    `\g. ring_product b (functions Y Z) (\f:A->C. ring_mul b (c (f (g f):C):B) (E (g f)))`;
    `functions (functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool)) Y`
  ]RING_SUM_IMAGE_GEN THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_mul b (ring_sum b {g | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum a (functions Y Z) g = a'} (\g. ring_product b (functions Y Z) (\f. c(f (g f):C)))) (E a') = ring_sum b {g | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum a (functions Y Z) g = a'} (\x. ring_mul b (ring_product b (functions Y Z) (\f:A->C. c(f (x f):C))) (E a'):B)` THENL [
    have `a':A IN ring_carrier a` [IN_IMAGE;RING_SUM] THEN
    have `(E:A->B) a' IN ring_carrier b` [] THEN
    specialize[
      `functions (functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool)) Y`;
      `\g:(A->C)->A. ring_sum a (functions Y Z) g = a'`
    ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
    have `!g:(A->C)->A. g IN {g | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum a (functions Y Z) g = a'} ==> ring_product b (functions Y Z) (\f:A->C. c(f (g f):C)):B IN ring_carrier b` [RING_PRODUCT] THEN
    specialize[
      `b:B ring`;
      `\g. ring_product b (functions Y Z) (\f:A->C. c(f (g f):C)):B`;
      `(E:A->B) a'`;
      `{g:(A->C)->A | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum a (functions Y Z) g = a'}`
    ]RING_SUM_RMUL THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[IN_ELIM_THM;BETA_THM] THEN
  intro THEN
  subgoal `!f:A->C. f IN functions Y Z ==> c(f (a'' f):C):B IN ring_carrier b /\ E (a'' f) IN ring_carrier b` THENL [
    intro THEN
    have `a''(f:A->C):A IN IMAGE a'' (functions Y Z)` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    have `IMAGE (a'':(A->C)->A) (functions Y Z) SUBSET Y` [image_functions_subset] THEN
    have `a''(f:A->C):A IN Y` [SUBSET] THEN
    have `f(a''(f:A->C)) IN IMAGE f Y` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    have `IMAGE (f:A->C) Y SUBSET Z` [image_functions_subset] THEN
    have `f(a''(f:A->C)) IN Z` [SUBSET] THEN
    have `c(f(a''(f:A->C))):B IN IMAGE c Z` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    qed[SUBSET]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `b:B ring`;
    `\f:A->C. c(f(a'' f)):B`;
    `\f:A->C. E(a'' f:A):B`;
    `functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool)`
  ]RING_PRODUCT_MUL THEN
  simp[] THEN
  subgoal `ring_product b (functions Y Z) (\f:A->C. E(a'' f:A):B) = E a'` THENL [
    rw[GSYM(know `ring_sum a (functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool)) a'' = a':A`)] THEN
    subgoal `!f:A->C. f IN functions Y Z ==> a'' f:A IN ring_carrier a` THENL [
      intro THEN
      have `a''(f:A->C):A IN IMAGE a'' (functions Y Z)` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
      have `IMAGE (a'':(A->C)->A) (functions Y Z) SUBSET Y` [image_functions_subset] THEN
      qed[SUBSET]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    specialize[
      `a:A ring`;
      `b:B ring`;
      `E:A->B`;
      `a'':(A->C)->A`;
    `functions (Y:A->bool) (Z:C->bool)`
    ]ring_exp_sum THEN
    simp[] THEN
    qed[o_DEF]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[]
);;

let product_functions_sum_mul_cexp_expand = prove(`
  !Y:complex->bool Z:complex->bool.
  FINITE Y ==>
  FINITE Z ==>
  ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (
    \f. ring_sum complex_ring Y (
      \y. ring_mul complex_ring (f y) (cexp y)
    )
  )
  =
  ring_sum complex_ring (
    IMAGE (ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z)) (functions (functions Y Z) Y)
  ) (
    \z.
      ring_sum complex_ring {g |
        g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\
        ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z) g = z
      } (\g.
        ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. f(g f))
      )
      * cexp z
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  subgoal `ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. ring_sum complex_ring Y (\y. ring_mul complex_ring (f y) (cexp y))) = ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z)) (functions (functions Y Z) Y)) (\z. ring_mul complex_ring (ring_sum complex_ring {g | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z) g = z} (\g.  ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. f (g f)))) (cexp z))` THENL [
    subgoal `ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. ring_sum complex_ring Y (\y. ring_mul complex_ring (f y) (cexp y))) = ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. ring_sum complex_ring Y (\y. ring_mul complex_ring (I(f y)) (cexp y)))` THENL [
      rw[I_THM]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `Y SUBSET ring_carrier complex_ring` [SUBSET;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `Z SUBSET ring_carrier complex_ring` [SUBSET;in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `!x. x IN ring_carrier complex_ring ==> cexp x IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `cexp (ring_0 complex_ring) = ring_1 complex_ring` [CEXP_0;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `!x y. cexp (ring_add complex_ring x y) = ring_mul complex_ring (cexp x) (cexp y)` [CEXP_ADD;complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    have `IMAGE I Z SUBSET ring_carrier complex_ring` [IMAGE_I;SUBSET;in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `complex_ring`;
      `cexp`;
      `I:complex->complex`
    ]ring_product_functions_sum_mul_exp_expand THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[I_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[complex_ring_clauses]
);;

let product_functions_sum_mul_expformal_expand = prove(`
  !Y:complex->bool Z:complex->bool.
  FINITE Y ==>
  FINITE Z ==>
  ring_product(x_series complex_ring) (functions Y Z) (
    \f. ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) Y (
      \y. ring_mul(x_series complex_ring)
            (poly_const complex_ring (f y))
            (expformal y)
    )
  )
  =
  ring_sum(x_series complex_ring) (
    IMAGE (ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z)) (functions (functions Y Z) Y)
  ) (
    \z.
      poly_mul complex_ring (
        poly_const complex_ring (
          ring_sum complex_ring {g |
            g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\
            ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z) g = z
          } (\g.
            ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. f(g f))
          )
        )
      ) (expformal z)
  )
`,
  intro THEN
  have `!x. x IN ring_carrier complex_ring ==> expformal x IN ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
  have `expformal (ring_0 complex_ring) = ring_1 (x_series complex_ring)` [expformal_0;complex_ring_clauses;x_series_use] THEN
  have `!x y. expformal (ring_add complex_ring x y) = ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (expformal x) (expformal y)` [mul_expformal;complex_ring_clauses;x_series_use] THEN
  have `Y SUBSET ring_carrier complex_ring` [SUBSET;in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `IMAGE (\c. poly_const complex_ring c) Z SUBSET ring_carrier (x_series complex_ring)` [SUBSET;series_complex;x_series_use] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `x_series complex_ring`;
    `expformal`;
    `\c. poly_const complex_ring c:(1->num)->complex`;
    `Y:complex->bool`;
    `Z:complex->bool`;
  ]ring_product_functions_sum_mul_exp_expand THEN
  simp[] THEN
  sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
  rw[BETA_THM;IN_IMAGE] THEN
  intro THEN
  rw[x_series_use] THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) {g | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z) g = a} (\g. ring_product (x_series complex_ring) (functions Y Z) (\f. poly_const complex_ring (f (g f)))) = poly_const complex_ring (ring_sum complex_ring {g | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z) g = a} (\g. ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. f (g f))))` THENL [
    have `FINITE(functions (Y:complex->bool) (Z:complex->bool))` [finite_functions] THEN
    have `FINITE(functions (functions (Y:complex->bool) (Z:complex->bool)) Y)` [finite_functions] THEN
    specialize[
      `functions (functions (Y:complex->bool) (Z:complex->bool)) Y`;
      `\g:(complex->complex)->complex. ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z) g = a`
    ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
    have `!s. s IN {g | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z) g = a} ==> ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. f (s f)) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\g:(complex->complex)->complex. ring_product complex_ring (functions Y Z) (\f. f (g f))`;
      `{g:(complex->complex)->complex | g IN functions (functions Y Z) Y /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions Y Z) g = a}`
    ]poly_const_sum THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[poly_sum] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `!t:complex->complex. t IN functions Y Z ==> t (a' t) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\f:complex->complex. f(a' f)`;
      `functions (Y:complex->bool) (Z:complex->bool)`
    ]poly_const_product THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[poly_product]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  simp[]
);;

(* ===== more general transcendence results, part 2: beta symmetrization *)

let zero_sum_nonzero_algebraic_exp_algebraic_lemma_sym = prove(`
  !s S:complex->bool p.
  FINITE S ==>
  ring_polynomial QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_squarefree(x_poly QinC_ring) p ==>
  monic QinC_ring p ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring {g |
    g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\
    ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s
  } (\g.
    ring_product complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. f (g f))
  ) IN QinC
`,
  intro THEN
  def `Z:(complex->num)->complex` `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\g. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f))))` THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 QinC_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p = poly_0 complex_ring:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_0_QinC_eq_poly_0_complex] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p)` [complex_root_le_deg] THEN
  have `FINITE (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p))` [finite_functions] THEN
  have `FINITE (functions (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)) S)` [finite_functions] THEN
  specialize[
    `functions (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)) S`;
    `\g. ring_sum complex_ring (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)) g = s`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  have `!s. s IN complex_root p ==> I s IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
  have `!d. coeff d (monic_vanishing_at complex_ring (complex_root p) I) IN ring_carrier (subring_generated complex_ring QinC)` [monic_QinC_squarefree_complex_squarefree;monic_subring;subring_complex_QinC;monic_vanishing_at_complex_root;subring_complex_QinC;coeff_poly_in_ring] THEN
  subgoal `ring_polynomial (subring_generated complex_ring QinC) (Z:(complex->num)->complex)` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby ring_polynomial_subring_sum THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ;
      sufficesby ring_polynomial_subring_product THEN
      qed[ring_polynomial_subring_var]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `poly_vars complex_ring (Z:(complex->num)->complex) SUBSET complex_root p` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby poly_vars_sum_poly_subset THEN
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    intro THENL [
      qed[]
    ;
      qed[RING_PRODUCT;poly_in_full_ring]
    ;
      sufficesby poly_vars_product_poly_subset THEN
      intro THENL [
        qed[]
      ;
        qed[RING_POLYNOMIAL_VAR]
      ;
        have `~trivial_ring complex_ring` [TRIVIAL_RING_10;ring_1_0_complex] THEN
        simp[POLY_VARS_VAR;SUBSET;IN_SING] THEN
        qed[functions_to]
      ]
    ]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  subgoal `!q m. q permutes complex_root p ==> Z (m o q) = Z(m:complex->num):complex` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    intro THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\g. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f)))) (m o q) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\s. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (q(f (s f))))) m` THENL [
      subgoal `!g. g IN {g | g IN functions (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f))))` THENL [
        qed[RING_PRODUCT;poly_in_full_ring]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `complex_ring`;
        `\g. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f)))`;
        `m:complex->num`;
        `q:complex->complex`;
        `complex_root p`;
        `{g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)) g = s}`
      ]ring_sum_poly_o_permutes THEN
      simp[] THEN
      subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\s m. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (s f))) (m o q)) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\s. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (q (f (s f)))))` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        rw[BETA_THM;FUN_EQ_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        have `!s:complex->complex. s IN functions S (complex_root p) ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_var complex_ring (s (a s)))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_VAR] THEN
        specialize_assuming[
          `complex_ring`;
          `\f:complex->complex. poly_var complex_ring (f (a f))`;
          `m:complex->num`;
          `q:complex->complex`;
          `complex_root p`;
          `functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)`
        ]ring_product_poly_o_permutes THEN
        simp[] THEN
        subgoal `ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\s:complex->complex m. poly_var complex_ring (s (a s)) (m o q)) = ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (q (f (a f))))` THENL [
          sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
          rw[BETA_THM;FUN_EQ_THM] THEN
          qed[poly_var_o_permutes;o_THM]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    have `inverse q permutes complex_root p` [PERMUTES_INVERSE] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\g. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f)))) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} ((\g. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f)))) o ((\g ab. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then g (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (ab a) else ARB) else ARB)))` THENL [
      subgoal `!x:(complex->complex)->complex y. x IN {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} ==> y IN {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} ==> (\ab. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then x (\a. if a IN S then (inverse q:complex->complex) (ab a) else ARB) else ARB) = (\ab. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then y (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (ab a) else ARB) else ARB) ==> x = y` THENL [
        rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        specialize_assuming[
          `S:complex->bool`;
          `complex_root p`;
          `S:complex->bool`;
          `inverse q:complex->complex`;
          `x:(complex->complex)->complex`;
          `y:(complex->complex)->complex`
        ]injective_permutes_arbo_functions_functions THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)`;
        `\g ab. if ab IN functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p) then g (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (ab a) else ARB:complex) else ARB:complex`;
        `\g:(complex->complex)->complex. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f)))`;
        `{g:(complex->complex)->complex | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s}`
      ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
      specialize[
        `S:complex->bool`;
        `complex_root p`;
        `S:complex->bool`;
        `inverse q:complex->complex`
      ]image_permutes_arbo_functions_functions THEN
      subgoal `IMAGE (\g ab. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then g (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (ab a) else ARB) else ARB) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} = {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s}` THENL [
        rw[EXTENSION;in_image_vw;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
        intro THEN
        subgoal `!w:(complex->complex)->complex. w IN functions(functions S (complex_root p)) S ==> ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\ab. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then w (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (ab a) else ARB) else ARB) = ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) w` THENL [
          intro THEN
          subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\ab:complex->complex. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then w (\a. if a IN S then (inverse q:complex->complex)(ab a) else ARB) else ARB) = ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\ab. w(\a. if a IN S then inverse q(ab a) else ARB))` THENL [
            sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
            qed[]
          ; pass
          ] THEN
          once_rw[know `ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\ab:complex->complex. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then w (\a. if a IN S then (inverse q:complex->complex)(ab a) else ARB) else ARB) = ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\ab. w(\a. if a IN S then inverse q(ab a) else ARB))`] THEN
          specialize[
            `S:complex->bool`;
            `complex_root p`;
            `inverse q:complex->complex`
          ]injective_permutes_arbo_functions THEN
          have `!x:complex->complex y. x IN functions S (complex_root p) ==> y IN functions S (complex_root p) ==> (\a. if a IN S then (inverse q:complex->complex) (x a) else ARB) = (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (y a) else ARB) ==> x = y` [] THEN
          specialize[
            `complex_ring`;
            `\ab a:complex. if a IN S then (inverse q:complex->complex)(ab a) else ARB`;
            `w:(complex->complex)->complex`;
            `functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)`
          ]RING_SUM_IMAGE THEN
          specialize[
            `S:complex->bool`;
            `complex_root p`;
            `inverse q:complex->complex`
          ]image_permutes_arbo_functions THEN
          have_rw `ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) w = ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (w o (\ab a:complex. if a IN S then (inverse q:complex->complex) (ab a) else ARB))` [] THEN
          sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
          rw[BETA_THM;o_THM]
        ; pass
        ] THEN
        splitiff THENL [
          qed[IN_IMAGE]
        ;
          intro THEN
          have `x IN IMAGE (\bc ab. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then bc (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (ab a) else ARB) else ARB) (functions (functions S (complex_root p)) (S:complex->bool))` [] THEN
          choose `v:(complex->complex)->complex` `x = (\bc ab. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then bc (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (ab a) else ARB) else ARB) v /\ v IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) (S:complex->bool)` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
          witness `v:(complex->complex)->complex` THEN
          qed[]
        ]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\s. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (q (f (s f))))) = ring_sum (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} ((\g. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f)))) o (\g ab. if ab IN functions S (complex_root p) then g (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (ab a) else ARB) else ARB))` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM;o_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      subgoal `!x:complex->complex y. x IN functions S (complex_root p) ==> y IN functions S (complex_root p) ==> (\a. if a IN S then (inverse q:complex->complex) (x a) else ARB) = (\a. if a IN S then inverse q (y a) else ARB) ==> x = y` THENL [
        intro THEN
        specialize[
          `S:complex->bool`;
          `complex_root p`;
          `inverse q:complex->complex`;
          `x:complex->complex`;
          `y:complex->complex`
        ]injective_permutes_arbo_functions THEN
        qed[]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      specialize[
        `poly_ring complex_ring (:complex)`;
        `\f:complex->complex a. if a IN S then (inverse q:complex->complex)(f a) else ARB`;
        `\f:complex->complex. poly_var complex_ring (q(f(a f)):complex)`;
        `functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)`
      ]RING_PRODUCT_IMAGE THEN
      specialize[
        `S:complex->bool`;
        `complex_root p`;
        `inverse q:complex->complex`;
      ]image_permutes_arbo_functions THEN
      have_rw `ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (q (f (a f)))) = ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) ((\f. poly_var complex_ring (q (f (a f)))) o (\f a:complex. if a IN S then inverse q (f a) else ARB))` [] THEN
      sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;o_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      have `(\c:complex. if c IN S then inverse (q:complex->complex) (a' c) else ARB) IN functions S (complex_root p)` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
      have_rw `a(\c:complex. if c IN S then inverse (q:complex->complex) (a' c) else ARB) IN S` [functions_to] THEN
      rw[know `a':complex->complex IN functions S (complex_root p)`] THEN
      qed[PERMUTES_INVERSES]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `complex_ring`;
    `QinC`;
    `complex_root p`;
    `I:complex->complex`;
    `Z:(complex->num)->complex`
  ]symmetric_subring_if_poly_subring THEN
  subgoal `poly_evaluate complex_ring Z I = ring_sum complex_ring {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\g. ring_product complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. f (g f)))` THENL [
    simp[] THEN
    have `!g. g IN {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f))))` [RING_PRODUCT;poly_in_full_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\g. ring_product (poly_ring complex_ring (:real^2)) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f:complex->complex. poly_var complex_ring (f (g f)))`;
      `I:complex->complex`;
      `{g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s}`
    ]poly_evaluate_sum THEN
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM;BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `!v:complex. I v IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    have `!s:complex->complex. s IN functions S (complex_root p) ==> ring_polynomial complex_ring (poly_var complex_ring (s (a s)))` [RING_POLYNOMIAL_VAR] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `\f:complex->complex. poly_var complex_ring (f (a f))`;
      `I:complex->complex`;
      `functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)`
    ]poly_evaluate_product THEN
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby RING_PRODUCT_EQ THEN
    rw[BETA_THM] THEN
    intro THEN
    simp[POLY_EVALUATE_VAR;in_complex_ring;I_THM]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  qed[subring_complex_QinC;QinC_ring_clauses]
);;

let zero_sum_nonzero_algebraic_exp_algebraic = prove(`
  !S B.
  FINITE S ==>
  S SUBSET algebraic_number ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> algebraic_number (B s)) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> ~(B s = Cx(&0))) ==>
  ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. (B s) * cexp s) = Cx(&0) ==>
  S = {}
`,
  intro THEN
  have `FINITE(IMAGE (B:complex->complex) S)` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  have `~(Cx(&0) IN IMAGE (B:complex->complex) S)` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
  subgoal `IMAGE (B:complex->complex) S SUBSET algebraic_number` THENL [
    rw[SUBSET;IN_IMAGE] THEN
    qed[IN]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `IMAGE (B:complex->complex) S`
  ]squarefree_from_algebraic_set_avoiding_0 THEN
  choose `p:(1->num)->complex` `ring_polynomial QinC_ring p /\ ring_squarefree (x_poly QinC_ring) p /\ monic QinC_ring p /\ IMAGE (B:complex->complex) S SUBSET complex_root p /\ ~complex_root p (Cx (&0))` [] THEN
  have `ring_polynomial complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [poly_complex_if_poly_QinC] THEN
  have `monic complex_ring (p:(1->num)->complex)` [monic_subring;subring_complex_QinC] THEN
  have `~(p:(1->num)->complex = poly_0 complex_ring)` [monic_poly_0;ring_1_0_complex] THEN
  have `FINITE (complex_root p)` [complex_root_le_deg] THEN
  have `FINITE (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p))` [finite_functions] THEN
  have `!s:complex. s IN S ==> B s IN complex_root p` [IN_IMAGE;SUBSET] THEN
  subgoal `ring_product complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. ring_sum complex_ring S (\y. ring_mul complex_ring (f y) (cexp y))) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    subgoal `(\y:complex. if y IN S then B y else ARB) IN functions S (complex_root p)` THENL [
      rw[in_functions;IN_IMAGE;SUBSET] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    have `ring_sum complex_ring S (\y. ring_mul complex_ring (if y IN S then B y else ARB) (cexp y)) IN ring_carrier complex_ring` [in_complex_ring] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)`;
      `\y:complex. if y IN S then B y else ARB:complex`;
      `\f. ring_sum complex_ring S (\y. ring_mul complex_ring (f y) (cexp y))`
    ]ring_product_delete THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring S (\y. ring_mul complex_ring (if y IN S then B y else ARB) (cexp y)) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
      subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring S (\y. ring_mul complex_ring (if y IN S then B y else ARB) (cexp y)) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. B s * cexp s)` THENL [
        sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
        qed[complex_ring_clauses]
      ; pass
      ] THEN
      qed[]
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    simp[] THEN
    rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `S:complex->bool`;
    `complex_root p`
  ]product_functions_sum_mul_cexp_expand THEN
  have `ring_sum complex_ring (IMAGE (ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p))) (functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S)) (\z. ring_sum complex_ring {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = z} (\g. ring_product complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. f (g f))) * cexp z) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  have `FINITE (functions (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p)) S)` [finite_functions] THEN
  have `FINITE (IMAGE (ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p))) (functions (functions S (complex_root p)) (S:complex->bool)))` [FINITE_IMAGE] THEN
  subgoal `IMAGE (ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p))) (functions (functions S (complex_root p)) (S:complex->bool)) SUBSET algebraic_number` THENL [
    rw[SUBSET;in_image_vw] THEN
    intro THEN
    simp[IN] THEN
    sufficesby algebraic_number_sum THEN
    simp[] THEN
    intro THEN
    have `v s:complex IN IMAGE v (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p))` [IN_IMAGE] THEN
    have `v(s:complex->complex):complex IN S` [image_functions_subset;SUBSET] THEN
    qed[SUBSET;IN]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!s. s IN IMAGE (ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p))) (functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S) ==> ring_sum complex_ring {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = s} (\g. ring_product complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. f (g f))) IN QinC` [zero_sum_nonzero_algebraic_exp_algebraic_lemma_sym] THEN
  specialize[
    `IMAGE (ring_sum complex_ring (functions (S:complex->bool) (complex_root p))) (functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S)`;
    `\z. ring_sum complex_ring {g | g IN functions (functions S (complex_root p)) S /\ ring_sum complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) g = z} (\g. ring_product complex_ring (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. f (g f)))`
  ]zero_sum_QinC_exp_algebraic THEN
  subgoal `ring_product (x_series complex_ring) (functions S (complex_root p)) (\f. ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) S (\y. ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (poly_const complex_ring (f y)) (expformal y))) = ring_0(x_series complex_ring)` THENL [
    specialize[
      `S:complex->bool`;
      `complex_root p`
    ]product_functions_sum_mul_expformal_expand THEN
    simp[] THEN
    sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ_0 THEN
    rw[IN_IMAGE;BETA_THM] THEN
    rw[GSYM x_series_use;GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    rw[GSYM poly_0] THEN
    qed[POWSER_MUL_0;series_complex]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `integral_domain (x_series complex_ring)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_POWSER_RING;integral_domain_complex;x_series] THEN
  choose `f:complex->complex` `f:complex->complex IN functions S (complex_root p) /\ ring_sum (x_series complex_ring) S (\y. ring_mul (x_series complex_ring) (poly_const complex_ring (f y)) (expformal y)) = ring_0 (x_series complex_ring)` [INTEGRAL_DOMAIN_PRODUCT_EQ_0] THEN
  subgoal `poly_sum complex_ring S (\y. poly_mul complex_ring (poly_const complex_ring (f y)) (expformal y)) = poly_0 complex_ring` THENL [
    rw[x_series_use;poly_sum] THEN
    qed[]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  have `!s:complex. s IN S ==> f s = Cx(&0)` [expformal_linearly_independent] THEN
  proven_if `S = {}:complex->bool` [] THEN
  choose `s:complex` `s:complex IN S` [MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY] THEN
  have `f(s:complex) = Cx(&0)` [] THEN
  have `f(s:complex) IN complex_root p` [functions_to] THEN
  qed[IN]
);;

let zero_sum_algebraic_exp_algebraic = prove(`
  !S B.
  FINITE S /\
  S SUBSET algebraic_number /\
  (!s. s IN S ==> algebraic_number (B s)) /\
  ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. (B s) * cexp s) = Cx(&0) ==>
  (!s. s IN S ==> B s = Cx(&0))
`,
  intro THEN
  set_fact `{s:complex | s IN S /\ ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)} SUBSET S` THEN
  subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring {s | s IN S /\ ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)} (\s. B s * cexp s) = Cx(&0)` THENL [
    rw[GSYM complex_ring_clauses] THEN
    specialize[
      `complex_ring`;
      `{s:complex | s IN S /\ ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)}`;
      `S:complex->bool`;
      `\s. ring_mul complex_ring (B s) (cexp s)`
    ](GSYM ring_sum_restrict_subset) THEN
    simp[] THEN
    subgoal `ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. if s IN {s | s IN S /\ ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)} then ring_mul complex_ring (B s) (cexp s) else ring_0 complex_ring) = ring_sum complex_ring S (\s. B s * cexp s)` THENL [
      sufficesby RING_SUM_EQ THEN
      rw[BETA_THM;IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      intro THEN
      rw[complex_ring_clauses] THEN
      simp[] THEN
      CONV_TAC COMPLEX_FIELD
    ; pass
    ] THEN
    qed[complex_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `S:complex->bool`;
    `\s:complex. ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)`
  ]FINITE_RESTRICT THEN
  have `{s:complex | s IN S /\ ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)} SUBSET algebraic_number` [SUBSET_TRANS] THEN
  have `!s:complex. s IN {s | s IN S /\ ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)} ==> algebraic_number (B s)` [SUBSET] THEN
  subgoal `!s:complex. s IN {s | s IN S /\ ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)} ==> ~(B s = Cx (&0))` THENL [
    rw[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
    qed[complex_ring_clauses]
  ; pass
  ] THEN
  specialize[
    `{s:complex | s IN S /\ ~(B s = ring_0 complex_ring)}`;
    `B:complex->complex`
  ]zero_sum_nonzero_algebraic_exp_algebraic THEN
  ASM SET_TAC[complex_ring_clauses]
);;

(* ===== re-print highlighted theorems *)

let e_is_irrational = e_is_irrational;;
let e_is_transcendental = e_is_transcendental;;
let pi_is_transcendental = pi_is_transcendental;;
let transcendental_if_exp_nonzero_algebraic = transcendental_if_exp_nonzero_algebraic;;
let zero_sum_algebraic_exp_algebraic = zero_sum_algebraic_exp_algebraic;;